{"id":25630,"date":"2023-04-05T01:01:11","date_gmt":"2023-04-04T23:01:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=25630"},"modified":"2023-04-04T16:16:34","modified_gmt":"2023-04-04T14:16:34","slug":"zdenek-jemelik-nejistoty-obeti-zlocinu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2023\/04\/05\/zdenek-jemelik-nejistoty-obeti-zlocinu\/","title":{"rendered":"Zden\u011bk Jemel\u00edk: Nejistoty ob\u011bt\u00ed zlo\u010dinu"},"content":{"rendered":"
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V na\u0161em pr\u00e1vn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1du nen\u00ed \u00fastavn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u011b zakotven n\u00e1rok ob\u011bti zlo\u010dinu na dopaden\u00ed a potrest\u00e1n\u00ed pachatele. Na prvn\u00ed pohled se zd\u00e1, \u017ee je to \u00fajma na ob\u010dansk\u00fdch pr\u00e1vech, ale nen\u00ed tomu tak: i kdyby se takov\u00e9 ustanoven\u00ed v \u00dastav\u011b nach\u00e1zelo, n\u00e1rok by byl nevymahateln\u00fd, proto\u017ee v\u017edy mohou vyvstat objektivn\u00ed okolnosti, je\u017e by jeho napln\u011bn\u00ed znemo\u017enily. Kdy\u017e nic jin\u00e9ho, v cest\u011b stoj\u00ed nap\u0159. institut proml\u010den\u00ed, ztr\u00e1ta zp\u016fsobilosti pachatele podrobit se trestn\u00edmu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed aj.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ob\u011btem nezb\u00fdv\u00e1 ne\u017e sv\u011b\u0159it vym\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed jejich pr\u00e1va do rukou org\u00e1n\u016f \u010dinn\u00fdch v\u00a0trestn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a spolehnout se, \u017ee z\u00a0\u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed povinnosti ud\u011blaj\u00ed v\u0161e, co je v\u00a0jejich sil\u00e1ch, aby jim bez zbyte\u010dn\u00fdch pr\u016ftah\u016f zjednaly spravedlnost. Nemaj\u00ed ov\u0161em jistotu, \u017ee se jejich nad\u011bje napln\u00ed, \u017ee v\u0161e bude fungovat tak, jak o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

