{"id":35583,"date":"2023-09-06T01:02:39","date_gmt":"2023-09-05T23:02:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=35583"},"modified":"2023-09-05T12:59:38","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T10:59:38","slug":"americky-program-roje-dronu-by-mohl-predefinovat-moderni-valceni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2023\/09\/06\/americky-program-roje-dronu-by-mohl-predefinovat-moderni-valceni\/","title":{"rendered":"Americk\u00fd program roje dron\u016f by mohl p\u0159edefinovat modern\u00ed v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Americk\u00fd program \u201eReplicator\u201c se zam\u011b\u0159uje na \u010c\u00ednu pomoc\u00ed autonomn\u00edch dron\u016f \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed a vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 obavy ze z\u00e1vod\u016f ve zbrojen\u00ed bezpilotn\u00edch letoun\u016f.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

USA pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159edstavily ambici\u00f3zn\u00ed program zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na nasazen\u00ed velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed dron\u016f, aby p\u0159emohly potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed protivn\u00edky pouh\u00fdm objemem dron\u016f.\u00a0Takov\u00fd program by mohl zm\u011bnit velmocenskou konkurenci a zv\u00fd\u0161it mo\u017enost rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch v\u00e1lek o opot\u0159eben\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Koncem minul\u00e9ho m\u011bs\u00edce n\u011bkolik m\u00e9di\u00ed ozn\u00e1milo, \u017ee americk\u00e9 ministerstvo obrany (DOD) odhalilo to, co naz\u00fdvalo program Replicator, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem je rychle pokro\u010dit v rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch autonomn\u00edch platforem ve vzduchu, na zemi a na mo\u0159i.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e1m\u011bstkyn\u011b ministra obrany Kathleen Hicksov\u00e1 to ozn\u00e1mila jako strategick\u00fd krok v boji proti rostouc\u00edm vojensk\u00fdm schopnostem \u010c\u00edny a zd\u016fraznila d\u016fle\u017eitost programu v potenci\u00e1ln\u00edm konfliktu o Tchaj-wan s agresivn\u00edm 18 a\u017e 24m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm \u010dasov\u00fdm r\u00e1mcem pro nasazen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Program Replicator si klade za c\u00edl masov\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bt n\u00edzkon\u00e1kladov\u00e9 autonomn\u00ed drony a zav\u00e9st \u0161k\u00e1lovateln\u00fd a rychl\u00fd technologick\u00fd v\u00fdvojov\u00fd proces.\u00a0Obrann\u00e1 inova\u010dn\u00ed jednotka Pentagonu (PIU) bude dohl\u00ed\u017eet na \u00fasil\u00ed a spolupr\u00e1ci s obrann\u00fdmi a netradi\u010dn\u00edmi technologick\u00fdmi spole\u010dnostmi na urychlen\u00ed v\u00fdvoje.\u00a0Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed projektu by mohl b\u00fdt i program bezpilotn\u00edch podvodn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f velk\u00e9ho pr\u016fm\u011bru ve spolupr\u00e1ci s americk\u00fdm n\u00e1mo\u0159nictvem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 pokroky v oblasti um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed a skv\u011bl\u00fdch s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed umo\u017enily zprovozn\u011bn\u00ed syst\u00e9mu.\u00a0Tyto technologie usnadn\u00ed autonomn\u00ed, decentralizovan\u00fd provoz platforem i p\u0159i omezen\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ce p\u00e1sma.\u00a0Replicator m\u00e1 slou\u017eit jako odoln\u00fd distribuovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd nab\u00edz\u00ed v\u00fdhodu rychlej\u0161\u00edho nasazen\u00ed bl\u00ed\u017ee k taktick\u00e9mu okraji ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s tradi\u010dn\u00edmi syst\u00e9my.<\/span><\/p>\n

Program Replicator p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 posun sm\u011brem k syst\u00e9m\u016fm ovl\u00e1dan\u00fdm \u010dlov\u011bkem, kter\u00e9 funguj\u00ed ve shod\u011b s autonomn\u00edmi syst\u00e9my, a klade d\u016fraz na etiku a dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kona v ozbrojen\u00fdch konfliktech.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jeho c\u00edlem je rozpt\u00fdlit obavy z pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed autonomn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f v boji, kter\u00e9 by mohlo v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivnit budoucnost glob\u00e1ln\u00edch konflikt\u016f a obrann\u00fdch technologi\u00ed, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 nastolit z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty prosazuj\u00ed n\u011bkolik iniciativ v oblasti autonomn\u00edch dron\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou v t\u011bsn\u00e9m souladu s c\u00edli Replicator, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e9st revoluci v budouc\u00edm v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

