{"id":32051,"date":"2023-07-14T00:59:11","date_gmt":"2023-07-13T22:59:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=32051"},"modified":"2023-07-14T05:04:09","modified_gmt":"2023-07-14T03:04:09","slug":"vedci-vyvijeji-nanocastici-ktera-by-mohla-zlepsit-mrna-vakciny-proti-rakovine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2023\/07\/14\/vedci-vyvijeji-nanocastici-ktera-by-mohla-zlepsit-mrna-vakciny-proti-rakovine\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u011bdci vyv\u00edjej\u00ed nano\u010d\u00e1stici, kter\u00e1 by mohla zlep\u0161it mRNA vakc\u00edny proti rakovin\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"
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V\u011bdci z Johns Hopkins Medicine tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee vyvinuli nano\u010d\u00e1stici \u2013 extr\u00e9mn\u011b malou, biologicky odbouratelnou n\u00e1dobu \u2013 kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l usnadnit dod\u00e1vku vakc\u00edn na b\u00e1zi medi\u00e1torov\u00e9 ribonukleov\u00e9 kyseliny (mRNA) proti infek\u010dn\u00edm nemocem, jako je COVID-19, a vakc\u00edny pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dby. neinfek\u010dn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, jako je rakovina.<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky test\u016f na my\u0161\u00edch, publikovan\u00e9 20. \u010dervna v \u010dasopise Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee rozlo\u017eiteln\u00e9 nano\u010d\u00e1stice na b\u00e1zi polymeru nesouc\u00ed vakc\u00ednu na b\u00e1zi mRNA po injekci do krevn\u00edho \u0159e\u010di\u0161t\u011b my\u0161\u00ed pronikly a\u017e do sleziny, kde mohou specificky aktivuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 imunitn\u00ed bu\u0148ky bojuj\u00edc\u00ed proti rakovin\u011b.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci tak\u00e9 zjistili, \u017ee my\u0161i s melanomem p\u0159e\u017eily dvakr\u00e1t tak dlouho a dvakr\u00e1t tolik my\u0161\u00ed s rakovinou tlust\u00e9ho st\u0159eva p\u0159e\u017eilo dlouhodob\u011b po injekci nano\u010d\u00e1stic vyroben\u00fdch Johnsem Hopkinsem ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s my\u0161mi, kter\u00e9 dostaly kontroln\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dbu.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b toho v\u011bdci zjistili, \u017ee u my\u0161\u00ed je asi polovina specializovan\u00fdch imunitn\u00edch bun\u011bk odpov\u011bdn\u00fdch za rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed a zni\u010den\u00ed nezdrav\u00fdch bun\u011bk, jako je nap\u0159.\u00a0bu\u0148ky infikovan\u00e9 viry nebo rakovinou byly aktivov\u00e1ny a p\u0159ipraveny k rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed specifick\u00fdch napadaj\u00edc\u00edch rakovinn\u00fdch bun\u011bk.<\/p>\n

Nano\u010d\u00e1stice vyroben\u00e9 z lipid\u016f (druh mastn\u00e9 kyseliny) tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1klad mRNA vakc\u00edn COVID-19.\u00a0Takov\u00e9 preventivn\u00ed vakc\u00edny na b\u00e1zi lipid\u016f jsou obvykle injikov\u00e1ny do svalu.<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco sval obsahuje mnoho bun\u011bk schopn\u00fdch exprimovat mRNA, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k protil\u00e1tkov\u00e9 reakci, existuje relativn\u011b m\u00e1lo dendritick\u00fdch bun\u011bk \u2013 imunitn\u00edch bun\u011bk, kter\u00e9 u\u010d\u00ed zbytek imunitn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, zejm\u00e9na T bu\u0148ky, vyhled\u00e1vat rakovinn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky a ni\u010dit je.\u00a0V\u011bdci mohou b\u00fdt schopni zlep\u0161it vakc\u00edny zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na l\u00e9\u010dbu rakoviny zlep\u0161en\u00edm jejich schopnosti dos\u00e1hnout dendritick\u00fdch bun\u011bk pomoc\u00ed jejich mRNA pokyn\u016f.<\/p>\n

