{"id":30190,"date":"2023-06-15T03:36:33","date_gmt":"2023-06-15T01:36:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=30190"},"modified":"2023-06-15T03:44:33","modified_gmt":"2023-06-15T01:44:33","slug":"rozmanitost-politickych-proudu-v-asijskych-zemich","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2023\/06\/15\/rozmanitost-politickych-proudu-v-asijskych-zemich\/","title":{"rendered":"Rozmanitost politick\u00fdch proud\u016f v asijsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n
\u010c\u00edn\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci ji\u017e mnoho let v\u011bnuj\u00ed velkou pozornost spole\u010densk\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m v \u010cLR a v\u00fdvoji liber\u00e1ln\u00edch a konzervativn\u00edch hnut\u00ed. Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee v dne\u0161n\u00ed \u010c\u00edn\u011b existuj\u00ed zast\u00e1nci st\u00e1tn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu (a v\u0161ech omezen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 klade na ob\u010dansk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va a svobody) a st\u00e1tn\u00ed kontroly nad ekonomikou, a ti, kte\u0159\u00ed up\u0159ednost\u0148uj\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed ide\u00e1ly a podporuj\u00ed \u00fastavn\u00ed demokracii, lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va a tr\u017en\u00ed reformy. Oba proudy tvo\u0159\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b soudr\u017en\u00e9 intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed a politick\u00e9 frakce, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u016f\u010di sob\u011b z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci zjistili, \u017ee etatismus se t\u011b\u0161\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed podpo\u0159e obyvatelstva s n\u00edzk\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edjmy ve vnitrozemsk\u00fdch regionech, zat\u00edmco u \u201eliber\u00e1l\u016f\u201c je tomu naopak. Prost\u00e1tn\u00ed a levicov\u00e9 n\u00e1zory jsou nav\u00edc \u00fazce spojeny s \u201ekulturn\u00edm konzervatismem\u201c, kter\u00fd je definov\u00e1n jako lp\u011bn\u00ed na \u201etradi\u010dn\u00edch, konfuci\u00e1nsk\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch\u201c nebo alespo\u0148 jako v\u00fdraz benevolence v\u016f\u010di t\u011bmto tradic\u00edm. V souladu s t\u00edm ti, kte\u0159\u00ed souhlas\u00ed s t\u00edm, \u017ee \u201emodern\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost pot\u0159ebuje konfucianismus\u201c, maj\u00ed tendenci v\u011b\u0159it v zachov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed kontroly nad r\u016fzn\u00fdmi odv\u011btv\u00edmi n\u00e1rodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a ob\u017eivy lid\u00ed (What it Means to Be ‚Liberal‘ or ‚Conservative‘ in China<\/a>\u00a0\/\/ Foreign Policy).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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\"[Liberalism...]\"
Liberalismus a konzervativn\u00ed hodnoty st\u00e1le stoj\u00ed proti sob\u011b.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

A\u017e na n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky se u nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zast\u00e1nc\u016f neokonfucianismu v \u010c\u00edn\u011b v posledn\u00edch letech \u010dasto projevoval p\u0159\u00edklon k levicov\u00fdm soci\u00e1ln\u011b-ekonomick\u00fdm n\u00e1zor\u016fm, tak\u017ee \u0159ada v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch levicov\u00fdch intelektu\u00e1l\u016f obhajovala ideologickou kontinuitu mezi konfucianismem a \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm socialismem. To je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, proto\u017ee historicky byl vztah mezi levicov\u00fdmi stoupenci a stoupenci kulturn\u00edho konzervatismu antagonistick\u00fd. Po v\u011bt\u0161inu 20. stolet\u00ed levice vystupovala proti \u201enehum\u00e1nn\u00ed a kontraproduktivn\u00ed\u201c tradi\u010dn\u00ed kultu\u0159e \u010c\u00edny. Zejm\u00e9na konfucianismus byl reinterpretov\u00e1n v \u010detn\u00fdch akc\u00edch, po\u010d\u00ednaje Hnut\u00edm 4. kv\u011btna v roce 1919, kter\u00e9 bylo inspirov\u00e1no \u0158\u00edjnovou revoluc\u00ed v Rusku a ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b bylo protijaponsk\u00e9, protiimperialistick\u00e9, marxistick\u00e9 a prokonfuci\u00e1nsk\u00e9, p\u0159es masovou akci ve prosp\u011bch soci\u00e1ln\u00edho darwinismu a socialismu p\u0159i revizi \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch konfuci\u00e1nsk\u00fdch norem a historiografie a\u017e po kampa\u0148 \u201eKritika Lin Biao a Konfucia\u201c b\u011bhem kulturn\u00ed revoluce.<\/p>\n

