{"id":35786,"date":"2023-09-09T01:01:14","date_gmt":"2023-09-08T23:01:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=35786"},"modified":"2023-09-08T18:24:37","modified_gmt":"2023-09-08T16:24:37","slug":"tim-black-od-libye-po-niger-jak-zapad-zasel-chaos-v-sahelu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2023\/09\/09\/tim-black-od-libye-po-niger-jak-zapad-zasel-chaos-v-sahelu\/","title":{"rendered":"Tim Black: Od Libye po Niger: Jak Z\u00e1pad zasel chaos v Sahelu"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Pu\u010d v Nigeru je posledn\u00edm nezam\u00fd\u0161len\u00fdm d\u016fsledkem \u201ehumanit\u00e1rn\u00edho intervencionismu\u201c<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159evrat v Nigeru na konci \u010dervence je posledn\u00edm z desetilet\u00ed trvaj\u00edc\u00ed vlny vojensk\u00fdch p\u0159evrat\u016f v Sahelu \u2013 polosuch\u00e9 oblasti, kter\u00e1 se t\u00e1hne od atlantick\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed v ji\u017en\u00ed Maurit\u00e1nii a\u017e po S\u00fad\u00e1n ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Africe.<\/span><\/p>\n

Za p\u0159evratem v Nigeru jsou nepochybn\u011b vnitropolitick\u00e9 motivy, jako tomu bylo v \u010cadu (2021) nebo Mali (2012, 2020 a 2021).\u00a0Bylo ozn\u00e1meno, \u017ee zvolen\u00fd prezident Mohamed Bazoum pl\u00e1nuje reformovat nigerijsk\u00e9 vrchn\u00ed velen\u00ed.\u00a0Gener\u00e1l Tchiani a dal\u0161\u00ed vysoc\u00ed vojen\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 ze strachu o svou budoucnost p\u0159ijali preventivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, sesadili Bazouma a chopili se moci.\u00a0Za zm\u00ednku tak\u00e9 stoj\u00ed, \u017ee Tchiani byl ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve zapleten do ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9ho pu\u010de v roce 2015.<\/span><\/p>\n

I kdy\u017e boj v r\u00e1mci elity nepochybn\u011b hr\u00e1l roli, je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 nevn\u00edmat pu\u010d v Nigeru jako sou\u010d\u00e1st region\u00e1ln\u00edho fenom\u00e9nu.\u00a0Ostatn\u011b to, co se v sou\u010dasnosti d\u011bje v Nigeru, je podobn\u00e9 tomu, co se ji\u017e stalo v sousedn\u00edch zem\u00edch Nigeru v \u010cadu, Burkin\u011b Faso a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Mali.\u00a0Ve v\u0161ech t\u0159ech zem\u00edch se arm\u00e1da chopila moci, aby reagovala na to, co je popisov\u00e1no jako zhor\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se \u201ebezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed situace\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

A nem\u00fdl\u00ed se.\u00a0Tyto z\u00e1padoafrick\u00e9 sahelsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty jsou zpusto\u0161eny \u0161irok\u00fdm, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b salafisticko-d\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00fdm povst\u00e1n\u00edm.\u00a0Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (koalice \u010dlen\u016f al-K\u00e1idy), Boko Haram a \u0159ada odno\u017e\u00ed Isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed severn\u00ed Mali, velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti Burkiny Faso a z\u00e1padn\u00ed (Tillab\u00e9ri a Tahoua) a ji\u017en\u00ed ( Diffa a Maradi) regiony Nigeru, \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed dlouhodob\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00ed rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed.\u00a0Ka\u017ed\u00fd rok jsou tis\u00edce a tis\u00edce lid\u00ed zabity v konfliktu, kter\u00fd postihuje cel\u00fd region.\u00a0Podle ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 studie m\u00e1 nyn\u00ed oblast Sahel na sv\u011bdom\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovinu sv\u011btov\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed terorist\u016f \u2013 v\u00edce ne\u017e Bl\u00edzk\u00fd v\u00fdchod, severn\u00ed Afrika a ji\u017en\u00ed Asie dohromady.<\/span><\/p>\n