Vst\u0159ikov\u00e1n\u00ed vakc\u00edn na b\u00e1zi lipid\u016f do krevn\u00edho ob\u011bhu se uk\u00e1zalo jako obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9, proto\u017ee vakc\u00edny obvykle jdou p\u0159\u00edmo do jater, kde se rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u201eNa\u0161\u00edm c\u00edlem bylo vyvinout nano\u010d\u00e1stici, kter\u00e1 se nedostane p\u0159\u00edmo do jater a \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b nau\u010d\u00ed bu\u0148ky imunitn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu hledat a ni\u010dit odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed c\u00edl,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Dr.\u00a0Jordan Green, profesor biomedic\u00ednsk\u00e9ho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed na Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.<\/p>\n

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Green vysv\u011btluje, \u017ee k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vakc\u00edn proti infek\u010dn\u00edm nemocem a neinfek\u010dn\u00edm nemocem, jako je rakovina, mus\u00ed mRNA nano\u010d\u00e1stic dos\u00e1hnout, vstoupit a b\u00fdt exprimov\u00e1na v dendritick\u00fdch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch.\u00a0Pot\u00e9, co je mRNA exprimov\u00e1na v dendritick\u00fdch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch, je rychle degradov\u00e1na a v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 reakce imunitn\u00edch bun\u011bk m\u016f\u017ee trvat mnohem d\u00e9le pot\u00e9, co mRNA a nano\u010d\u00e1stice zmiz\u00ed, uvedli v\u011bdci.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci obvykle dos\u00e1hli tohoto c\u00edlen\u00ed na bu\u0148ky p\u0159ipojen\u00edm protein\u016f k nano\u010d\u00e1stici, kter\u00e1 se specificky v\u00e1\u017ee na povrch c\u00edlov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky, jako je z\u00e1mek a kl\u00ed\u010d.\u00a0P\u0159i laboratorn\u00edch testech vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch tento p\u0159\u00edstup se v\u0161ak do c\u00edlov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky dostane pouze mal\u00e9 procento nano\u010d\u00e1stic a v\u011bdci poznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee s t\u011bmito p\u0159\u00edstupy existuj\u00ed v\u00fdrobn\u00ed probl\u00e9my.<\/p>\n

Green a jeho t\u00fdm testovali r\u016fzn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly a nakonec se rozhodli zabalit po\u017eadovanou mRNA do n\u00e1doby na b\u00e1zi polymeru.\u00a0Polymery jsou opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se skupiny mal\u00fdch molekul, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed pevn\u011b spojen\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec, aby vytvo\u0159ily v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed molekulu, a lze je upravit tak, aby se v t\u011ble rozlo\u017eily zp\u011bt na mal\u00e9 molekuly.\u00a0Green\u016fv t\u00fdm spr\u00e1vn\u011b nastavil rovnov\u00e1hu mezi hydrofiln\u00edmi a hydrofobn\u00edmi molekulami v nano\u010d\u00e1stic\u00edch \u2013 kl\u00ed\u010d k tomu, aby nano\u010d\u00e1stice l\u00e9pe zapouzd\u0159ily mRNA a mohly se snadn\u011bji dostat k c\u00edlov\u00e9 bu\u0148ce.<\/p>\n

Pot\u00e9 Green\u016fv t\u00fdm pou\u017eil disulfidov\u00e9 vazby k rychl\u00e9 degradaci nano\u010d\u00e1stic v c\u00edlov\u00e9 bu\u0148ce.\u00a0Polymery pou\u017eit\u00e9 ke konstrukci nano\u010d\u00e1stic obsahovaly koncov\u00e9 molekuly, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed afinitu ke specifick\u00e9mu typu tk\u00e1n\u011b.<\/p>\n

Nakonec Green a jeho t\u00fdm p\u0159idali k nano\u010d\u00e1stic\u00edm \u201epomocn\u00edka\u201c, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9ho tak\u00e9 adjuvans.\u00a0Adjuvans p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k aktivaci dendritick\u00fdch bun\u011bk.<\/p>\n