Je tak\u00e9 zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina elit dynastie \u010cching (1644-1911) pevn\u011b v\u011b\u0159ila v omezenou st\u00e1tn\u00ed kontrolu, patrimoni\u00e1ln\u00ed samoregulaci a ekonomickou decentralizaci a a\u017e do posledn\u00edch let tohoto stolet\u00ed p\u0159evl\u00e1daly v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b soci\u00e1ln\u011b-ekonomick\u00e9 \u010di politick\u00e9 postoje, kter\u00e9 byly p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b liber\u00e1ln\u00ed: v\u011bt\u0161ina intelektu\u00e1l\u016f up\u0159ednost\u0148ovala v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed omezen\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u010dinnosti, voln\u00e9 tr\u017en\u00ed mechanismy a v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ochranu ob\u010dansk\u00fdch a politick\u00fdch pr\u00e1v \u2013 to se t\u00e1hlo a\u017e do 80. let 20. stolet\u00ed, do konce dynastie \u010cching. Takto fungoval \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed a politick\u00fd sv\u011bt od konce dynastie Qing, kdy p\u0159\u00edliv z\u00e1padn\u00edch technologi\u00ed, instituc\u00ed a my\u0161len\u00ed donutil konfuci\u00e1nsk\u00e9 elity z\u00e1sadn\u011b p\u0159eorientovat sv\u016fj ideologick\u00fd pohled.<\/p>\n

Rostouc\u00ed podpora konzervativn\u00edch a protidemokratick\u00fdch politick\u00fdch sil je celosv\u011btov\u00fdm trendem a jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie stoj\u00ed v \u010dele tohoto posunu. V posledn\u00edch letech v n\u011bkolika v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch asijsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch triumfovaly konzervativn\u00ed vl\u00e1dy nebo vl\u00e1dy s v\u00fdrazn\u00fdmi konzervativn\u00edmi prvky.<\/em>Nap\u0159\u00edklad konzervativn\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost v Thajsku jako p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b nacionalisticko-royalistick\u00e9 hnut\u00ed usiluje o zachov\u00e1n\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edho politick\u00e9ho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e je c\u00edl, kter\u00fd \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed samotnou thajskou identitu zalo\u017eenou na p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed monarchick\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy a buddhismu zajist\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed n\u00e1roda. Kdy\u017e spole\u010densk\u00e9 zm\u011bny, zejm\u00e9na demokratizace, tuto identitu zpochybnily, konzervativn\u00ed hnut\u00ed se spojila, aby \u010delila vn\u00edman\u00fdm hrozb\u00e1m. Jejich filozofie se zam\u011b\u0159uje na dvoj\u00ed ideologii nacionalismu a royalismu, kter\u00e9 je podn\u011bcuj\u00ed k obran\u011b t\u0159\u00ed pil\u00ed\u0159\u016f: thajsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed identity, monarchie a th\u00e9rav\u00e1dov\u00e9ho buddhismu (Conservative Civil Society in Thailand<\/a>\u00a0\/\/ Carnegie Europe).<\/p>\n

V Malajsii jsou konzervativn\u00ed my\u0161lenky \u00fazce spjaty tak\u00e9 s n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm. Mnoho isl\u00e1msk\u00fdch skupin m\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na politiku zem\u011b. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v Malajsii rychle vyvolalo mnoho kontroverz\u00ed, mnoho konzervativn\u00edch isl\u00e1msk\u00fdch skupin se stalo aktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi. V pozad\u00ed jejich nespokojenosti je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee nemuslimov\u00e9 a \u201eliber\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c muslimov\u00e9 zasahuj\u00ed do dominantn\u00edho postaven\u00ed isl\u00e1mu v Malajsii. Od 70. let 20. stolet\u00ed existuje mnoho isl\u00e1msk\u00fdch skupin, kter\u00e9 zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed konzervativn\u00ed postoj k ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edm se lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v obecn\u011b a pr\u00e1v \u017een zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b, pr\u00e1v r\u016fzn\u00fdch men\u0161in a vztah\u016f s nemuslimsk\u00fdmi skupinami. Vzestup malajsk\u00e9ho nacionalismu \u010dasem vedl k debat\u011b o tom, jakou roli by m\u011blo n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed hr\u00e1t v malajsk\u00e9 politice. Podle \u00fastavy b\u00fdt Malajcem znamen\u00e1 b\u00fdt muslimem; malajsk\u00e1 identita je prost\u011b neodd\u011bliteln\u00e1 od isl\u00e1mu (Rising Islamic conservatism in Malaysia<\/a>\u00a0\/\/ The Jakarta Post).<\/p>\n

