{"id":28251,"date":"2023-05-17T07:01:33","date_gmt":"2023-05-17T05:01:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=28251"},"modified":"2023-05-17T07:01:33","modified_gmt":"2023-05-17T05:01:33","slug":"geoffrey-hinton-umela-inteligence-a-eticky-problem-spolecnosti-google","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2023\/05\/17\/geoffrey-hinton-umela-inteligence-a-eticky-problem-spolecnosti-google\/","title":{"rendered":"Geoffrey Hinton, um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence a etick\u00fd probl\u00e9m spole\u010dnosti Google"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n
O nebezpe\u010d\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, a\u0165 u\u017e skute\u010dn\u00e9 nebo domn\u011bl\u00e9, se za\u010dalo mluvit hore\u010dn\u011b, z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti kv\u016fli rostouc\u00edmu sv\u011btu generativn\u00edch chatovac\u00edch bot\u016f. P\u0159i zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed kritik\u016f je t\u0159eba v\u011bnovat pozornost jejich motivaci. Co cht\u011bj\u00ed z\u00edskat t\u00edm, \u017ee zaujmou ur\u010dit\u00fd postoj? V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Geoffreyho Hintona, neskromn\u011b pova\u017eovan\u00e9ho za \u201ekmotra um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence\u201c, by m\u011bla b\u00fdt kontrola ost\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u v\u011bt\u0161iny ostatn\u00edch.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
Hinton poch\u00e1z\u00ed z \u201ekonekcionistick\u00e9\u201c \u0161koly my\u0161len\u00ed v um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligenci, kdysi zdiskreditovan\u00e9ho oboru, kter\u00fd p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 neuronov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b napodobuj\u00edc\u00ed lidsk\u00fd mozek a obecn\u011bji lidsk\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Takov\u00fd pohled je v rozporu se \u201esymbolisty\u201c, kte\u0159\u00ed se zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na UI jako na strojov\u011b \u0159\u00edzenou, dom\u00e9nu specifick\u00fdch symbol\u016f a pravidel.<\/p>\n

John Thornhill, kter\u00fd\u00a0p\u00ed\u0161e<\/a>\u00a0pro Financial Times, si v\u0161\u00edm\u00e1 Hintonova vzestupu spolu s dal\u0161\u00edmi \u010dleny konekcionistick\u00e9ho kmene: \u201eS t\u00edm, jak se po\u010d\u00edta\u010de st\u00e1valy v\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi, datov\u00e9 soubory explodovaly a algoritmy se st\u00e1valy sofistikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi, byli v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci hlubok\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed, jako je Hinton, schopni dosahovat st\u00e1le p\u016fsobiv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e nemohly b\u00fdt mainstreamovou komunitou AI ignorov\u00e1ny.\u201c<\/p>\n

\u010casem se syst\u00e9my hlubok\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed staly m\u00f3dou a sv\u011bt velk\u00fdch technologi\u00ed vyhled\u00e1val takov\u00e1 jm\u00e9na, jako byl Hinton. Spolu se sv\u00fdmi kolegy za\u010dal pob\u00edrat absurdn\u00ed platy na vrcholn\u00fdch pozic\u00edch ve spole\u010dnostech Google, Facebook, Amazon a Microsoft. Ve spole\u010dnosti Google Hinton p\u016fsobil jako viceprezident a in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00fd pracovn\u00edk.<\/p>\n

Hinton\u016fv odchod ze spole\u010dnosti Google, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b jeho role vedouc\u00edho t\u00fdmu Google Brain, rozto\u010dil koloto\u010d spekulac\u00ed. Podle jedn\u00e9 z nich k n\u011bmu do\u0161lo proto, aby mohl kritizovat pr\u00e1v\u011b tu spole\u010dnost, jej\u00edm\u017e \u00fasp\u011bch\u016fm po l\u00e9ta pom\u00e1hal. Bylo to jist\u011b trochu p\u0159ita\u017een\u00e9 za vlasy vzhledem k Hintonov\u011b vlastn\u00ed roli p\u0159i tla\u010den\u00ed k\u00e1ry generativn\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence. V roce 2012 byl pr\u016fkopn\u00edkem samou\u010d\u00edc\u00ed se neuronov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e1 dok\u00e1zala se zna\u010dnou p\u0159esnost\u00ed identifikovat b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 objekty na obr\u00e1zc\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je i na\u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed. Jen o n\u011bco v\u00edce ne\u017e m\u011bs\u00edc d\u0159\u00edve zve\u0159ejnil Institut budoucnosti \u017eivota\u00a0otev\u0159en\u00fd dopis, v n\u011bm\u017e varoval p\u0159ed stra\u0161liv\u00fdmi dopady um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence<\/a>, kter\u00e9 p\u0159esahuj\u00ed \u0161patnost GPT-4 OpenAI a dal\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f. Byla v n\u011bm polo\u017eena \u0159ada ot\u00e1zek: \u201eM\u011bli bychom nechat stroje zaplavit na\u0161e informa\u010dn\u00ed kan\u00e1ly propagandou a nepravdou? M\u011bli bychom automatizovat v\u0161echna pracovn\u00ed m\u00edsta, v\u010detn\u011b t\u011bch, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1s napl\u0148uj\u00ed? M\u011bli bychom vyvinout nelidsk\u00e9 mozky, kter\u00e9 by n\u00e1s nakonec mohly p\u0159e\u010d\u00edslit, p\u0159echytra\u010dit, zastarat a nahradit? M\u011bli bychom riskovat ztr\u00e1tu kontroly nad na\u0161\u00ed civilizac\u00ed?<\/p>\n

