{"id":33246,"date":"2023-08-01T01:05:00","date_gmt":"2023-07-31T23:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=33246"},"modified":"2023-07-31T16:44:49","modified_gmt":"2023-07-31T14:44:49","slug":"odhaleni-nastroju-propagandy-jake-metody-se-pouzivaji-a-co-cini-lidi-zranitelnymi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2023\/08\/01\/odhaleni-nastroju-propagandy-jake-metody-se-pouzivaji-a-co-cini-lidi-zranitelnymi\/","title":{"rendered":"Odhalen\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f propagandy: Jak\u00e9 metody se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u2013 a co \u010din\u00ed lidi zraniteln\u00fdmi?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Propaganda je dnes op\u011bt v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1: takzvan\u00e1 pandemie si to uv\u011bdomila zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b mnoho lid\u00ed.\u00a0Velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st populace se v\u0161ak uk\u00e1zala jako docela vn\u00edmav\u00e1 k manipulaci ze strany politik\u016f a m\u00e9di\u00ed loaj\u00e1ln\u00edch vl\u00e1d\u011b a nechala se nasm\u011brovat \u017e\u00e1douc\u00edm sm\u011brem.\u00a0Jak\u00e9 taktiky byly a jsou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny \u2013 a co \u010din\u00ed lidi zraniteln\u00fdmi v\u016f\u010di propagand\u011b?\u00a0Iniciativa GGI objas\u0148uje.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Proz\u0159en\u00ed propagandou \u2013 1. \u010d\u00e1st<\/span><\/h2>\n

Propaganda je systematick\u00e1 masov\u00e1 komunikace, kter\u00e1 nevyhled\u00e1v\u00e1 argumenty ani netoleruje rozpory.\u00a0P\u0159\u00edjemci jejich zpr\u00e1v jsou natolik kooptovan\u00ed, \u017ee st\u011b\u017e\u00ed vn\u00edmaj\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 alternativy.\u00a0Kritick\u00e9 hlasy jsou cenzurov\u00e1ny, pomlouv\u00e1ny a vylou\u010deny.\u00a0Propaganda \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 souhru p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed domn\u011bl\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed a pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed ob\u011btn\u00edch ber\u00e1nk\u016f.\u00a0N\u00e1chylnost k takov\u00fdm zpr\u00e1v\u00e1m se zvy\u0161uje s rostouc\u00edm mezilidsk\u00fdm nedostatkem z\u00e1vazku, nedostatkem smyslu \u017eivota a bezp\u0159edm\u011btn\u00fdm strachem.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Pojem a metody propagandy<\/span><\/h3>\n

Dokupedia<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0ozna\u010duje term\u00edn \u201e\u00a0<\/span>propaganda<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u201c jako\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u201ezvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed formu\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>systematicky pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 masov\u00e9 komunikace<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, kter\u00e1\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>nem\u00e1 za c\u00edl informovat nebo argumentovat<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>ale sp\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dovat nebo p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dovat<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Obvykle k tomu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 symbolicky nabit\u00fd a ideologicky utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00fd (obrazov\u00fd) jazyk, kter\u00fd\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>zkresluje realitu,<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0nebo\u0165 informace bu\u010f p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed nespr\u00e1vn\u011b, nebo je zcela potla\u010duje.\u00a0C\u00edlem propagandy je vyvolat u p\u0159\u00edjemc\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed \u010di n\u00e1zor\u016f, podle nich\u017e jsou nov\u00e9 informace a fakta zasazeny do kontextu ideologicky zabarven\u00e9ho sv\u011btov\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru (r\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00ed).\u201c\u00a0<\/span><\/em> [1]<\/span><\/p>\n