V srpnu 2023 Asia Times informovaly o testech proveden\u00fdch americk\u00fdm letectvem s pou\u017eit\u00edm dronu XQ-58A Valkyrie, aby demonstrovaly jeho pokro\u010dil\u00e9 autonomn\u00ed schopnosti ve sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u00edch vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho boje.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dron byl vypu\u0161t\u011bn z leteck\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny Eglin na Florid\u011b a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b plnil \u00fakoly ve vzdu\u0161n\u00fdch boj\u00edch pomoc\u00ed softwaru \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed.\u00a0Testy byly provedeny jako sou\u010d\u00e1st \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho \u00fasil\u00ed vyvinout a zdokonalit autonomn\u00ed schopnosti zalo\u017een\u00e9 na algoritmech \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed.\u00a0Tyto dovednosti jsou nyn\u00ed uplat\u0148ov\u00e1ny v praxi z laboratorn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 laborato\u0159 USAF vyvinula algoritmy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 p\u0159i testech jako sou\u010d\u00e1st programu CCA (Collaborative Combat Aircraft), kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9ho aspektu moderniza\u010dn\u00ed iniciativy NGAD (Next Generation Air Dominance).<\/span><\/p>\n

Testy tak\u00e9 vytvo\u0159ily v\u00edcevrstv\u00fd bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd \u0159e\u0161\u00ed takticky relevantn\u00ed v\u00fdzvu ve vzdu\u0161n\u00fdch operac\u00edch a mohl by urychlit v\u00fdvoj roj\u016f dron\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

V \u00fanoru 2023 Asia Times informovaly o americk\u00e9m projektu Autonomous Multi-Domain Adaptive Swarms-of-Swarms (AMASS).\u00a0Projekt si klade za c\u00edl vytvo\u0159it autonomn\u00ed roje dron\u016f, kter\u00e9 budou vypou\u0161t\u011bny z mo\u0159e, vzduchu a zem\u011b, aby p\u0159emohly nep\u0159\u00e1telskou protivzdu\u0161nou obranu.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00edlem projektu je vyvinout schopnost velet tis\u00edc\u016fm autonomn\u00edch dron\u016f k ni\u010den\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 obrany, v\u010detn\u011b protiletadlov\u00e9 obrany, d\u011blost\u0159electva, raketomet\u016f a pr\u016fzkumn\u00fdch platforem (ISR).<\/span><\/p>\n

Projekt AMASS zkoum\u00e1 vyu\u017eit\u00ed roj\u016f k veden\u00ed vojensk\u00fdch operac\u00ed ve vysoce konkuren\u010dn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed s vyu\u017eit\u00edm levn\u00fdch roj\u016f vybaven\u00fdch r\u016fzn\u00fdmi senzory a kinetick\u00fdmi i nekinetick\u00fdmi efektory.\u00a0O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee projekt AMASS bude p\u0159id\u011blen jedin\u00e9mu soukrom\u00e9mu dodavateli.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento v\u00fdvoj podtrhuje potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed taktick\u00e9 a opera\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdhody roj\u016f dron\u016f a umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch opera\u010dn\u00edch koncept\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

V \u010dl\u00e1nku Forbes z b\u0159ezna 2021 David Hambling zmi\u0148uje, \u017ee jednou z v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdch funkc\u00ed, d\u00edky kter\u00fdm jsou roje dron\u016f tak impozantn\u00ed v boji, je jejich decentralizovan\u00fd provoz, kter\u00fd jim umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159izp\u016fsobit se za letu.\u00a0Hambling poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee roje dron\u016f mohou prov\u00e1d\u011bt r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00fakoly, jako je sledov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 \u00fatoky, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jejich koordinace zvy\u0161uje jejich schopnost zab\u00edjen\u00ed a odolnost v\u016f\u010di protiopat\u0159en\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Poukazuje na to, \u017ee roje dron\u016f zapadaj\u00ed do modern\u00edch koncepc\u00ed v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed, ale p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v\u00fdzvu pro st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed obrann\u00e9 syst\u00e9my kv\u016fli jejich slo\u017eitosti a p\u0159izp\u016fsobivosti.\u00a0C\u00edlem je p\u0159ev\u00e1lcovat nep\u0159\u00edtele zbran\u011bmi a senzorov\u00fdmi platformami, ale dne\u0161n\u00ed syst\u00e9my na to nejsou ur\u010deny.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Opera\u010dn\u00ed koncept \u201eMosaic Warfare\u201c americk\u00e9 Agentury pro pokro\u010dil\u00e9 obrann\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 projekty (DARPA) si klade za c\u00edl p\u0159emoci protivn\u00edka nasazen\u00edm vysoce komplexn\u00ed, decentralizovan\u00e9 a adaptabiln\u00ed s\u00edly slo\u017een\u00e9 z r\u016fzn\u00fdch zbra\u0148ov\u00fdch a senzorov\u00fdch platforem navr\u017een\u00fdch tak, aby fungovaly synergicky nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d mnoha dom\u00e9ny, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se slo\u017eitost st\u00e1v\u00e1 asymetrickou v\u00fdhodou.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mosaic Warfare lze pou\u017e\u00edt v pozemn\u00ed bitv\u011b nasazen\u00edm bezpilotn\u00edho vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho prost\u0159edku nebo pozemn\u00edho robota p\u0159ed hlavn\u00ed bojovou s\u00edlu.\u00a0Robot dok\u00e1\u017ee detekovat nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fd tank a p\u0159edat jeho sou\u0159adnice neviditeln\u00e9mu \u00fato\u010dn\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu v zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti.\u00a0Zahrnut\u00ed letadel zvy\u0161uje slo\u017eitost a m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159emoci rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed protivn\u00edka.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mozaikov\u00e9 v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed v n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161i je je\u0161t\u011b slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a zahrnuje prost\u0159ed\u00ed ve vzduchu, na zemi, na mo\u0159i a pod vodou.\u00a0Velitel\u00e9 bojov\u00fdch sil mus\u00ed kombinovat zdroje nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d agenturami, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 je postradatelnost.\u00a0Vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed t\u011bchto syst\u00e9m\u016f v r\u00e1mci syst\u00e9m\u016f v\u0161ak vy\u017eaduje jejich propojen\u00ed, co\u017e je velk\u00e1 v\u00fdzva.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tyto projekty a vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00ed koncepty by mohly v\u00e9st k \u0161ir\u0161\u00edmu vyu\u017eit\u00ed strategi\u00ed rojen\u00ed dron\u016f, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed dopad na potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed krizi v Tchajwansk\u00e9m pr\u016flivu.<\/span><\/p>\n