To se pr\u00e1v\u011b te\u010f d\u011bje v Sahelu.\u00a0Jak\u00fdkoli p\u0159evrat lze pova\u017eovat za zoufal\u00fd pokus z\u00edskat n\u011bjak\u00e9 zd\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed moci nad st\u00e1le v\u00edce bezpr\u00e1vn\u00fdm pohrani\u010d\u00edm a okrajov\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1stmi t\u011bchto zem\u00ed.\u00a0To tak\u00e9 vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d v\u016fdci pu\u010dist\u016f pozvali ruskou \u017eold\u00e1ckou organizaci Wagner.\u00a0Tato polovojensk\u00e1 skupina nab\u00edz\u00ed brut\u00e1ln\u00ed prost\u0159edky k dosa\u017een\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f.\u00a0Ve skute\u010dnosti je ji\u017e Wagner \u00fadajn\u011b zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za n\u011bkolik zv\u011brstev v Mali i mimo n\u011bj.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nestabilita a nepokoje se mohou roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it na cel\u00fd region.\u00a0A m\u00edstn\u00ed k\u0159ivdy mohou b\u00fdt hluboce zako\u0159en\u011bn\u00e9.\u00a0Ale p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina kolapsu Sahelu za posledn\u00ed desetilet\u00ed nele\u017e\u00ed v Sahelu.\u00a0Nach\u00e1z\u00ed se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na z\u00e1pad\u011b \u2013 v metropol\u00edch Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e, Lond\u00fdn a Washington, DC.\u00a0Je to proto, \u017ee zmatek, kter\u00fd zachv\u00e1til Niger, Mali, Burkinu Faso a tak d\u00e1le, m\u00e1 ko\u0159eny ve francouzsko-britsk\u00e9 intervenci podporovan\u00e9 USA v Libyi v roce 2011.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Osudov\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed vyhl\u00e1sit bezletovou z\u00f3nu nad Liby\u00ed v roce 2011, rozhodnut\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b podpo\u0159it svr\u017een\u00ed libyjsk\u00e9ho drobn\u00e9ho dikt\u00e1tora plukovn\u00edka Kadd\u00e1f\u00edho, uvolnilo s\u00edly, kter\u00e9 nyn\u00ed region trhaj\u00ed na kusy.\u00a0Kadd\u00e1f\u00edho re\u017eim byl nepochybn\u011b represivn\u00ed.\u00a0Ale byla to tak\u00e9 v podstat\u011b jedin\u00e1 v\u011bc, kter\u00e1 dr\u017eela libyjsk\u00fd st\u00e1t pohromad\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Odstran\u011bn\u00edm Kadd\u00e1f\u00edho Z\u00e1pad fakticky zni\u010dil libyjsk\u00fd st\u00e1t a podn\u00edtil sestup zem\u011b do pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.\u00a0Kolaps Libye tak\u00e9 uvrhl jej\u00ed ji\u017en\u00ed sousedy do zmatku, ve kter\u00e9m se nyn\u00ed nach\u00e1zej\u00ed.\u00a0Prvn\u00ed dopad byl vid\u011bn v Mali, kdy\u017e se bojovn\u00edci Tuareg\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edt\u00edm byli ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch libyjsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu, vr\u00e1tili do Mali a v roce 2012 o\u017eivili dlouho doutnaj\u00edc\u00ed povst\u00e1n\u00ed Tuareg\u016f na severu Mali.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00da\u010dinky libyjsk\u00e9ho kolapsu a sestupu do vnitrovojensk\u00e9ho konfliktu byly od po\u010d\u00e1tku p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9 pro v\u0161echny jej\u00ed ji\u017en\u00ed sousedy.\u00a0Vytvo\u0159il nekontrolovan\u00fd prostor bez z\u00e1kon\u016f, ve kter\u00e9m se da\u0159ilo n\u00e1siln\u00fdm, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b salafistick\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m vedle pa\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed zbran\u00ed a obchodu s drogami.\u00a0A tato n\u00e1siln\u00e1 militantnost podn\u00edtila latentn\u00ed rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f v Sahelu, od Tuareg\u016f ze severn\u00edho Mali po dlouho ignorovan\u00e9 pastevce Fulani v pasteveck\u00fdch oblastech Nigeru.<\/span><\/p>\n

