{"id":34901,"date":"2023-08-28T01:11:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-27T23:11:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=34901"},"modified":"2023-08-27T15:59:27","modified_gmt":"2023-08-27T13:59:27","slug":"zakopne-expanze-brics-o-vnitrni-rozdeleni-nebo-je-pomuze-preklenout","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2023\/08\/28\/zakopne-expanze-brics-o-vnitrni-rozdeleni-nebo-je-pomuze-preklenout\/","title":{"rendered":"Zakopne expanze BRICS o vnit\u0159n\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed nebo je pom\u016f\u017ee p\u0159eklenout?"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

P\u0159ib\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch \u010dlen\u016f je dobr\u00e9 pro multipolaritu, ale tak\u00e9 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pro soudr\u017enost ve skupin\u011b rostouc\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdsledkem summitu BRICS v Ji\u017en\u00ed Africe je rozhodnut\u00ed o roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed skupiny.\u00a01. ledna 2024 se k n\u00ed p\u0159ipoj\u00ed \u0161est nov\u00fdch \u010dlen\u016f: Sa\u00fadsk\u00e1 Ar\u00e1bie, Spojen\u00e9 arabsk\u00e9 emir\u00e1ty, Egypt, Argentina, \u00cdr\u00e1n a Etiopie, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se p\u016fvodn\u00ed \u010dlenstv\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e zdvojn\u00e1sob\u00ed.\u00a0Je to transforma\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdsledek.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u016fvodn\u011b byly RIC (skupina Rusko-Indie-\u010c\u00edna vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 v roce 1998) a BRIC reakc\u00ed na vznik unipol\u00e1rn\u00edho sv\u011bta po rozpadu Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu.\u00a0BRIC, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i ekonomicky rostouc\u00ed mocnosti (Braz\u00edlie, Rusko, Indie, \u010c\u00edna) ze t\u0159\u00ed kontinent\u016f, sd\u00edlely agendu u\u010dinit glob\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d demokrati\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a spravedliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm, reformovat syst\u00e9m Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b jej\u00edch politick\u00fdch a finan\u010dn\u00edch instituc\u00ed, pos\u00edlit roli rozvojov\u00e9 zem\u011b v glob\u00e1ln\u00edm syst\u00e9mu, podpora multilateralismu s OSN jako jeho \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm bodem a tak d\u00e1le.\u00a0Ji\u017en\u00ed Afrika nebyla rostouc\u00ed ekonomickou velmoc\u00ed, ale jej\u00ed za\u0159azen\u00ed mezi hlavn\u00ed africkou zemi v roce 2010 m\u011blo d\u016fvod roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it pokryt\u00ed BRICS na \u010dty\u0159i kontinenty.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sv\u011bt ji\u017e nen\u00ed unipol\u00e1rn\u00ed, i kdy\u017e USA z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00ed sv\u011btovou politickou, vojenskou a ekonomickou mocnost\u00ed.\u00a0Neschopnost zm\u011bnit mapu z\u00e1padn\u00ed Asie ve sv\u016fj prosp\u011bch zm\u011bnou re\u017eimu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vojensk\u00e9 intervence nebo prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed demokracie b\u011bhem arabsk\u00e9ho jara nebo katastrof\u00e1ln\u00edm koncem v\u00e1lky proti terorismu, jeho\u017e p\u0159\u00edkladem je jej\u00ed \u00fastup z Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu, sn\u00ed\u017eily jej\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed prvenstv\u00ed.\u00a0Nyn\u00ed vid\u00ed pot\u0159ebu pos\u00edlit sv\u00e1 spojenectv\u00ed v Evrop\u011b a Asii, aby si udr\u017eela sv\u00e9 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed prvenstv\u00ed.\u00a0To zahrnuje znovuo\u017eiven\u00ed NATO v Evrop\u011b, stejn\u011b jako spojenectv\u00ed s Japonskem, Ji\u017en\u00ed Koreou a Filip\u00ednami v Asii, nemluv\u011b o politick\u00e9 a ekonomick\u00e9 roli G7.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco unipol\u00e1rn\u00ed f\u00e1ze skon\u010dila, objevilo se nov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed s potenci\u00e1ln\u011b hrozn\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky pro glob\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u00edr a bezpe\u010dnost v Evrop\u011b i Asii.\u00a0USA jsou nyn\u00ed postaveny proti Rusku i \u010c\u00edn\u011b, z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed plnou podporu Evropy proti Rusku a uzn\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 hrozby pro Evropu ze strany \u010c\u00edny.