M\u016f\u017ee se st\u00e1t, \u017ee ob\u011b\u0165 ztrat\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bru, nap\u0159. pod dojmem skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee n\u011bjak\u00fd org\u00e1n sice p\u0159ijal trestn\u00ed ozn\u00e1men\u00ed a za\u010dal s\u00a0jeho prov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm, ale \u010das b\u011b\u017e\u00ed a \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 viditeln\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky nejsou. Nap\u0159. sleduji \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, veden\u00e9 u nejmenovan\u00e9 slo\u017eky Gener\u00e1ln\u00ed inspekce bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch sbor\u016f (GIBS), kter\u00e1 zah\u00e1jila prov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed koncem r. 2019, ale dosud nedosp\u011bla ke sd\u011blen\u00ed obvin\u011bn\u00ed. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je podez\u0159en\u00ed na trestnou \u010dinnost tabuizovan\u00fdch podez\u0159el\u00fdch a hroz\u00ed proml\u010den\u00ed. V\u00a0jin\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b si slo\u017eky GIBS t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00fd rok p\u0159\u00edpad p\u0159ehazovaly jako hork\u00fd brambor, aby pak ta, kter\u00e9 nakonec z\u016fstal v\u00a0ruce \u010dern\u00fd Petr, ozn\u00e1men\u00ed zalo\u017eila ad acta a \u00famysln\u011b pop\u00edr\u00e1 existenci prokazateln\u00fdch skute\u010dnost\u00ed. Takov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti samoz\u0159ejm\u011b vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed ned\u016fv\u011bru a z\u00a0n\u00ed vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed netrp\u011blivost po\u0161kozen\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Mo\u017enosti po\u0161kozen\u00fdch ud\u011blat si vlastn\u00ed p\u0159edstavu, zda se org\u00e1ny v\u011bnuj\u00ed jejich z\u00e1le\u017eitosti s\u00a0p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00fdm \u00fasil\u00edm a odbornost\u00ed, jsou velmi omezen\u00e9, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9. Dosp\u011bje-li prov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed jejich ozn\u00e1men\u00ed k\u00a0zah\u00e1jen\u00ed \u00fakon\u016f trestn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, z\u00edskaj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo nahl\u00ed\u017eet do spisu. Ale trestn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d umo\u017e\u0148uje vy\u0161et\u0159ovateli v\u00a0od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech p\u0159\u00edstup do spisu odep\u0159\u00edt. Po\u0161kozen\u00fd v\u011bt\u0161inou nem\u00e1 mo\u017enost prov\u011b\u0159it z\u00e1va\u017enost d\u016fvod\u016f k\u00a0odm\u00edtnut\u00ed ani je vyvr\u00e1tit. B\u00fdv\u00e1 to nap\u0159\u00edklad obava z\u00a0vynesen\u00ed informac\u00ed k\u00a0nepovolan\u00fdm osob\u00e1m. Jak\u00e9koli vysv\u011btlen\u00ed je pro po\u0161kozen\u00e9 nep\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00e9, proto\u017ee nevylu\u010duje mo\u017enost, \u017ee nahl\u00e9dnut\u00ed do spisu by vedlo k\u00a0odhalen\u00ed liknavosti. Vy\u0161et\u0159ovatel si takto m\u016f\u017ee s\u00a0po\u0161kozen\u00fdmi hr\u00e1t neomezen\u011b dlouho. Nap\u0159. sleduji p\u0159\u00edpad, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e po\u0161kozen\u00ed projevili p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed nahl\u00e9dnout do spisu 23. \u010dervna 2021 a spln\u011bn\u00ed \u0159ady opakovan\u00fdch \u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed se do\u010dkali a\u017e 8.\u00fanora 2023 a i pak dostali k\u00a0nahl\u00e9dnut\u00ed jen rudiment. Spr\u00e1vnost rozhodnut\u00ed o nepovolen\u00ed nahl\u00e9dnut\u00ed do spisu opakovan\u011b potvrdil dozorov\u00fd st\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u00e1stupce, kter\u00fd se na za\u010d\u00e1tku sna\u017eil vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed znemo\u017enit. Po\u0161kozen\u00fdm se vybavuje p\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed o kozlu zahradn\u00edkem.<\/p>\n

Odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed nahl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed do spisu m\u016f\u017ee skute\u010dn\u011b m\u00edt racion\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fvody. Vrchnostensk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0po\u0161kozen\u00fdm m\u00e1 ale tak\u00e9 stinnou str\u00e1nku: vy\u0161et\u0159ovatel se j\u00edm vzd\u00e1v\u00e1 mo\u017enosti, \u017ee by v\u00a0dialogu s\u00a0po\u0161kozen\u00fdmi z\u00edskal dosud p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 opomenut\u00e9 d\u016fkazy.<\/p>\n

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Trestn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d nab\u00edz\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00fdm mo\u017enost obr\u00e1tit se na dozorov\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed zastupitelstv\u00ed s\u00a0\u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed o vykon\u00e1n\u00ed dohledu nad \u010dinnost\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edho org\u00e1nu. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee s\u00a0v\u00fdsledkem dohledu nejsou spokojeni, mohou jej nechat p\u0159ezkoumat vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm st\u00e1tn\u00edm zastupitelstv\u00edm, jeho\u017e rozhodnut\u00ed je kone\u010dn\u00e9. Nemaj\u00ed-li ani pak \u00fasp\u011bch, doporu\u010duje se osv\u011bd\u010den\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed: vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed skon\u010dilo, zapome\u0148te.<\/p>\n