V Bruneji vstoupily od roku 2019 v platnost z\u00e1kony \u0161ar\u00eda, kter\u00e9 stanov\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 tresty za trestn\u00e9 \u010diny, a to a\u017e po trest smrti, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e brunejsk\u00fd sult\u00e1n Hassanal Bolkiah p\u016fvodn\u011b jejich zaveden\u00ed odm\u00edtal kv\u016fli siln\u00e9 kritice mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho spole\u010denstv\u00ed (Shariah Laws came into force in Brunei<\/a>\u00a0\/\/ Rossijskaja gazeta). Je\u0161t\u011b v roce 2014 prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed isl\u00e1msk\u00fdch dikt\u00e1t\u016f do trestn\u00edho z\u00e1kon\u00edku bude \u201esou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed velk\u00fdch d\u011bjin n\u00e1roda\u201c a poskytne \u201ezvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed veden\u00ed\u201c od Boha. Brunej je autokracie, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e p\u016fl stolet\u00ed vl\u00e1dne sult\u00e1n s absolutn\u00ed moc\u00ed. Neexistuje zde \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed, v\u0161echna m\u00e9dia jsou p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b kontrolov\u00e1na a od roku 1962 zde ka\u017ed\u00e9 dva roky plat\u00ed \u201ev\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd stav\u201c, p\u0159esto\u017ee zd\u00e1nliv\u011b neexistuj\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed ani vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hrozby (The Sultan of Brunei Intends to Stone Adulterers (Wait, What Century Is This?)<\/a>\u00a0\/\/ TIME).<\/p>\n

V souvislosti se Singapurem se uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee od roku 2002, kdy se poprv\u00e9 z\u00fa\u010dastnil celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu World Values Survey, kter\u00fd sleduje zm\u011bny ve spole\u010densk\u00fdch n\u00e1zorech a jejich dopad na spole\u010densko-politick\u00fd \u017eivot v 80 zem\u00edch sv\u011bta, se republika celkov\u011b stala liber\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s ostatn\u00edmi zem\u011bmi se v\u0161ak Singapur um\u00edstil uprost\u0159ed \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku na z\u00e1klad\u011b spole\u010densk\u00fdch postoj\u016f k ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m souvisej\u00edc\u00edm se sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed orientac\u00ed, rodinn\u00fdmi hodnotami atd. Zem\u011b jako Austr\u00e1lie, Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie a USA ud\u011blily liber\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed \u0161est a\u017e sedm bod\u016f z deseti, zat\u00edmco \u010c\u00edna se um\u00edstila na vrcholu nejkonzervativn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed s hodnocen\u00edm jedna a\u017e t\u0159i. Pr\u016fzkumy americk\u00e9ho Institutu pro politick\u00e1 studia z obdob\u00ed od listopadu 2019 do b\u0159ezna 2020 rovn\u011b\u017e uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee index religiozity v Singapuru kles\u00e1, zat\u00edmco rodinn\u00e9 hodnoty a pojmy jako synovsk\u00e1 zbo\u017enost (81 % respondent\u016f rozhodn\u011b souhlas\u00ed s t\u00edm, \u017ee vyr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed d\u011bti maj\u00ed povinnost dlouhodob\u011b pe\u010dovat o sv\u00e9 rodi\u010de) se naopak udr\u017euj\u00ed. Pod\u00edl respondent\u016f se shov\u00edvav\u00fdm postojem k rodin\u00e1m osob stejn\u00e9ho pohlav\u00ed byl ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v Japonsku a Hongkongu, ale vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v Malajsii a Ji\u017en\u00ed Koreji. V\u00edce ne\u017e polovina se tak\u00e9 vyslovila pro ospravedln\u011bn\u00ed trestu smrti (Singapur je st\u00e1le konzervativn\u00ed v ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch mor\u00e1lky, sexuality, ale od roku 2002 liber\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed: pr\u016fzkum IPS<\/a>\u00a0\/\/ The Straits Times).<\/p>\n