V experimentech s pou\u017eit\u00edm bun\u011bk p\u011bstovan\u00fdch v laborato\u0159i v\u011bdci zjistili, \u017ee konfigurace nano\u010d\u00e1stic, kterou vyvinuli, byla p\u0159ijata prim\u00e1rn\u00edmi dendritick\u00fdmi bu\u0148kami na \u00farovni p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b pades\u00e1tkr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e samotn\u00e1 mRNA. U my\u0161\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 80 % bun\u011bk ve slezin\u011b neslo nano\u010d\u00e1stice dos\u00e1hly dendritick\u00fdch c\u00edlov\u00fdch bun\u011bk.<\/p>\n

V s\u00e9rii experiment\u016f v\u011bdci pou\u017eili my\u0161i s imunitn\u00edmi bu\u0148kami geneticky upraven\u00fdmi tak, aby po otev\u0159en\u00ed nano\u010d\u00e1stice sv\u00edtily \u010derven\u011b, aby odhalily obsah mRNA.\u00a0Zjistili, \u017ee 5 a\u017e 6 % v\u0161ech dendritick\u00fdch bun\u011bk ve slezin\u011b \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b p\u0159ijalo, otev\u0159elo a zpracovalo nano\u010d\u00e1stice, a \u017ee k tomu do\u0161lo prim\u00e1rn\u011b v dendritick\u00fdch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi imunitn\u00edmi bu\u0148kami, jako jsou makrof\u00e1gy, monocyty, neutrofily a T bu\u0148ky.<\/p>\n

„Imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m je navr\u017een tak, aby fungoval prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zes\u00edlen\u00e9 reakce, ve kter\u00e9 dendritick\u00e9 bu\u0148ky u\u010d\u00ed ostatn\u00ed imunitn\u00ed bu\u0148ky, co maj\u00ed v t\u011ble hledat,“ \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Green.<\/p>\n

Pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed experimenty uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee polovina my\u0161\u00ed s rakovinou tlust\u00e9ho st\u0159eva p\u0159e\u017eila dlouhodob\u011b po obdr\u017een\u00ed dvou injekc\u00ed nov\u00e9 nano\u010d\u00e1sticov\u00e9 formulace a imunoterapeutick\u00e9ho l\u00e9ku, ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s 10 a\u017e 30 % po l\u00e9\u010db\u011b jin\u00fdmi formulacemi nano\u010d\u00e1stic a imunoterapeutick\u00fdm l\u00e9kem nebo l\u00e9kem pro imunoterapii p\u0159e\u017eil s\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

Z dlouhodob\u011b p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch my\u0161\u00ed s rakovinou tlust\u00e9ho st\u0159eva v\u0161echny p\u0159e\u017eily bez dal\u0161\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dby, kdy\u017e jim v\u011bdci poskytli dal\u0161\u00ed bu\u0148ky rakoviny tlust\u00e9ho st\u0159eva, co\u017e nazna\u010duje dlouhodobou imunologickou odpov\u011b\u010f, kter\u00e1 zabra\u0148uje n\u00e1vratu rakoviny.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci tak\u00e9 zjistili, \u017ee 21 dn\u00ed po l\u00e9\u010db\u011b nov\u00fdmi nano\u010d\u00e1sticemi bylo 60 % bun\u011bk zab\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edch T bu\u0148ky u my\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ipraveno rozpoznat a napadnout bu\u0148ky rakoviny tlust\u00e9ho st\u0159eva.\u00a0U my\u0161\u00ed s melanomem byla asi polovina stejn\u00e9ho typu T bun\u011bk p\u0159ipravena napadnout melanom.<\/p>\n

„Syst\u00e9m dod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nano\u010d\u00e1stic vytvo\u0159il arm\u00e1du T bun\u011bk, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eou rozpoznat antigeny souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s rakovinou,“ \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Green.<\/p>\n

„Tento nov\u00fd syst\u00e9m dod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nano\u010d\u00e1stic by mohl zlep\u0161it zp\u016fsob dod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vakc\u00edn proti infek\u010dn\u00edm chorob\u00e1m a mohl by tak\u00e9 otev\u0159\u00edt novou cestu pro l\u00e9\u010dbu rakoviny,“ \u0159ekl Green.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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ZDROJ<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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V\u011bdci z Johns Hopkins Medicine tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee vyvinuli nano\u010d\u00e1stici \u2013 extr\u00e9mn\u011b malou, biologicky odbouratelnou n\u00e1dobu…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8138,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[694,1366,651],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32051"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32051"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32051\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8138"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32051"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32051"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32051"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}