{"id":20757,"date":"2023-01-05T01:03:22","date_gmt":"2023-01-05T00:03:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=20757"},"modified":"2023-01-04T16:55:56","modified_gmt":"2023-01-04T15:55:56","slug":"laurent-guyenot-rusky-novobyzantinismus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2023\/01\/05\/laurent-guyenot-rusky-novobyzantinismus\/","title":{"rendered":"Laurent Guy\u00e9not: Rusk\u00fd novobyzantinismus"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>V rusk\u00e9 obran\u011b tradi\u010dn\u00edch a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch hodnot je n\u011bco neodolateln\u011b p\u0159ita\u017eliv\u00e9ho (co by se dalo nazvat rusk\u00fdm neokonzervatismem, kdyby si tuto n\u00e1lepku nep\u0159ivlastnili ameri\u010dt\u00ed \u017eidov\u0161t\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00ed \u0161tv\u00e1\u010di).\u00a0Ale odkud to skute\u010dn\u011b poch\u00e1z\u00ed?\u00a0M\u00e1me sklon p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee jde o reakci na z\u00e1padn\u00ed postmodern\u00ed dekadenci.\u00a0Ale m\u00e1 to v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hloubku.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>co je to Rusko?\u00a0Jak se Rusko definuje a jak poj\u00edm\u00e1 sv\u016fj vztah k Evrop\u011b?\u00a0Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b, z jak\u00e9 tradice \u010derpaj\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 rusk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed elity svou vizi rusk\u00e9 civilizace?\u00a0Cht\u011bl jsem se dozv\u011bd\u011bt o rusk\u00fdch myslitel\u00edch devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho a dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, kter\u00e9 sami Rusov\u00e9 po p\u00e1du komunismu znovu objevili a kte\u0159\u00ed pr\u00fd maj\u00ed siln\u00fd vliv na Vladimira Putina a jeho okol\u00ed.\u00a0Zde je to, co jsem na\u0161el.<\/p>\n<p>Za\u010dn\u011bme celkem logicky t\u0159emi autory, jejich\u017e knihy Vladimir Putin nab\u00eddl guvern\u00e9r\u016fm a \u010dlen\u016fm sv\u00e9 strany Jednotn\u00e9 Rusko na Nov\u00fd rok 2014 (viz\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thepostil.com\/the-philosophical-sources-of-putins-thinking\/\">zde<\/a>\u00a0a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/37635783\/Putins_Political_Philosophers_Neo_Orthodoxy_Identitarianism_and_the_Russian_Federation\">zde<\/a>\u00a0):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Ospravedln\u011bn\u00ed dobra od<\/em>\u00a0Vladim\u00edra Solovjova<\/li>\n<li>Nikolaje Ber\u010fajeva\u00a0<em>Filosofie nerovnosti<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Ivan Iljin:\u00a0<em>Na\u0161e \u00fakoly<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u0161ichni t\u0159i auto\u0159i jsou hluboce v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed a vlasteneck\u00ed a jako takov\u00ed se hl\u00e1s\u00ed k rusk\u00e9mu pravoslav\u00ed.\u00a0V\u0161ichni t\u0159i jsou zap\u00e1len\u00ed pro Rusko a pova\u017euj\u00ed ji za \u201eorigin\u00e1ln\u00ed a nez\u00e1vislou civilizaci\u201c v term\u00ednech, kter\u00e9 pou\u017eil Vladimir Putin ve sv\u00e9m\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.miragenews.com\/full-text-of-putin-speech-and-answers-at-valdai-884161\/\">projevu 27. \u0159\u00edjna 2022 na Valdajsk\u00e9m f\u00f3ru\u00a0<\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Solovjev nebo Solovjov (1853-1900) byl b\u00e1sn\u00edk, filozof, teolog a mystik, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd svou \u201esofiologi\u00ed\u201c, teori\u00ed moudrosti jako \u017eensk\u00e9ho sv\u011btov\u00e9ho principu, se kterou se Solovjev mysticky setkal (zm\u00ednil jsem se o n\u00ed v d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku) .