V posledn\u00edm desetilet\u00ed se bezohledn\u00e9 a bezmy\u0161lenkovit\u00e9 ni\u010den\u00ed Libye Z\u00e1padem rozvinulo jako zpomalen\u00e1 katastrofa.\u00a0Podkopalo integritu sousedn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f a podn\u00edtilo m\u00edstn\u00ed opozi\u010dn\u00ed a secesn\u00ed hnut\u00ed.\u00a0A to vedlo k zoufal\u00e9 militarizaci st\u00e1t\u016f Mali, Burkina a Nig\u00e9rie, jejich\u017e p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy za posledn\u00ed desetilet\u00ed mnohokr\u00e1t vzrostly.\u00a0Nyn\u00ed zahnala tyto sl\u00e1bnouc\u00ed st\u00e1ty do n\u00e1ru\u010de cynick\u00fdch \u017eold\u00e1ck\u00fdch skupin, jako je Wagner.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b hor\u0161\u00ed je, \u017ee z\u00e1padn\u00ed intervence veden\u00e1 Francouzi se nezastavila u Libye.\u00a0Zm\u011bnil se ve st\u00e1le se roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed \u201eboj proti terorismu\u201c, kter\u00fd zas\u00e1hl cel\u00fd region.\u00a0Za\u010dalo to v roce 2013 francouzskou operac\u00ed Serval v Mali, pozd\u011bji p\u0159ejmenovanou na operaci Barkhane, do kter\u00e9 se zapojilo n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc francouzsk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f bojuj\u00edc\u00edch s militanty v Mali, \u010cadu, Nigeru a Burkin\u011b Faso.\u00a0Do poloviny roku 2010 byla francouzsk\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 intervence za\u010dlen\u011bna do Mnohon\u00e1rodn\u00edho sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fakolov\u00e9ho uskupen\u00ed a Multidimenzion\u00e1ln\u00ed integrovan\u00e9 stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed mise OSN v Mali (MINUSMA).\u00a0To znamenalo, \u017ee Francie se na za\u010d\u00e1tku tohoto desetilet\u00ed pod\u00edlela na protipovst\u00e1n\u00ed v cel\u00e9m Sahelu spolu s USA a n\u011bkolika region\u00e1ln\u00edmi akt\u00e9ry.\u00a0USA dokonce pl\u00e1novaly postavit v Nigeru bezpilotn\u00ed z\u00e1kladnu za 110 milion\u016f dolar\u016f, aby mohly na d\u00e1lku bojovat proti r\u016fzn\u00fdm d\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m.\u00a0Nyn\u00ed je vysoce nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee by to n\u011bkdy spat\u0159ilo sv\u011btlo sv\u011bta.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pokud z\u00e1padn\u00ed intervence v Libyi vyvolala nestabilitu, n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 snahy o jej\u00ed potla\u010den\u00ed vedly pouze k jej\u00edmu \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed.\u00a0A nen\u00ed se \u010demu divit.\u00a0P\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed intervence Z\u00e1padu je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce podkopala st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed st\u00e1ty.\u00a0V ob\u010dansk\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch se postavili na jednu stranu.\u00a0D\u00edky tomu se staly p\u0159edm\u011btem m\u00edstn\u00ed nevole a staly se u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm n\u00e1borov\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem pro d\u017eih\u00e1disty.\u00a0M\u00edstn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy o zab\u00edjen\u00ed civilist\u016f mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmi silami, v\u010detn\u011b bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed svatby v Mali francouzskou st\u00edha\u010dkou v roce 2021, se dostaly na titulky obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b p\u0159\u00ed\u0161ern\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zoufalou situaci, ve kter\u00e9 se Sahel moment\u00e1ln\u011b nach\u00e1z\u00ed, nelze p\u0159ece\u0148ovat.\u00a0Odhaduje se, \u017ee p\u0159es dva a p\u016fl milionu lid\u00ed je vys\u00eddleno v jednom z nejchud\u0161\u00edch region\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b \u2013 v regionu, kter\u00fd je v sou\u010dasnosti su\u017eov\u00e1n etnick\u00fdmi konflikty a d\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00fdm n\u00e1sil\u00edm.\u00a0Vojensk\u00e9 uchopen\u00ed moci v Mali, Burkin\u011b Faso, \u010cadu a nyn\u00ed Nigeru m\u016f\u017ee gener\u00e1ln\u00edmu tajemn\u00edkovi OSN Antoniu Guterresovi p\u0159ipadat jako \u201eepidemie p\u0159evrat\u016f\u201c.\u00a0L\u00e9pe se v\u0161ak ch\u00e1pou jako symptomy \u2013 symptomy politick\u00e9ho zmatku a nestability, kter\u00e9 rozpoutala jedin\u00e1 katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed intervence.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lid\u00e9 ze Sahelu te\u010f pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed tolik v\u011bc\u00ed.\u00a0Pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm to, co slibovala antikolonialistick\u00e1 hnut\u00ed 20. stolet\u00ed \u2013 toti\u017e bezpe\u010dn\u00e9, suver\u00e9nn\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00ed st\u00e1ty.\u00a0K tomu se mus\u00ed osvobodit od z\u00e1padn\u00ed intervence i od Wagnera.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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ZDROJ<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Pu\u010d v Nigeru je posledn\u00edm nezam\u00fd\u0161len\u00fdm d\u016fsledkem \u201ehumanit\u00e1rn\u00edho intervencionismu\u201c P\u0159evrat v Nigeru na konci \u010dervence…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24645,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1271,29,921,365],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35786"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35786"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35786\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24645"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35786"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35786"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35786"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}