Nastaven\u00ed pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed pachatel\u016f tak, \u017ee nad vy\u0161et\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edm org\u00e1nem (a\u0165 je to P\u010cR nebo GIBS) bd\u00ed dozorov\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed zastupitelstv\u00ed, hypoteticky zaji\u0161\u0165uje, \u017ee po\u0161kozen\u00fdm se nakonec dostane spravedlnosti, by\u0165 n\u011bkdy se zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm. V\u011bt\u0161inou to funguje. Ale ob\u010das doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0selh\u00e1n\u00ed: pachatele se nepoda\u0159\u00ed usv\u011bd\u010dit, nebo a\u017e v\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy nastalo proml\u010den\u00ed trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu. A nelze vylou\u010dit mo\u017enost, \u017ee dozorov\u00fd st\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u00e1stupce z\u00a0jak\u00fdchkoli d\u016fvod\u016f liknavost vy\u0161et\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edho org\u00e1nu prost\u011b zakryje, t\u0159eba i proto, \u017ee mu vyhovuje proml\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Trestn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed toti\u017e neprob\u00edh\u00e1 ve vzduchopr\u00e1zdnu. N\u011bkdy na jeho pr\u016fb\u011bh p\u016fsob\u00ed vlivy, s\u00a0nimi\u017e trestn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d nepo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 a ani po\u010d\u00edtat nem\u016f\u017ee. Ve h\u0159e jsou samoz\u0159ejm\u011b osobnostn\u00ed vlastnosti a vazby p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch vykonavatel\u016f spravedlnosti. Nebo to mohou b\u00fdt m\u00edstn\u00ed pom\u011bry, kter\u00e9 se prom\u00edtnou do podjatosti a\u0165 ji\u017e v\u016f\u010di pachateli nebo v\u016f\u010di po\u0161kozen\u00fdm. Bohat\u00fd podnikatel se m\u016f\u017ee setkat s\u00a0nechut\u00ed ke st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed pachatele \u00fatoku na n\u011bj, proto\u017ee vyvolal z\u00e1vist. Jednotliv\u00e9 oblasti maj\u00ed sv\u00e1 specifika. Nap\u0159. Zl\u00ednsko m\u00e1 pov\u011bst oblasti s\u00a0hojn\u00fdm v\u00fdskytem podivn\u00fdch, nevysv\u011btliteln\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edhod v\u00a0trestn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Nep\u0159ehl\u00e9dnuteln\u00fd je kastovn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup. Z\u00a0\u00fast vysok\u00e9ho \u010dinitele P\u010cR jsem vyslechl n\u00e1zor, \u017ee policie nem\u016f\u017ee vy\u0161et\u0159ovat st\u00e1tn\u00edho z\u00e1stupce jako podez\u0159el\u00e9ho, proto\u017ee to je osoba ve zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm postaven\u00ed v\u016f\u010di policii. Ale s\u00a0nadm\u011brnou zdr\u017eenlivost\u00ed v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edstupu k\u00a0usv\u011bd\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed policist\u016f a st\u00e1tn\u00edch z\u00e1stupc\u016f jsem se setkal i na ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni. Jsou prost\u011b lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou pro org\u00e1ny \u010dinn\u00e9 v\u00a0trestn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed psychologicky tabu, i kdy\u017e je \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edpis apriorn\u011b nechr\u00e1n\u00ed. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed vztahy mohou p\u016fsobit u Gener\u00e1ln\u00ed inspekce bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch sbor\u016f (GIBS), kter\u00e1 dopl\u0148uje stavy z\u00a0\u0159ad p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f P\u010cR. Nen\u00ed vylou\u010den\u00e9, \u017ee n\u011bjak\u00e9 slo\u017ece GIBS napadne ozn\u00e1men\u00ed proti policist\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed mezit\u00edm p\u0159e\u0161li do stavu GIBS. M\u011bli by pak vy\u0161et\u0159ovat b\u00fdval\u00e9 kamar\u00e1dy nebo mo\u017en\u00e1 i sebe. Nejhor\u0161\u00ed jsou korup\u010dn\u00ed vlivy. Nemus\u00ed j\u00edt v\u017edy o upl\u00e1cen\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 o poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed pachatelem zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch slu\u017eeb nebo v\u00fdhod org\u00e1n\u016fm, je\u017e ho maj\u00ed pron\u00e1sledovat. Zn\u00e1m p\u0159\u00edpad nab\u00edzen\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b odchodu policist\u016f do civilu. V\u00a0nejmenovan\u00e9 lokalit\u011b koluje mezi policisty f\u00e1ma o 30 milionech K\u010d, kter\u00e9 vy\u010dlenil bohat\u00fd podnikatel na ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed intenzity trestn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. P\u0159i p\u0159ijet\u00ed a vyplacen\u00ed \u00faplatku nebyl nikdo p\u0159isti\u017een, ani se o to nikdo nepokou\u0161el. Ale v\u00a0\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se odehr\u00e1ly v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 jsou neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 a pozorovatele zven\u010d\u00ed nutn\u011b napad\u00e1, \u017ee na \u00fa\u010dinkuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u016fsobila n\u011bjak\u00e1 \u201emagie\u201c. Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad jsou soudci, kter\u00e9 chr\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kon: nemohou b\u00fdt st\u00edh\u00e1ni bez souhlasu prezidenta republiky.<\/p>\n