V Asii dnes roste po\u010det online solid\u00e1rn\u00edch hnut\u00ed antiautorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch aktivist\u016f, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad Milk Tea Alliance, kter\u00e1 sdru\u017euje demokratick\u00e9 aktivisty z Hongkongu, Tchaj-wanu, Thajska, Myanmaru atd., stejn\u011b jako mnoho mlad\u00fdch politik\u016f prosazuj\u00edc\u00edch progresivn\u00ed my\u0161lenky. A\u010dkoli v\u0161ichni p\u016fsob\u00ed ve velmi odli\u0161n\u00fdch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch kontextech, spole\u010dn\u00e1 je jim podpora demokratick\u00fdch hodnot, protivl\u00e1dn\u00edch n\u00e1lad a progresivn\u00ed politiky obecn\u011b. Pokud se jim poda\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ekonat probl\u00e9my, s nimi\u017e se pot\u00fdkaj\u00ed, a to i ze strany st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch politick\u00fdch stran, mohou b\u00fdt impulsem pro d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 spole\u010densk\u00e9 zm\u011bny. V\u00edme, \u017ee mlad\u00ed studenti v Asii byli ve v\u0161ech dob\u00e1ch hlavn\u00ed hnac\u00ed silou reforem, nap\u0159\u00edklad v \u010dervnov\u00e9m demokratick\u00e9m boji v Ji\u017en\u00ed Koreji v roce 1987, p\u0159i protestech na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed Nebesk\u00e9ho klidu v \u010cLR v roce 1989, p\u0159i protestech Hnut\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e9 neposlu\u0161nosti proti vojensk\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b v Myanmaru v roce 2021 nebo p\u0159i protestech Slune\u010dnicov\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed na Tchaj-wanu v roce 2014 proti dohod\u011b o voln\u00e9m obchodu mezi Tchaj-wanem a \u010c\u00ednou a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9mu vstupu velk\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed z \u010cLR do zem\u011b. A opozi\u010dn\u00ed skupiny \u010dasto navazuj\u00ed siln\u00e9 vazby a spolupracuj\u00ed se sv\u00fdmi prot\u011bj\u0161ky nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d kontinentem. Mlad\u00ed politici se spolu s t\u00edm st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji objevuj\u00ed ve vl\u00e1d\u00e1ch Malajsie, Filip\u00edn, Hongkongu, Tchaj-wanu atd. (Youth politics in East and Southeast Asia<\/a>\u00a0\/\/ Lowy Institute).<\/p>\n

Politick\u00e1 hnut\u00ed prosazuj\u00edc\u00ed konzervativn\u00ed \u010di liber\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty v zem\u00edch jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie jsou tedy ji\u017e dlouhou dobu soupe\u0159iv\u00e1 a v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zemi pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nedo\u0161lo k jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159evaze jedn\u00e9 \u010di druh\u00e9 strany, a proto budeme v budoucnu sv\u011bdky mnoha spole\u010densk\u00fdch a politick\u00fdch st\u0159et\u016f a debat, kter\u00e9 op\u011bt zm\u011bn\u00ed politickou cestu t\u00e9 kter\u00e9 asijsk\u00e9 zem\u011b.<\/p>\n

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\u0420\u0410\u0417\u041d\u041e\u041e\u0411\u0420\u0410\u0417\u0418\u0415 \u041f\u041e\u041b\u0418\u0422\u0418\u0427\u0415\u0421\u041a\u0418\u0425 \u0422\u0415\u0427\u0415\u041d\u0418\u0419 \u0412 \u0410\u0417\u0418\u0410\u0422\u0421\u041a\u0418\u0425 \u0421\u0422\u0420\u0410\u041d\u0410\u0425<\/a> vy\u0161el 13.6.2023 na katehon.com P\u0159eklad\u00a0Zvedavec.org<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

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\u010c\u00edn\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci ji\u017e mnoho let v\u011bnuj\u00ed velkou pozornost spole\u010densk\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m v \u010cLR a v\u00fdvoji liber\u00e1ln\u00edch…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":30191,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[760,30,29,122,1525],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30190"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30190"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30190\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30191"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30190"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30190"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30190"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}