{"id":21098,"date":"2023-01-13T01:06:30","date_gmt":"2023-01-13T00:06:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=21098"},"modified":"2023-01-12T16:16:13","modified_gmt":"2023-01-12T15:16:13","slug":"supervykonny-dalekohled-nasa-objevil-novou-planetu-podobnou-zemi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2023\/01\/13\/supervykonny-dalekohled-nasa-objevil-novou-planetu-podobnou-zemi\/","title":{"rendered":"Superv\u00fdkonn\u00fd dalekohled NASA objevil novou planetu podobnou Zemi"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Vesm\u00edrn\u00fd dalekohled NASA James Webb, v sou\u010dasnosti pova\u017eovan\u00fd za nejslo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejv\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroj na ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze, poprv\u00e9 objevil novou planetu, kter\u00e1 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve vzd\u00e1lenosti pouh\u00fdch 41 sv\u011bteln\u00fdch let od n\u00e1s.\u00a0Je velk\u00e1 jako Zem\u011b a je kamenn\u00e1 jako na\u0161e planeta, i kdy\u017e si v\u011bdci zat\u00edm nejsou jisti, zda m\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9ru.\u00a0Doufaj\u00ed v\u0161ak, \u017ee z\u00edskaj\u00ed v\u00edce dat b\u011bhem nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed pl\u00e1novan\u00fdch letos v l\u00e9t\u011b, uv\u00e1d\u00ed Daily Mail.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201eZcela nov\u00fd sv\u011bt\u201c: Vesm\u00edrn\u00fd teleskop Jamese Webba (JWST) agentury NASA objevil svou prvn\u00ed planetu vzd\u00e1lenou od Zem\u011b pouh\u00fdch 41 sv\u011bteln\u00fdch let \u2013 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u011b velkou a kamenitou jako na\u0161e planeta.\u00a0Pr\u016fm\u011br t\u00e9to exoplanety, kter\u00e1 ve form\u00e1ln\u00ed klasifikaci dostala n\u00e1zev LHS-475b, je asi 99 % pr\u016fm\u011bru Zem\u011b, p\u00ed\u0161e Daily Mail.<\/p>\n

Ale p\u0159esto\u017ee m\u00e1 pozemskou podobu, v\u011bdci zat\u00edm nev\u011bd\u00ed, zda m\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9ru.\u00a0Vylou\u010dili v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edtomnost hust\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9ry, v n\u00ed\u017e dominuje metan, jako je atmosf\u00e9ra Titanu (Saturn\u016fv m\u011bs\u00edc).\u00a0Jak bylo tak\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bno d\u00edky \u00fadaj\u016fm z\u00edskan\u00fdm z dalekohledu, teplota na t\u00e9to planet\u011b je o n\u011bkolik set stup\u0148\u016f vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e na Zemi.\u00a0V\u011bdci nav\u00edc zjistili, \u017ee b\u011bhem dvou dn\u016f ud\u011bl\u00e1 \u00faplnou revoluci.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00e9 exoplanety obvykle z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed pro vesm\u00edrn\u00e9 teleskopy \u201eneviditeln\u00e9\u201c.\u00a0Tento objev v\u0161ak znovu dokazuje, jak mocn\u00e1 technologie byla pou\u017eita k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed \u201eJamese Webba\u201c, zd\u016fraz\u0148uje \u010dl\u00e1nek.<\/p>\n

Mark Clampin, vedouc\u00ed astrofyziky z \u00fast\u0159ed\u00ed NASA ve Washingtonu, \u0159ekl:\u00a0\u201eTato prvn\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed kamenn\u00e9 planety velikosti Zem\u011b otev\u00edraj\u00ed dve\u0159e mnoha budouc\u00edm mo\u017enostem studia atmosf\u00e9ry kamenn\u00fdch planet pomoc\u00ed Webba.\u00a0P\u0159ibli\u017euje n\u00e1s to k nov\u00e9mu ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed pozemsk\u00fdch sv\u011bt\u016f mimo na\u0161i slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavu a tato mise pr\u00e1v\u011b za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u011bdci, inspirov\u00e1ni t\u00edmto p\u0159ekvapiv\u00fdm objevem, se nyn\u00ed sna\u017e\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010dit, z \u010deho se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9ra nov\u00e9 planety.\u00a0P\u0159esto\u017ee planeta nemus\u00ed m\u00edt atmosf\u00e9ru, n\u011bkter\u00e1 slo\u017een\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry, jako je atmosf\u00e9ra \u010dist\u00e9ho oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho, podle v\u011bdc\u016f zat\u00edm nejsou vylou\u010dena.\u00a0Ke zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jsou pot\u0159eba je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se pl\u00e1nuj\u00ed z\u00edskat b\u011bhem nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed letos v l\u00e9t\u011b.<\/p>\n

Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dalekohled otev\u0159el mo\u017enost p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010dit planety velikosti Zem\u011b ob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed kolem \u010derven\u00fdch trpasl\u00edk\u016f a v\u011bdci doufaj\u00ed, \u017ee s n\u00edm u\u010din\u00ed mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch objev\u016f.\u00a0V listopadu 2022 p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 NASA tak\u00e9 ozn\u00e1mili, \u017ee dalekohled \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b odhalil slo\u017een\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry exoplanety v dosud nev\u00eddan\u00fdch detailech.\u00a0A tento \u00fasp\u011bch nazna\u010duje, \u017ee by tak\u00e9 mohl pomoci p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed mimozemsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota, poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010dl\u00e1nek.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdkonn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje JWST zachytily atomy a molekuly, stejn\u011b jako zn\u00e1mky aktivn\u00ed chemie a mrak\u016f, rysy, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edchoz\u00ed teleskopy b\u011bhem pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed nedok\u00e1zaly detekovat.\u00a0Astronomov\u00e9 pou\u017eili WASP-39b, hork\u00fd Saturn 700 sv\u011bteln\u00fdch let od Zem\u011b, k testov\u00e1n\u00ed schopnost\u00ed Jamese Webba.\u00a0D\u00edky sv\u00e9mu infra\u010derven\u00e9mu vybaven\u00ed je schopen zachytit barvy a chemick\u00e9 stopy, kter\u00e9 nelze detekovat ve viditeln\u00e9m sv\u011btle, vysv\u011btluje Daily Mail.<\/p>\n

Tyto pokroky by mohly b\u00fdt \u201ezm\u011bnou hry\u201c a uk\u00e1zat, jak se exoplaneta zformovala z disku plynu a prachu, kter\u00fd obklopoval jej\u00ed mate\u0159skou hv\u011bzdu.\u00a0WASP-39b ob\u00edh\u00e1 kolem hostitelsk\u00e9 hv\u011bzdy, kter\u00e1 je osmkr\u00e1t bl\u00ed\u017ee ne\u017e Merkur k na\u0161emu Slunci.\u00a0Podle astronom\u016f by to m\u011blo poskytnout hlub\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed toho, jak v\u0161echny tyto procesy ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed rozmanitost planet pozorovan\u00fdch v galaxii.<\/p>\n

Sv\u011bteln\u00e1 k\u0159ivka po\u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 infra\u010derven\u00fdm spektrografem Jamese Webba (NIRSpec) ukazuje zm\u011bnu jasnosti hv\u011bzdn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu LHS-475b v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu, kdy\u017e planeta m\u00edjela svou hv\u011bzdu 31. srpna 2022, co\u017e je d\u016fvod, pro\u010d ji teleskop zahl\u00e9dl.<\/p>\n

Aby JWST odhalila tajemstv\u00ed exoplanety, sledovala planetu, kdy\u017e proch\u00e1zela p\u0159ed svou hv\u011bzdou, co\u017e umo\u017enilo \u010d\u00e1sti jej\u00edho sv\u011btla filtrovat atmosf\u00e9ru.\u00a0„R\u016fzn\u00e9 typy chemik\u00e1li\u00ed v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e absorbuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 barvy spektra hv\u011bzdn\u00e9ho sv\u011btla, tak\u017ee chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed barvy astronom\u016fm \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, kter\u00e9 molekuly jsou p\u0159\u00edtomny.“\u00a0Anal\u00fdzou vesm\u00edru v infra\u010derven\u00e9m sv\u011btle je Webb schopen detekovat chemick\u00e9 \u201eotisky prst\u016f\u201c, kter\u00e9 jsou ve viditeln\u00e9m sv\u011btle nedetekovateln\u00e9,\u201c\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0uvedla NASA v prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dalekohled tak\u00e9 detekoval \u0159adu prvk\u016f v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e exoplanety, v\u010detn\u011b sod\u00edku (Na), drasl\u00edku (K) a vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry (H2O), a dal\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1mky vody na del\u0161\u00edch vlnov\u00fdch d\u00e9lk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve nebyly vid\u011bt.\u00a0Nov\u00e1 data tak\u00e9 umo\u017enila detekovat oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd v rozli\u0161en\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00e9m, ne\u017e bylo d\u0159\u00edve pozorov\u00e1no, uv\u00e1d\u00ed list.<\/p>\n