\u00a0Jeho kniha\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/thejustification00solouoft\"><em>Ospravedln\u011bn\u00ed dobra: Esej o mor\u00e1ln\u00ed filozofii<\/em><\/a>, napsan\u00fd v roce 1897, je pokusem nal\u00e9zt mor\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty na v\u011bdeck\u00e9m z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u00edm, \u017ee ukazuje, \u017ee jsou ukotveny ve t\u0159ech impulsech mysli spole\u010dn\u00fdch v\u0161em n\u00e1rod\u016fm: hanb\u011b, l\u00edtosti a \u00fact\u011b.\u00a0Stud zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee se neztoto\u017e\u0148ujeme se sv\u00fdmi z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi instinkty a projevuje se skromnost\u00ed;\u00a0l\u00edtost je soucit s na\u0161imi rovn\u00fdmi;\u00a0\u00facta, kter\u00e1 je z\u00e1kladem spole\u010densk\u00e9 hierarchie a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, je l\u00e1ska k nad\u0159azen\u00fdm bytostem.\u00a0Nebudu se zdr\u017eovat touto knihou, kter\u00e1 na rozd\u00edl od ostatn\u00edch dvou nem\u00e1 siln\u00fd politick\u00fd rozm\u011br.<\/p>\n<p>Nicolas Ber\u010fajev (1874-1948) je jedn\u00edm z nejdostupn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch rusk\u00fdch filozof\u016f zejm\u00e9na francouzsk\u00fdm \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm, proto\u017ee \u017eil ve Francii a tam i zem\u0159el a v\u011bt\u0161ina jeho spis\u016f byla p\u0159elo\u017eena.\u00a0P\u0159isp\u011bl k p\u0159edstaven\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch podobn\u011b sm\u00fd\u0161lej\u00edc\u00edch rusk\u00fdch myslitel\u016f, jako je Konstantin Leontiev nebo Alexis Chomiakov, o kter\u00fdch budu mluvit pozd\u011bji.\u00a0Jeho kniha\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Philosophy-Inequality-Letters-Contemners-Concerning\/dp\/0996399208\"><em>The Philosophy of Inequality: Letters to my Contempters Contempters Concerning Social Philosophy<\/em><\/a>, napsan\u00fd v roce 1918, je tvrdou kritikou paradigmat z\u00e1padn\u00edho politick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed.\u00a0Ber\u010fajev m\u00e1 mystickou a nadp\u0159irozenou koncepci moci: \u201ePrincip moci, p\u00ed\u0161e, je zcela iracion\u00e1ln\u00ed.\u00a0\u2026 nikdo na sv\u011bt\u011b se nikdy nepodrobil \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 moci z racion\u00e1ln\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f.\u201c\u00a0Moc je v\u017edy osobn\u00ed.\u00a0Proto je demokracie \u2013 rousseauovsk\u00e1 utopie o suverenit\u011b lidu \u2013 l\u017e\u00ed.\u00a0\u201eOd stvo\u0159en\u00ed sv\u011bta je to v\u017edy men\u0161ina, kter\u00e1 vl\u00e1dne, kter\u00e1 vl\u00e1dne a kter\u00e1 bude vl\u00e1dnout.\u00a0\u2026 Ot\u00e1zkou je pouze to, zda vl\u00e1dne lep\u0161\u00ed nebo hor\u0161\u00ed men\u0161ina.\u201c\u00a0Vl\u00e1da nejlep\u0161\u00edch, tedy aristokracie ve vlastn\u00edm slova smyslu, je \u201evy\u0161\u0161\u00edm principem spole\u010densk\u00e9ho \u017eivota, jedinou utopi\u00ed hodnou \u010dlov\u011bka\u201c.\u00a0Triumf demokratismu \u201ep\u0159edstavuje nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pro lidsk\u00fd pokrok,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_1\">[1]<\/a>Je to uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9 ideje, zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 sv\u00e9vole.<\/p>\n<p>Ivan Iljin (1884-1954) je\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nybooks.com\/online\/2018\/03\/16\/ivan-ilyin-putins-philosopher-of-russian-fascism\/\">nej\u010dast\u011bji zmi\u0148ovan\u00fdm<\/a>\u00a0politick\u00fdm myslitelem , kter\u00fd m\u00e1 vliv na Putina.