V dopise, kter\u00fd vyz\u00fdval k \u0161estim\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed pauze ve v\u00fdvoji takto rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch projekt\u016f um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, se objevila \u0159ada jmen, kter\u00e1 pon\u011bkud sni\u017eovala hodnotu varov\u00e1n\u00ed; mnoz\u00ed signat\u00e1\u0159i ostatn\u011b sehr\u00e1li zdaleka ne zanedbatelnou roli p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed automatizace, zastar\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a podpo\u0159e \u201eztr\u00e1ty kontroly nad na\u0161\u00ed civilizac\u00ed\u201c. Proto kdy\u017e se pod projekt vyz\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed k pozastaven\u00ed technologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje podep\u00ed\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9 jako Elon Musk nebo Steve Wozniak, detektory hlouposti na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b by se m\u011bly rozru\u0161it.<\/p>\n

Stejn\u00e9 z\u00e1sady by m\u011bly platit i pro Hintona. Zjevn\u011b hled\u00e1 jin\u00e9 pastviny, a p\u0159itom se p\u0159edh\u00e1n\u011bl v siln\u00e9 sebepropagaci. Ta m\u00e1 podobu\u00a0m\u00edrn\u00e9ho odsouzen\u00ed<\/a>\u00a0pr\u00e1v\u011b t\u00e9 v\u011bci, za jej\u00ed\u017e vznik byl zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd. \u201eMy\u0161lenka, \u017ee by tahle v\u011bc mohla b\u00fdt skute\u010dn\u011b chyt\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e lid\u00e9 \u2013 p\u00e1r lid\u00ed tomu v\u011b\u0159ilo. Ale v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed si myslela, \u017ee je to hodn\u011b mimo. A j\u00e1 jsem si myslel, \u017ee je to \u00fapln\u011b mimo. […] To u\u017e si samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nemysl\u00edm.\u201c \u010clov\u011bk by si myslel, \u017ee by to m\u011bl v\u011bd\u011bt l\u00e9pe ne\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina ostatn\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Na Twitteru Hinton\u00a0za\u017eehnal v\u0161echny n\u00e1znaky<\/a>, \u017ee odch\u00e1z\u00ed z Googlu s kyselou n\u00e1ladou nebo \u017ee m\u00e1 v \u00famyslu se na jeho \u010dinnost vyka\u0161lat. \u201eCade Metz dnes v NYT nazna\u010duje, \u017ee jsem ode\u0161el z Googlu, abych mohl kritizovat Google. Ve skute\u010dnosti jsem ode\u0161el proto, abych mohl mluvit o nebezpe\u010d\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, ani\u017e bych bral v \u00favahu, jak\u00fd to m\u00e1 dopad na spole\u010dnost Google. Google se zachoval velmi zodpov\u011bdn\u011b.\u201c<\/p>\n

Tato pon\u011bkud bizarn\u00ed forma argumentace nazna\u010duje, \u017ee jak\u00e1koli kritika um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence bude existovat nez\u00e1visle na samotn\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech, kter\u00e9 takov\u00e9 projekty vyv\u00edjej\u00ed a profituj\u00ed z nich, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i \u2013 jako Hinton \u2013 z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed imunn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di jak\u00e9mukoli obvin\u011bn\u00ed ze spoluviny. Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee se zd\u00e1lo, \u017ee nen\u00ed schopen vyvinout kritiku AI nebo navrhnout regula\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mce v r\u00e1mci samotn\u00e9ho Googlu, podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 up\u0159\u00edmnost tohoto kroku.<\/p>\n