Nechci ov\u0161em tvrdit, \u017ee trestn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jako celek je nespolehliv\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem odvety za \u0161kody, zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 ob\u011btem. V\u011bt\u0161ina proces\u016f prob\u00edh\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u011b podle trestn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du. Objasn\u011bnost trestn\u00fdch \u010din\u016f je vysok\u00e1. Ojedin\u011bl\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed jedinc\u016f, vedouc\u00ed k\u00a0nez\u00e1konn\u00fdm postup\u016fm v\u00a0trestn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzeni, a\u0165 ji\u017e ve prosp\u011bch pachatel\u016f nebo naopak v\u00a0neprosp\u011bch nevinn\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f ov\u0161em nelze \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky \u00fapln\u011b vylou\u010dit.<\/p>\n

Do zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 slab\u00e9ho postaven\u00ed se ob\u011bti trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee nal\u00e9zac\u00ed soud zprost\u00ed domn\u011bl\u00e9 pachatele ob\u017ealoby. Z\u00e1kon ned\u00e1v\u00e1 po\u0161kozen\u00fdm mo\u017enost odvolat se v\u00a0neprosp\u011bch ob\u017ealovan\u00fdch. M\u016f\u017ee se odvolat pouze \u017ealobce. Ale pokud odvolac\u00ed soud jeho odvol\u00e1n\u00ed nevyhov\u00ed, zpro\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je pravomocn\u00e9. Jeho zvr\u00e1cen\u00ed je dosa\u017eiteln\u00e9 jen zcela v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b dovol\u00e1n\u00edm nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho st\u00e1tn\u00edho z\u00e1stupce, jemu\u017e ov\u0161em Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud \u010cR nemus\u00ed vyhov\u011bt.<\/p>\n

\u0158ekl bych, \u017ee po\u0161kozen\u00fd, jen\u017e up\u00edn\u00e1 svou nad\u011bji pouze k\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu st\u00e1tn\u00edmu z\u00e1stupci, by m\u011bl za\u010d\u00edt realisticky uva\u017eovat, jak se nau\u010dit \u017e\u00edt s prohrou. Je to rozumn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pustit se do n\u00e1kladn\u00fdch pokus\u016f o zru\u0161en\u00ed soudn\u00edho rozhodnut\u00ed mimopr\u00e1vn\u00edmi prost\u0159edky.<\/p>\n

Ct\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e upozor\u0148uji, \u017ee jsem laik, a dle vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed jednoho velmi vysok\u00e9ho \u010dinitele z\u00a0bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed komunity m\u00e9 postoje jsou \u201ejakob\u00ednsk\u00e9\u201c, tak\u017ee m\u00e9 \u00favahy je t\u0159eba zkoumat s\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enou opatrnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Zden\u011bk Jemel\u00edk<\/strong><\/p>\n

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V na\u0161em pr\u00e1vn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1du nen\u00ed \u00fastavn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u011b zakotven n\u00e1rok ob\u011bti zlo\u010dinu na dopaden\u00ed a potrest\u00e1n\u00ed pachatele….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":22411,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6],"tags":[1042,33,324,410],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25630"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25630"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25630\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22411"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25630"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25630"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25630"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}