Vesm\u00edrn\u00fd teleskop Jamese Webba NASA v hodnot\u011b 10 miliard dolar\u016f je navr\u017een tak, aby detekoval sv\u011btlo z nejstar\u0161\u00edch hv\u011bzd a galaxi\u00ed.\u00a0\u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se mu \u201estroj \u010dasu\u201c, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee pomoci odhalit z\u00e1hady na\u0161eho vesm\u00edru.\u00a0Dalekohled bude slou\u017eit k pr\u016fzkumu prvn\u00edch galaxi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vznikly v ran\u00e9m vesm\u00edru p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 13,5 miliardami let, a tak\u00e9 k pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed hv\u011bzd, exoplanet a dal\u0161\u00edch objekt\u016f v na\u0161\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b, p\u00ed\u0161e Daily Mail.<\/p>\n

Obrovsk\u00fd dalekohled je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za n\u00e1stupce p\u0159edchoz\u00edho kosmick\u00e9ho dalekohledu Hubble.\u00a0Teleskop Jamese Webba a v\u011bt\u0161ina jeho p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f maj\u00ed provozn\u00ed teplotu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 40 Kelvin\u016f (minus 233 Celsia).\u00a0Jedn\u00e1 se o nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a nejv\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed vesm\u00edrn\u00fd dalekohled na sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00fd byl schopen d\u00edvat se p\u0159ed 100-200 miliony let, v dob\u011b po velk\u00e9m t\u0159esku.\u00a0Jej\u00ed orbit\u00e1ln\u00ed infra\u010derven\u00e1 observato\u0159 je podle \u010dl\u00e1nku asi 100kr\u00e1t v\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jej\u00ed p\u0159edch\u016fdce.<\/p>\n

Vesm\u00edrn\u00fd dalekohled Jamese Webba je vybaven n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edstroji:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) NIRCam (bl\u00edzk\u00e1 infra\u010derven\u00e1 kamera) funguje jako termokamera od okraje viditeln\u00e9ho k bl\u00edzk\u00e9mu infra\u010derven\u00e9mu;
\n2) NIRSpec (bl\u00edzk\u00fd infra\u010derven\u00fd spektrograf) tak\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u00ed spektroskopii ve stejn\u00e9m rozsahu vlnov\u00fdch d\u00e9lek;
\n3) MIRI (Mid-InfraRed Instrument) m\u011b\u0159\u00ed rozsah vlnov\u00fdch d\u00e9lek od st\u0159edn\u00ed do dlouh\u00e9 infra\u010derven\u00e9 oblasti (5 a\u017e 27 mikrometr\u016f);
\n4) FGS\/NIRISS (Sn\u00edma\u010d jemn\u00e9ho nav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed, Near Infrared Imager a Slitless Spectrograph) se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ke stabilizaci zorn\u00e9ho pole observato\u0159e b\u011bhem v\u011bdeck\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

NASA d\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159ednost pohledu na tento nov\u00fd dalekohled jako na Hubbleova n\u00e1stupce sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e na jeho n\u00e1hradu, proto\u017ee oba budou chv\u00edli fungovat v tandemu, vysv\u011btluje \u010dl\u00e1nek.\u00a0Hubble\u016fv teleskop byl vypu\u0161t\u011bn 24. dubna 1990 raketopl\u00e1nem Discovery z Kennedyho vesm\u00edrn\u00e9ho st\u0159ediska na Florid\u011b.\u00a0Kolem Zem\u011b se to\u010d\u00ed rychlost\u00ed asi 27,3 tis\u00edce km za hodinu na n\u00edzk\u00e9 ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze Zem\u011b (ve v\u00fd\u0161ce asi 340 mil), p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 Daily Mail.<\/p>\n

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Vesm\u00edrn\u00fd dalekohled NASA James Webb, v sou\u010dasnosti pova\u017eovan\u00fd za nejslo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejv\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroj na ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10994,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[4233,1039,65,88],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21098"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21098"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21098\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10994"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21098"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21098"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21098"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}