\u00a0\u0160estkr\u00e1t zat\u010den bol\u0161eviky a nakonec byl v roce 1922 Leninem vyho\u0161t\u011bn na slavn\u00e9\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philosophers'_ships\">\u201elod\u011b filozof\u016f\u201c<\/a>\u00a0mezi 160 dal\u0161\u00edmi intelektu\u00e1ly, v\u010detn\u011b Ber\u010fajeva.\u00a0Stejn\u011b jako Ber\u010fajev vid\u011bl Iljin sov\u011btsk\u00fd komunismus jako neodmysliteln\u011b zl\u00fd kv\u016fli jeho metafyzick\u00e9mu materialismu a ni\u010den\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho \u017eivota.\u00a0Na \u00favodn\u00edch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch knihy\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Resistance-Evil-Force-Ivan-Ilyin\/dp\/1726472043\"><em>On Resistance to Evil by Force<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(kritik pacifismu Tolst\u00e9ho a jeho \u017e\u00e1k\u016f a poselstv\u00ed \u201eB\u00edl\u00edm v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk\u016fm, nositel\u016fm pravoslavn\u00e9ho me\u010de\u201c, napsan\u00e9 v roce 1925), Ilyin p\u00ed\u0161e:<\/p>\n<p><em>V d\u016fsledku dlouh\u00e9ho procesu va\u0159en\u00ed se nyn\u00ed zlu poda\u0159ilo osvobodit se od v\u0161ech vnit\u0159n\u00edch rozd\u011blen\u00ed a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek, uk\u00e1zat svou tv\u00e1\u0159, rozt\u00e1hnout k\u0159\u00eddla, vyslovit sv\u00e9 c\u00edle, shrom\u00e1\u017edit sv\u00e9 s\u00edly, uv\u011bdomit si sv\u00e9 cesty a prost\u0159edky;\u00a0nav\u00edc se otev\u0159en\u011b legitimizovala, formulovala sv\u00e1 dogmata a k\u00e1nony, vychvalovala svou ji\u017e neskrytou povahu a odhalila sv\u011btu svou duchovn\u00ed podstatu.\u00a0V d\u011bjin\u00e1ch lidstva nebylo vid\u011bt nic ekvivalentn\u00edho nebo rovnocenn\u00e9ho, \u200b\u200balespo\u0148 pokud si pamatujeme.<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_2\"><em>[2]<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Zat\u00edmco \u017eil v N\u011bmecku, Ilyin vyj\u00e1d\u0159il ur\u010ditou podporu n\u00e1rodn\u00edmu socialismu v roce\u00a0<em>1933<\/em> v eseji nazvan\u00e9m \u201eN\u00e1rodn\u00ed socialismus: \u201aNov\u00fd duch\u2018.\u00a0Brzy byl v\u0161ak zklam\u00e1n Hitlerovou rasovou politikou a odst\u011bhoval se do \u0160v\u00fdcarska, kde zem\u0159el.\u00a0Z Putinovy \u200b\u200biniciativy bylo jeho t\u011blo v roce 2005 repatriov\u00e1no do Ruska a poh\u0159beno v kl\u00e1\u0161te\u0159e Donskoy.<\/p>\n<p><em>Na\u0161e \u00fakoly<\/em>\u00a0je dvousvazkov\u00e1 sb\u00edrka \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f propa\u0161ovan\u00fdch do sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho Ruska v letech 1948 a\u017e 1954. Iljin stanovil program obnovy Ruska po p\u00e1du sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho re\u017eimu, kter\u00fd, jak doufal, byl bl\u00edzko.\u00a0S prorockou p\u0159esnost\u00ed varoval Rusy p\u0159ed pl\u00e1ny Z\u00e1padu na rozkouskov\u00e1n\u00ed rusk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu.\u00a0Z\u00e1pad, jak pochopil, sn\u00ed o roz\u0159ez\u00e1n\u00ed Ruska na \u201eob\u0159\u00ed Balk\u00e1n\u201c, trag\u00e9dii, kter\u00e1 by zp\u016fsobila nenapraviteln\u00fd glob\u00e1ln\u00ed chaos.\u00a0Putin\u016fv popis rozpadu Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu jako \u201enejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed geopolitick\u00e9 katastrofy modern\u00ed doby\u201c odpov\u00edd\u00e1 Iljinov\u00fdm slov\u016fm.