Pojmem k\u00e1drov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span><\/em><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0a\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>r\u00e9torick\u00fdmi triky<\/span><\/a>\u00a0jsme se zab\u00fdvali ji\u017e\u00a0 v minul\u00fdch p\u0159enosech\u00a0\u00a0.\u00a0[2], [3]\u00a0\u00a0Opakovan\u011b<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0jsme\u00a0 se tak\u00e9 zab\u00fdvali v\u00fdznamem\u00a0<\/span>hanliv\u00e9ho jazyka<\/span><\/a>\u00a0na vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed lid\u00ed .\u00a0[4], [5] V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm textu pop\u00ed\u0161eme n\u011bkter\u00e9\u00a0\u00a0metody propagandy obecn\u011b<\/strong>\u00a0, na z\u00e1klad\u011b\u00a0\u00a0p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky Johannese Menatha<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(autora knihy\u00a0\u00a0Modern Propaganda: 80 Methods of Opinion Control<\/em>\u00a0, 2022), kterou stoj\u00ed za to vid\u011bt.\u00a0[6]<\/span><\/p>\n

Propaganda se d\u00e1 zhruba rozd\u011blit na\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>zachycen\u00ed<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0a\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>izolaci<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0.\u00a0Prvn\u00ed jmenovan\u00fd m\u00e1 zajistit, \u017ee skupina p\u0159\u00edjemc\u016f obdr\u017e\u00ed pouze zam\u00fd\u0161lenou zpr\u00e1vu.\u00a0Druh\u00e1 sleduje c\u00edl, aby nep\u0159edv\u00eddan\u00e1 sd\u011blen\u00ed, kup\u0159.\u00a0B. rozpory nebo souvislosti, nejsou vn\u00edm\u00e1ny.\u00a0P\u0159ivlastn\u011bn\u00ed se d\u00e1le d\u011bl\u00ed na\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>v\u00fdb\u011br<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0a\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>emoce<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0V\u00fdb\u011br posouv\u00e1 po\u017eadovan\u00e9 sd\u011blen\u00ed do vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, emoce ovliv\u0148uje hodnocen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Relevantn\u00ed aspekty p\u0159\u00edjmu<\/span><\/h3>\n

Pokud jde o emoce, pot\u0159eba harmonie<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b relevantn\u00ed.\u00a0To zp\u016fsob\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed zv\u00fdrazn\u011bn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1v\u011b, kdy\u017e se p\u0159izp\u016fsob\u00ed i prost\u0159ed\u00ed.\u00a0Touha po harmonii je zalo\u017eena na strachu z vylou\u010den\u00ed, proto\u017ee v pr\u016fb\u011bhu evoluce mohli lid\u00e9 p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvat pouze ve skupin\u00e1ch.\u00a0V d\u016fsledku toho doch\u00e1z\u00ed k autocenzu\u0159e<\/strong>\u00a0, i kdy\u017e existuje\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>nejistota<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0ohledn\u011b pravdivosti sd\u011blen\u00ed\u00a0\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jednodu\u0161e \u0159e\u010deno, r\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0znamen\u00e1 pouze zobrazen\u00ed r\u00e1mu nebo \u010d\u00e1sti v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho celku.\u00a0<\/span>S t\u00edmto \u010dasto siln\u011b zkreslen\u00fdm zobrazen\u00edm lze v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed celek zar\u00e1movat<\/span><\/em>\u00a0a vytvo\u0159it tak obraz nep\u0159\u00edtele\u00a0, tedy doslova \u201ezar\u00e1movat\u201c.\u00a0<\/span>Opakov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se tato reprezentace st\u00e1le vrac\u00ed.\u00a0Kdy\u017e velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st medi\u00e1ln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed opakuje tuto jednu reprezentaci znovu a znovu, tak\u017ee neinformovan\u00ed lid\u00e9 nab\u00fdvaj\u00ed dojmu, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 racion\u00e1ln\u00ed alternativa neexistuje, naz\u00fdv\u00e1 se to\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0monopolizace<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0To zaji\u0161\u0165uje \u0161irok\u00e9 p\u0159ijet\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho sd\u011blen\u00ed a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby autocenzuru.<\/span><\/p>\n