\u00a0USA nev\u00e1haly pou\u017e\u00edt svou finan\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edlu a\u017e po u\u0161i proti Rusku ve snaze je izolovat a zp\u016fsobit jeho ekonomick\u00fd kolaps a za\u0161ly do t\u00e9 m\u00edry, \u017ee se otev\u0159en\u011b p\u0159ihl\u00e1sily k my\u0161lence zm\u011bny re\u017eimu v Rusku, rovnocenn\u00e9 jadern\u00e9 velmoci.\u00a0USA nyn\u00ed vid\u00ed \u010c\u00ednu jako sv\u00e9ho hlavn\u00edho dlouhodob\u00e9ho protivn\u00edka a podnikaj\u00ed kroky k zma\u0159en\u00ed technologick\u00e9ho vzestupu \u010c\u00edny.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toto nap\u011bt\u00ed ovliv\u0148uje mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed syst\u00e9m.\u00a0Drastick\u00e1 povaha z\u00e1padn\u00edch sankc\u00ed uvalen\u00fdch na Rusko, zejm\u00e9na americk\u00e9 zbran\u011b ve financ\u00edch a dolar jako hlavn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 rezervn\u00ed m\u011bna, vyvolaly krom\u011b velmi ru\u0161iv\u00fdch dopad\u016f na dod\u00e1vky potravin, hnojiv a energie do rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00ed v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky. o spravedlnosti glob\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidlech stanoven\u00fdch mocn\u00fdmi a nevych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch z kolektivn\u00ed v\u016fle mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho spole\u010denstv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Evoluce RIC do BRIC a pot\u00e9 BRICS v\u017edy m\u011bla jako hlavn\u00ed agendu podporu multipolarity.\u00a0V\u0161e ostatn\u00ed (reformovat mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, d\u00e1t rozvojov\u00fdm zem\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed slovo v glob\u00e1ln\u00edm vl\u00e1dnut\u00ed, podporovat respekt k r\u016fzn\u00fdm politick\u00fdm a ekonomick\u00fdm syst\u00e9m\u016fm, odhalovat dvoj\u00ed standardy Z\u00e1padu, pokud jde o lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va a demokracii, opozice v\u016f\u010di Z\u00e1padu vnucuj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u016fj sv\u011bton\u00e1zor ostatn\u00edm jako \u201euniverz\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty\u201c) z\u00e1visely na rozm\u011bln\u011bn\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00ed hegemonie Z\u00e1padu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vzniku nov\u00fdch mocensk\u00fdch center a v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho rozd\u011blen\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed moci.<\/span><\/p>\n

Konfrontace Z\u00e1padu s Ruskem a \u010c\u00ednou, dv\u011bma nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi \u010dleny BRICS, vysv\u011btluje snahu skupiny o expanzi.\u00a0P\u0159id\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch \u010dlen\u016f je vn\u00edm\u00e1no jako hmatateln\u00fd pohyb sm\u011brem k multipolarit\u011b.\u00a0To, \u017ee Sa\u00fadsk\u00e1 Ar\u00e1bie, Spojen\u00e9 arabsk\u00e9 emir\u00e1ty a Egypt a Argentina se sv\u00fdmi siln\u00fdmi z\u00e1padn\u00edmi vazbami signalizuj\u00ed svou ochotu b\u00fdt sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tohoto p\u0159echodu, ukazuje, jak se n\u00e1lada na glob\u00e1ln\u00edm Jihu m\u011bn\u00ed.\u00a0Tyto zem\u011b cht\u011bj\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017eit svou z\u00e1vislost na Z\u00e1pad\u011b, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it mo\u017enosti zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky a b\u00fdt schopny l\u00e9pe odol\u00e1vat z\u00e1padn\u00edm tlak\u016fm t\u00edm, \u017ee se p\u0159ipoj\u00ed k multilater\u00e1ln\u00edm skupin\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed \u010delit hegemonii Z\u00e1padu nad sou\u010dasn\u00fdm mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Zahrnut\u00ed \u00cdr\u00e1nu \u2013 kter\u00fd je ji\u017e \u010dlenem \u0160anghajsk\u00e9 organizace pro spolupr\u00e1ci, podl\u00e9h\u00e1 z\u00e1padn\u00edm sankc\u00edm, je st\u00e1le bl\u00ed\u017ee \u010c\u00edn\u011b a Rusku a vede spory s USA ohledn\u011b jadern\u00fdch, raketov\u00fdch a region\u00e1ln\u00edch ot\u00e1zek \u2013 by bylo nevyhnuteln\u00e9 p\u0159i jak\u00e9koli expanzi. Zem\u011bpisn\u00e1 oblast vlivu BRICS.\u00a0Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b se nezd\u00e1, \u017ee Etiopie, zm\u00edtan\u00e1 ob\u010danskou v\u00e1lkou a ekonomick\u00fdmi probl\u00e9my v d\u016fsledku dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00edho sucha, nem\u00e1 krom\u011b \u00fazk\u00e9ho partnerstv\u00ed s \u010c\u00ednou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 hodnov\u011brn\u00e9 p\u0159edpoklady, kter\u00e9 by si zaslou\u017eily za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

To vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zku, podle jak\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed se rozhoduje o roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed.\u00a0Byla velikost HDP, vyhl\u00eddky r\u016fstu, velikost populace, geografick\u00e1 poloha nebo m\u00edra region\u00e1ln\u00edho vlivu sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed krit\u00e9ri\u00ed?\u00a0Krom\u011b Sa\u00fadsk\u00e9 Ar\u00e1bie a Spojen\u00fdch arabsk\u00fdch emir\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou ekonomicky siln\u00e9 a jsou velk\u00fdmi producenty ropy s pl\u00e1ny velk\u00e9 expanze v r\u00e1mci sv\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 vize do roku 2030, ostatn\u00ed zem\u011b \u010del\u00ed v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm ekonomick\u00fdm probl\u00e9m\u016fm a jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed je lze charakterizovat jako rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se ekonomick\u00e9 velmoci.\u00a0Egyptsk\u00e1 ekonomika je tak\u00e9 pod tlakem, ale Egypt jako hlavn\u00ed politick\u00e1, vojensk\u00e1 a kulturn\u00ed arabsk\u00e1 mocnost a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed z hlediska po\u010dtu obyvatel je rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed pro udr\u017een\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy sil ve sv\u00e9m regionu.\u00a0Jeho za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed m\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd politick\u00fd ohlas na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni.\u00a0Argentina tak\u00e9 \u010del\u00ed v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krizi,<\/span><\/p>\n

Expanze BRICS p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b nezahrnuje \u017e\u00e1dnou asijskou zemi.\u00a0Indon\u00e9sie byla kandid\u00e1tem a byla by zjevn\u011b zahrnuta ve v\u0161ech parametrech, ale zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee svou kandidaturu na posledn\u00ed chv\u00edli st\u00e1hla, aby zv\u00e1\u017eila v\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody \u010dlenstv\u00ed.\u00a0Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee jeho v\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed na posledn\u00ed chv\u00edli m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobeno extern\u00edm tlakem a \u00favahami o soudr\u017enosti v r\u00e1mci ASEAN.\u00a0V Africe by byla Nig\u00e9rie mnohem d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm kandid\u00e1tem ne\u017e Etiopie, ale jej\u00ed viceprezident \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee nepo\u017e\u00e1dala o \u010dlenstv\u00ed v BRICS.\u00a0Nepomohlo ani Mexiko, kter\u00e9 by bylo dal\u0161\u00edm pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fdm kandid\u00e1tem z Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky.\u00a0Pozoruhodn\u00e1 je nep\u0159\u00edtomnost Al\u017e\u00edrska, kter\u00e9 o \u010dlenstv\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1dalo.\u00a0V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je expanze region\u00e1ln\u011b naklon\u011bn\u00e1, \u010dty\u0159i ze \u0161esti nov\u00fdch \u010dlen\u016f jsou z jednoho regionu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Spole\u010dn\u00e9 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed summitu p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k nejasnostem ohledn\u011b krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, kdy\u017e uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee l\u00edd\u0159i BRICS pov\u011b\u0159ili sv\u00e9 \u201eministry zahrani\u010d\u00ed, aby d\u00e1le rozv\u00edjeli model partnersk\u00e9 zem\u011b BRICS a seznam potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch partnersk\u00fdch zem\u00ed a podali zpr\u00e1vu na p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm summitu\u201c.\u00a0Nejedn\u00e1 se zde o nov\u00e9 \u010dleny, ale o \u201emodel partnersk\u00e9 zem\u011b\u201c a \u201eperspektivn\u00ed partnersk\u00e9 zem\u011b\u201c.\u00a0Pokud ji\u017e byla krit\u00e9ria odsouhlasena a ohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed z nich vych\u00e1z\u00ed, pro\u010d je pot\u0159eba \u201edal\u0161\u00ed rozvoj modelu partnersk\u00e9 zem\u011b BRICS\u201c?\u00a0Je tedy sou\u010dasn\u00e1 expanze v podstat\u011b ad hoc, proto\u017ee konsensus byl mo\u017en\u00fd pouze pro \u0161est doty\u010dn\u00fdch zem\u00ed?<\/span><\/p>\n

