{"id":27949,"date":"2023-05-13T00:58:29","date_gmt":"2023-05-12T22:58:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=27949"},"modified":"2023-05-12T14:20:31","modified_gmt":"2023-05-12T12:20:31","slug":"proc-je-problem-detske-prace-ve-spojenych-statech-vice-nez-200-let-stale-ve-tme-pod-lampou","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2023\/05\/13\/proc-je-problem-detske-prace-ve-spojenych-statech-vice-nez-200-let-stale-ve-tme-pod-lampou\/","title":{"rendered":"Pro\u010d je probl\u00e9m d\u011btsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 let st\u00e1le ve \u201etm\u011b pod lampou\u201c?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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V nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1v\u011b americk\u00e9ho den\u00edku New York Times o ot\u00e1zce d\u011btsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech je fotografie patn\u00e1ctilet\u00e9ho teenagera imigranta v mal\u00e9 restauraci rychl\u00e9ho ob\u010derstven\u00ed v Chicagu, kter\u00fd se d\u00edv\u00e1 dol\u016f na sv\u016fj mobiln\u00ed telefon a jeho ruce jsou pln\u00e9 skvrn. M\u00e1 no\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci ve v\u00fdrobn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty se v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b stav\u00ed proti probl\u00e9mu d\u011btsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, p\u0159itom ale v americk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti je tento probl\u00e9m st\u00e1le stra\u0161n\u00fd.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Podle statistiky americk\u00e9ho ministerstva pr\u00e1ce byly v roce 2022 zam\u011bstn\u00e1v\u00e1ny miliony americk\u00fdch teenager\u016f v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, potravin\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, maloobchodu, z\u00e1bav\u011b a stavebnictv\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina z nich byla d\u011btmi imigrant\u016f. Tiskov\u00e1 agentura Reuters uvedla, \u017ee od roku 2018 po\u010det neleg\u00e1ln\u00edch d\u011btsk\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech razantn\u011b vzrostl o 70 %.<\/p>\n

Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty se neust\u00e1le pova\u017euj\u00ed za \u201emaj\u00e1k lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v\u201c? Pro\u010d tedy nevid\u00ed nezletil\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou nuceni pracovat? D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm d\u016fvodem je to, \u017ee v americk\u00e9m pr\u00e1vn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu existuj\u00ed mezery.<\/p>\n

Ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech je n\u011bkolik z\u00e1kon\u016f o d\u011btsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad Z\u00e1kon o d\u011btsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci, Z\u00e1kon o spravedliv\u00fdch standardech pr\u00e1ce a dal\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly vyd\u00e1ny americkou vl\u00e1dou na za\u010d\u00e1tku minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed pod tlakem spole\u010densk\u00e9ho pokroku. Tyto z\u00e1kony nezakazuj\u00ed d\u011btskou pr\u00e1ci, ale pouze stanovuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e1 omezen\u00ed, co\u017e d\u00e1v\u00e1 zam\u011bstnavatel\u016fm v n\u011bkter\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch leg\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1minku pro d\u011btskou pr\u00e1ci.<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u011bkov\u00fd limit d\u011btsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. Americk\u00fd feder\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1kon stanovuje, \u017ee nezletil\u00fdm mlad\u0161\u00edm 18 let je zak\u00e1z\u00e1no zapojit se do nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. Z\u00e1kon o spravedliv\u00fdch standardech pr\u00e1ce, kter\u00fd byl vyd\u00e1n v roce 1938 ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee nezletil\u00ed nad 14 let mohou pracovat v nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch. Proto se patn\u00e1ctilet\u00fd pracovn\u00edk na fotografii v den\u00edku New York Times nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve slep\u00e9 oblasti z\u00e1kona.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem jsou oblasti pr\u00e1ce. P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 americk\u00e9 z\u00e1kony zakazuj\u00ed d\u011btem do v\u011bku 14 let pracovat ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00ed, av\u0161ak s v\u00fdjimkou zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce a dal\u0161\u00edch, a jejich v\u011bk m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt i ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. Podle \u00fadaj\u016f neziskov\u00e9 organizace Americk\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed st\u0159edisko pro pracovn\u00edky na farm\u00e1ch pracuje na farm\u00e1ch 300-800 tis\u00edc nezletil\u00fdch a n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jsou mlad\u0161\u00ed deseti let. Dlouhou dobu tvrd\u011b pracuj\u00ed a jejich mzdy jsou skromn\u00e9. Tak\u00e9 mus\u00ed ovl\u00e1dat ostr\u00e9 nebo t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje. Bezpe\u010dnost jejich \u017eivota je ohro\u017eena. Ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b americk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy se uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci na farm\u00e1ch je ka\u017ed\u00fd rok zran\u011bno sto d\u011btsk\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b toho n\u011bkter\u00e9 americk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00e9 n\u00e1klady za jedn\u00e1n\u00ed proti z\u00e1konu a nevysok\u00e9 pokuty. Podle sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f \u010din\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed civiln\u00ed pokuty za neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed zam\u011bstn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011btsk\u00e9ho pracovn\u00edka pouze 15 tis\u00edc americk\u00fdch dolar\u016f. Chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 d\u011btsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce se zde nav\u00edc t\u00fdk\u00e1 nezletil\u00fdch s americk\u00fdm ob\u010danstv\u00edm a nezahrnuje d\u011bti, kter\u00e9 zat\u00edm nez\u00edskaly form\u00e1ln\u00ed dokumenty k pobytu. V\u011bt\u0161in\u011b americk\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed vyhovuje vy\u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9m zaplacen\u00edm mal\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stky, proto neberou z\u00e1kony v\u00e1\u017en\u011b. Zejm\u00e9na po vypuknut\u00ed pandemie COVID-19 za \u00fa\u010delem zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed nedostatku pracovn\u00edk\u016f, vydalo mnoho americk\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed reklamy na n\u00e1bor nezletil\u00fdch. Wisconsin a dal\u0161\u00ed st\u00e1ty tak\u00e9 vydaly z\u00e1kony, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed d\u011btsk\u00fdm pracovn\u00edk\u016fm pracovat p\u0159es\u010das do 23:00 hodin v noci, co\u017e m\u011blo za n\u00e1sledek rychl\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst d\u011btsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zka je: Pro\u010d je v pr\u00e1vn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu o d\u011btsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech tolik mezer? D\u016fvod je t\u0159eba hledat v historii t\u00e9to zem\u011b.<\/p>\n

Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty jsou kapitalistickou zem\u00ed z\u0159\u00edzenou p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci. D\u011bti ran\u00fdch p\u0159ist\u011bhovalc\u016f se obecn\u011b \u00fa\u010dastnily pr\u00e1ce. Zejm\u00e9na b\u011bhem popularity otroctv\u00ed na jihu byli d\u011bt\u0161t\u00ed pracovn\u00edci je\u0161t\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, z nich\u017e zna\u010dnou \u010d\u00e1st tvo\u0159ily d\u011bti s africk\u00fdm p\u016fvodem, se kter\u00fdmi se obchodovalo. V roce 1791 tehdej\u0161\u00ed ministr financ\u00ed Alexander Hamilton tvrdil, \u017ee d\u011bti se mohou st\u00e1t zdrojem levn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. Doly a farmy ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech naj\u00edmaly d\u011btsk\u00e9 pracovn\u00edky. Ji\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e dv\u011b st\u011b let byli d\u011bt\u0161t\u00ed pracovn\u00edci rozs\u00e1hle vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ni a utla\u010dov\u00e1ni. Je to v podstat\u011b p\u016fvodn\u00ed h\u0159\u00edch otroctv\u00ed a \u010d\u00e1st americk\u00e9 syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 rasov\u00e9 diskriminace.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1rove\u0148 boj mezi ob\u011bma politick\u00fdmi stranami ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech tak\u00e9 dlouhodob\u011b zt\u011b\u017euje \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu d\u011btsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. Den\u00edk New York Times uvedl, \u017ee a\u010dkoliv zpr\u00e1va o pr\u00e1ci d\u011bt\u00ed imigrant\u016f vzbudila pozornost, boj mezi ob\u011bma politick\u00fdmi stranami v imigra\u010dn\u00edch politik\u00e1ch cel\u00fd probl\u00e9m komplikuje. Americk\u00fd Kongres zab\u0159edl p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu d\u011btsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce kv\u016fli konflikt\u016fm mezi politick\u00fdmi stranami. Latinskoamerick\u00e1 televizn\u00ed stanice La Nueva Televisora del Sur poznamenala, \u017ee d\u011bt\u0161t\u00ed pracovn\u00edci nemaj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo volit, tak\u017ee nemohou sami o sob\u011b podpo\u0159it reformu ani nemohou ovlivnit rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed vl\u00e1d na v\u0161ech \u00farovn\u00edch ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. To vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d je probl\u00e9m d\u011btsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce \u0161iroce kritizov\u00e1n vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sv\u011btem, ale americk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da nep\u0159ijala \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

D\u011bti jsou nad\u011bje, budoucnost a zraniteln\u00e1 skupina, kterou by m\u011bla ka\u017ed\u00e1 spole\u010dnost chr\u00e1nit. Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 pova\u017euj\u00ed kapit\u00e1l za prioritu, vid\u00ed d\u011bti jako levnou pracovn\u00ed s\u00edlu. Do dne\u0161n\u00edho dne jsou Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty st\u00e1le jedinou zem\u00ed mezi 193 \u010dlensk\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi OSN, kter\u00e1 neschv\u00e1lila \u00damluvu o pr\u00e1vech d\u011bt\u00ed. Pokud zem\u011b nedok\u00e1\u017ee ani chr\u00e1nit pr\u00e1va d\u011bt\u00ed, jak\u00e1 je to \u201ecivilizovan\u00e1 zem\u011b\u201c a jak\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u201elidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va\u201c? Kdy\u017e ameri\u010dt\u00ed politici pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed produkty d\u011btsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce, a p\u0159itom kritizuj\u00ed situaci lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v v jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch, ve skute\u010dnosti to ukazuje pokrytectv\u00ed, dvojit\u00e9 standardy a \u201etmu pod lampou\u201c lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v v americk\u00e9m stylu.<\/p>\n

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V nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1v\u011b americk\u00e9ho den\u00edku New York Times o ot\u00e1zce d\u011btsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":27950,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[245,144,601,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27949"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27949"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27949\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27951,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27949\/revisions\/27951"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27950"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27949"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27949"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27949"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}