Relevantn\u00ed aspekty izolace<\/span><\/h3>\n

Obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zr\u00e1dnou a dlouho p\u0159ipravovanou taktikou je zvyk\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>si na rozpt\u00fdlen\u00ed<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Status a uzn\u00e1van\u00fd zp\u016fsob \u017eivota jsou obvykle zalo\u017eeny na tom, \u017ee m\u00e1te pr\u00e1ci a ve voln\u00e9m \u010dase konzumujete.\u00a0To ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 jen mal\u00fd prostor pro i n\u00e1ro\u010dnou propagandu;\u00a0je\u0161t\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b k pochopen\u00ed hlubok\u00fdch souvislost\u00ed.\u00a0Krom\u011b toho mohou b\u00fdt protich\u016fdn\u00e1 sd\u011blen\u00ed skryta nebo\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0vytla\u010dena z\u00a0<\/span>\u00fazce omezen\u00e9ho n\u00e1zorov\u00e9ho prostoru .\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>To druh\u00e9 m\u00e1 vyvolat dojem, \u017ee diskuse je mo\u017en\u00e1, ale ve skute\u010dnosti jsou povoleny jen nepatrn\u00e9 a kontrolovateln\u00e9 zm\u011bny sd\u011blen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stejn\u011b perfidn\u00ed je\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>ur\u010den\u00ed \u00fadajn\u00e9 skupiny ob\u011bt\u00ed<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, pro jej\u00ed\u017e \u00fadajnou ochranu se zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt nazna\u010deny z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zm\u011bny ve spole\u010dnosti.\u00a0Pamatujeme na ochranu tzv.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>zraniteln\u00fdch<\/span><\/a>\u00a0,<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0tedy star\u00fdch a d\u0159\u00edve nemocn\u00fdch lid\u00ed.\u00a0Jejich \u00fadajn\u00e1 ochrana legitimizovala opat\u0159en\u00ed jako uzam\u010den\u00ed, zelen\u00e9 pasy a povinn\u00e9 rou\u0161ky a o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0O tom, zda je tato skupina opat\u0159en\u00edmi skute\u010dn\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bna nebo zda\u00a0 j\u00ed byla zp\u016fsobena\u00a0<\/span>v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u0161koda,<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0se ve\u0159ejn\u00fd diskurs nezpochyb\u0148uje.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tato specifick\u00e1 skupina ob\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba chr\u00e1nit, m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 slou\u017eit jako z\u00e1minka k \u00fatok\u016fm, pokud pasivn\u00ed izolace nen\u00ed (dostate\u010dn\u011b) \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1.\u00a0Propaganda nevykresluje jako radik\u00e1ln\u00ed propag\u00e1tory radik\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny, ale ty, kte\u0159\u00ed se zm\u011bn\u011b stav\u00ed proti nebo jednodu\u0161e zpochyb\u0148uj\u00ed jej\u00ed smysl;\u00a0pamatujeme si p\u0159\u00edvlastky jako \u201enedostate\u010dn\u00e1 solidarita\u201c nebo \u201esobeck\u00fd\u201c pomluv\u00e1m jako \u201ezr\u00e1dce lidu\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ostatn\u00ed \u00fato\u010dn\u00e9 taktiky jsou dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00e9.\u00a0Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>bitevn\u00edch pojm\u016f<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u201ekonspira\u010dn\u00ed teoretici\u201c),\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>kontaktn\u00ed vina<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0ve smyslu\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>k\u00e1drov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0(\u201eTi, kdo demonstruj\u00ed s pr\u00e1vy, maj\u00ed pravdu\u201c\u00a0<\/span>)<\/span><\/em>\u00a0,\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>d\u00e9monizace<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u201epop\u00edra\u010dsk\u00e9\u201c v\u00fdrazy k ozna\u010den\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti pop\u00edra\u010d\u016f holocaustu),\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>cenzura<\/span><\/strong> atd. za\u017eili v posledn\u00edch t\u0159ech letech rozkv\u011bt.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 faktory pro propagandu<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Kdy je pro lidi obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 snadn\u00e9 nechat se vt\u00e1hnout propagandou?\u00a0V tomto bod\u011b d\u00e1v\u00e1me prvn\u00ed pohled na to, kter\u00e1 konstelace na \u00farovni populace m\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd vliv na \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nost zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch metod:<\/span><\/p>\n

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