I kdy\u017e expanze bezpochyby posiluje multipolaritu, u\u010din\u00ed nov\u00e9 seskupen\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b soudr\u017en\u00fdm?\u00a0Je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edve m\u011bly zem\u011b BRICS probl\u00e9my s vnit\u0159n\u00ed soudr\u017enost\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na s p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edmi rozd\u00edly mezi Indi\u00ed a \u010c\u00ednou.\u00a0Ob\u011b zem\u011b jsou zapojeny do vojensk\u00e9ho konfliktu na hranic\u00edch, co\u017e je v rozporu s mnoha principy, kter\u00e9 BRICS vyzn\u00e1v\u00e1.\u00a0Z\u00e1vazek Braz\u00edlie v\u016f\u010di BRICS za prezidenta Jaira Bolsonara nebyl tak siln\u00fd jako z\u00e1vazek prezidenta Luly p\u0159ed n\u00edm.\u00a0Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee se prezident Putin nemohl osobn\u011b z\u00fa\u010dastnit summitu v Johannesburgu, proto\u017ee Jihoafrick\u00e1 republika nedok\u00e1zala sladit sv\u016fj z\u00e1vazek v\u016f\u010di BRICS a Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu trestn\u00edmu soudu, ukazuje, \u017ee skupina nem\u00e1 zcela pod kontrolou svou kolektivn\u00ed vizi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e do roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9ho seskupen\u00ed BRICS vstupuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed rozpory a rivalita, jako jsou ty mezi Sa\u00fadskou Ar\u00e1bi\u00ed a \u00cdr\u00e1nem, Spojen\u00fdmi arabsk\u00fdmi emir\u00e1ty a \u00cdr\u00e1nem, Egyptem a Etiopi\u00ed, Egyptem a \u00cdr\u00e1nem, a tak\u00e9 do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry mezi Braz\u00edli\u00ed a Argentinou, dos\u00e1hne konsensu v r\u00e1mci seskupen\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, nebo jej zredukovat na nejmen\u0161\u00edho spole\u010dn\u00e9ho jmenovatele?\u00a0Na druhou stranu, m\u016f\u017ee roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd BRICS pomoci p\u0159eklenout tyto rozd\u00edly?\u00a0To se teprve uvid\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Indie roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed uv\u00edtala, proto\u017ee pos\u00edl\u00ed seskupen\u00ed a zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bru v my\u0161lenku multipol\u00e1rn\u00edho sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du.\u00a0Premi\u00e9r Modi \u0159ekl, \u017ee Indie m\u00e1 v\u0159el\u00e9 vztahy se \u0161esti zem\u011bmi, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159ipojuj\u00ed.\u00a0Indie m\u00e1 strategick\u00e9 partnerstv\u00ed s p\u011bti nov\u00fdmi \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky a tradi\u010dn\u011b velmi \u00fazk\u00e9 vztahy s Etiopi\u00ed.\u00a0Z pohledu Modiho budou nov\u00e9 BRICS \u2013 Prolomit bari\u00e9ry, Revitalizovat ekonomiky, Inspirovat inovace, Vytv\u00e1\u0159et p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti a Utv\u00e1\u0159et budoucnost.<\/span><\/p>\n

Autor Kanwal Sibal<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>, b\u00fdval\u00fd indick\u00fd ministr zahrani\u010d\u00ed a b\u00fdval\u00fd velvyslanec v Rusku v letech 2004 a\u017e 2007. Zast\u00e1val tak\u00e9 velvyslaneck\u00e9 funkce v Turecku, Egypt\u011b, Francii a byl\u00a0<\/span><\/em>\u00a0z\u00e1stupcem vedouc\u00edho mise ve Washingtonu DC.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u0159ib\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch \u010dlen\u016f je dobr\u00e9 pro multipolaritu, ale tak\u00e9 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pro soudr\u017enost ve skupin\u011b rostouc\u00edch…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":34710,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,1161,5754],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34901"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34901"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34901\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34903,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34901\/revisions\/34903"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34710"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34901"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34901"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34901"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}