V kv\u011btnu 2022 Asia Times ozn\u00e1mily, \u017ee americk\u00e9 letectvo testovalo roje autonomn\u00edch dron\u016f v simulac\u00edch, aby chr\u00e1nilo Tchaj-wan p\u0159ed mo\u017enou \u010d\u00ednskou invaz\u00ed.\u00a0David Ochmanek z RAND Corporation zd\u016fraznil, \u017ee USA a jejich spojenci maj\u00ed m\u00e1lo \u010dasu na reakci v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b invaze.<\/span><\/p>\n

Simulace odhalily, \u017ee roje dron\u016f, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed distribuovanou s\u00ed\u0165 k v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b laserov\u00fdch dat, jsou z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed USA, proto\u017ee by mohly p\u0159ekonat \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 schopnosti \u010delit \u00fatok\u016fm a odep\u0159\u00edt p\u0159\u00edstup do oblast\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Autonomn\u00ed roje dron\u016f by mohly pracovat s maskovan\u00fdmi platformami s pos\u00e1dkou, jako jsou F-35 a F-22, aby zas\u00e1hly \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 lod\u011b, letadla a baterie raket.\u00a0S\u00ed\u0165ov\u011b propojen\u00e9 drony by zlep\u0161ily situa\u010dn\u00ed pov\u011bdom\u00ed a schopnost zam\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148 by zaplavily obrazovky nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch radar\u016f v\u00edce c\u00edl\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak obavy ohledn\u011b vysp\u011blosti technologie a potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch zranitelnost\u00ed, jako jsou rusk\u00e9 a \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 mo\u017enosti elektronick\u00e9ho boje, kybernetick\u00e9 \u00fatoky a omezen\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky p\u00e1sma.<\/span><\/p>\n

Roje dron\u016f z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 etick\u00e9 a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed v\u00fdzvy.\u00a0Irving Lachow v \u010dl\u00e1nku Bulletin of Atomic Scientists z \u00fanora 2017 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee obavy ve\u0159ejnosti z rizik smrt\u00edc\u00edch autonomn\u00edch zbra\u0148ov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, zejm\u00e9na roj\u016f dron\u016f, jsou p\u0159ehnan\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lachow \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee i kdy\u017e se tyto syst\u00e9my mohou u\u010dit a vyv\u00edjet, jejich programov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b diktuje jejich chov\u00e1n\u00ed a zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jejich souladu s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm humanit\u00e1rn\u00edm pr\u00e1vem je slo\u017eit\u00e9.\u00a0Poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee obrann\u00e9 roje mohou b\u00fdt jedinou adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed ochranou proti \u00fato\u010d\u00edc\u00edm roj\u016fm, co\u017e vede k potenci\u00e1ln\u00edmu z\u00e1vodu ve zbrojen\u00ed s drony.<\/span><\/p>\n

Podle Lachowa je hlavn\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou, zda by m\u011bly b\u00fdt smrt\u00edc\u00ed autonomn\u00ed zbra\u0148ov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my zak\u00e1z\u00e1ny, regulov\u00e1ny nebo povoleny v pln\u00e9m rozsahu.\u00a0Poukazuje v\u0161ak na slo\u017eit\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, kdy by m\u011bl b\u00fdt z\u00e1kaz ulo\u017een, jak by m\u011bl b\u00fdt uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n a kdo jej bude vym\u00e1hat.<\/span><\/p>\n

Upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b regulace vyvst\u00e1vaj\u00ed podobn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, jak\u00e1 pravidla by m\u011bla b\u00fdt uplat\u0148ov\u00e1na, kdo o nich rozhoduje a jak\u00e9 by m\u011bly b\u00fdt d\u016fsledky jejich poru\u0161en\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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ZDROJ<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Americk\u00fd program \u201eReplicator\u201c se zam\u011b\u0159uje na \u010c\u00ednu pomoc\u00ed autonomn\u00edch dron\u016f \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed a vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":29161,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[2856,37,5833],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35583"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35583"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35583\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29161"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35583"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35583"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35583"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}