V reakci na odchod sv\u00e9ho dlouholet\u00e9ho kolegy Jeff Dean, hlavn\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fd pracovn\u00edk a \u0161\u00e9f Google DeepMind, tak\u00e9\u00a0prozradil<\/a>, \u017ee vody z\u016fstaly klidn\u00e9, co\u017e v\u0161echny uspokojilo. \u201eGeoff dos\u00e1hl z\u00e1sadn\u00edch pr\u016flom\u016f v oblasti um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence a my si v\u00e1\u017e\u00edme jeho desetilet\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00ednosu pro spole\u010dnost Google […] Jako jedna z prvn\u00edch spole\u010dnost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zve\u0159ejnila Z\u00e1sady um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, jsme i nad\u00e1le odhodl\u00e1ni k odpov\u011bdn\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edstupu k um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligenci. Neust\u00e1le se u\u010d\u00edme, abychom porozum\u011bli vznikaj\u00edc\u00edm rizik\u016fm a z\u00e1rove\u0148 odv\u00e1\u017en\u011b inovovali.\u201c<\/p>\n

\u0158ada lid\u00ed z komunity AI tu\u0161ila, \u017ee se chyst\u00e1 n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho. Po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd v\u011bdec Roman Jampolskij v\u00a0reakci<\/a>\u00a0na Hintonovy pozn\u00e1mky trefn\u011b poznamenal, \u017ee obavy o bezpe\u010dnost um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence se vz\u00e1jemn\u011b nevylu\u010duj\u00ed s v\u00fdzkumem v r\u00e1mci organizace \u2013 a ani by nem\u011bly. \u201eM\u011bli bychom normalizovat z\u00e1jem o bezpe\u010dnost AI, ani\u017e byste museli opustit svou pr\u00e1ci [sic] v\u00fdzkumn\u00edka v oblasti AI.\u201c<\/p>\n

Google m\u00e1 jist\u011b n\u011bco, co by se dalo nazvat etick\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem, pokud jde o v\u00fdvoj AI. Organizace se sp\u00ed\u0161e sna\u017e\u00ed utlumit intern\u00ed diskuse na toto t\u00e9ma. Margaret Mitchellov\u00e1, b\u00fdval\u00e1 \u010dlenka t\u00fdmu Google pro etickou um\u011blou inteligenci, kter\u00fd v roce 2017 spoluzakl\u00e1dala,\u00a0dostala pad\u00e1ka<\/a>\u00a0pot\u00e9, co provedla intern\u00ed \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed ohledn\u011b propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Timnita Gebrua, kter\u00fd byl \u010dlenem stejn\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu.<\/p>\n

Gebru byl odvol\u00e1n v prosinci 2020 pot\u00e9, co se\u00a0stal spoluautorem pr\u00e1ce<\/a>, kter\u00e1 se zab\u00fdvala nebezpe\u010d\u00edmi plynouc\u00edmi z pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence vycvi\u010den\u00e9 a vy\u017eran\u00e9 na obrovsk\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed dat. Gebru i Mitchell se tak\u00e9 kriticky vyjad\u0159ovali k n\u00e1padn\u00e9mu nedostatku rozmanitosti v oboru, kter\u00fd druh\u00fd jmenovan\u00fd popsal jako \u201emo\u0159e chlap\u016f\u201c.<\/p>\n

Co se t\u00fd\u010de Hintonov\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch filozofick\u00fdch dilemat, nejsou zdaleka tak sofistikovan\u00e1 a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b mu ned\u011blaj\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee se sp\u00e1nkem. A\u0165 u\u017e hr\u00e1l Frankenstein jakoukoli roli p\u0159i stvo\u0159en\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b toho monstra, p\u0159ed n\u00edm\u017e nyn\u00ed varuje, jeho sp\u00e1nek to pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b neznepokoj\u00ed. \u201eUt\u011b\u0161uji se norm\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdmluvou: kdybych to neud\u011blal j\u00e1, ud\u011blal by to n\u011bkdo jin\u00fd,\u201c\u00a0vysv\u011btlil<\/a>\u00a0Hinton den\u00edku New York Times. \u201eJe t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 si p\u0159edstavit, jak m\u016f\u017eete zabr\u00e1nit \u0161patn\u00fdm akt\u00e9r\u016fm v tom, aby toho vyu\u017eili ke \u0161patn\u00fdm v\u011bcem.\u201c<\/p>\n

Dr. Binoy Kampmark<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

Geoffrey Hinton, AI, and Google\u2019s Ethics Problem<\/a> vy\u0161el na Global Reseach 15.5.2023. P\u0159eklad Zv\u011bdavec.<\/p>\n

P\u0159evzato\u00a0Zvedavec.org<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

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O nebezpe\u010d\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, a\u0165 u\u017e skute\u010dn\u00e9 nebo domn\u011bl\u00e9, se za\u010dalo mluvit hore\u010dn\u011b, z velk\u00e9…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":21737,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[3101,1042,317,2194],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28251"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28251"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28251\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21737"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28251"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28251"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28251"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}