\u00a0P\u0159ekladatel Ilyin&#8217;s\u00a0<em>On Resistance to Evil by Force<\/em>\u00a0napsal:<\/p>\n<p><em>Dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm p\u0159\u00ednosem Iljina byla jeho koncepce \u201esv\u011btov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kulis\u00ed\u201c, kosmopolitn\u00edch sil, kter\u00e9 ze st\u00ednu ovl\u00e1daly evropsk\u00e9 mocnosti a jejich\u017e z\u00e1m\u011brem bylo rozpitvat a zni\u010dit rusk\u00fd st\u00e1t.\u00a0Prohloubil tak rusk\u00e9 ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho politick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje a vzestupu nest\u00e1tn\u00edch akt\u00e9r\u016f a dal jasn\u011b najevo, \u017ee bol\u0161evick\u00e1 revoluce nebyla dom\u00e1c\u00edm povst\u00e1n\u00edm, ale precizn\u011b napl\u00e1novan\u00fdm zahrani\u010dn\u00edm spiknut\u00edm.<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_3\"><em>[3]<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Stejn\u011b jako Ber\u010fajev m\u00e1 Iljin na mysli postsov\u011btsk\u00e9 znovuzrozen\u00ed Ruska, a proto se sna\u017e\u00ed pochopit a vysv\u011btlit hlub\u0161\u00ed povahu Ruska a jej\u00edho ide\u00e1ln\u00edho typu vl\u00e1dy.\u00a0Zast\u00e1v\u00e1 t\u0159et\u00ed cestu mezi demokraci\u00ed a totalitou, kterou definuje jako \u201epevnou, n\u00e1rodn\u011b-vlasteneckou diktaturu inspirovanou liber\u00e1ln\u00ed my\u0161lenkou\u201c.\u00a0Tvrdil, \u017ee pro nov\u00e9 Rusko je pot\u0159eba nov\u00e1 my\u0161lenka.<\/p>\n<p><em>Tato my\u0161lenka by m\u011bla b\u00fdt st\u00e1tn\u011bhistorick\u00e1, st\u00e1tn\u011b n\u00e1rodn\u00ed, st\u00e1tn\u011b vlasteneck\u00e1, st\u00e1tn\u011b n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1.\u00a0Tato my\u0161lenka by m\u011bla vych\u00e1zet ze samotn\u00e9 struktury rusk\u00e9 du\u0161e a rusk\u00fdch d\u011bjin, z jej\u00edho duchovn\u00edho hladu.\u00a0Tato my\u0161lenka by m\u011bla vypov\u00eddat o podstat\u011b Rus\u016f \u2013 jak o minulosti, tak o budoucnosti \u2013 m\u011bla by osv\u011btlit cestu budouc\u00edm generac\u00edm Rus\u016f, d\u00e1t smysl jejich \u017eivotu a dodat jim s\u00edlu.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_4\">[4]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Tato my\u0161lenka mus\u00ed b\u00fdt pevn\u011b zako\u0159en\u011bna ve vrstv\u011b osv\u00edcen\u00fdch a odhodlan\u00fdch vlastenc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed by byli p\u0159ipraveni p\u0159evz\u00edt ot\u011b\u017ee Ruska a zachr\u00e1nit ho p\u0159ed rozkouskov\u00e1n\u00edm Z\u00e1padem.<\/p>\n<p><em>Nev\u00edme, kdy a jak bude komunistick\u00e1 revoluce v Rusku p\u0159eru\u0161ena.\u00a0Ale v\u00edme, co je hlavn\u00edm \u00fakolem sp\u00e1sy a rusk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed obnovy: vzestup na vrchol t\u011bch nejlep\u0161\u00edch, mu\u017e\u016f oddan\u00fdch Rusku, kte\u0159\u00ed c\u00edt\u00ed sv\u016fj n\u00e1rod, kte\u0159\u00ed mysl\u00ed na sv\u016fj st\u00e1t, dobrovoln\u00ed, kreativn\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed nenab\u00edzej\u00ed lidem pomstu a dekadence, ale duch osvobozen\u00ed, spravedlnosti a jednoty mezi v\u0161emi t\u0159\u00eddami.\u00a0Pokud bude volba t\u011bchto nov\u00fdch rusk\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 a bude dosa\u017eena rychle, Rusko za n\u011bkolik let povstane a znovu se zrod\u00ed.\u00a0Pokud tomu tak nebude, Rusko upadne do revolu\u010dn\u00edho chaosu v dlouh\u00e9m obdob\u00ed porevolu\u010dn\u00ed demoralizace, dekadence a z\u00e1vislosti na vn\u011bj\u0161ku.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_5\">[5]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0160\u00e9f vl\u00e1dy, kter\u00e1 by mohla zachr\u00e1nit Rusko p\u0159ed chaosem, p\u00ed\u0161e Iljin, \u201ese mus\u00ed \u0159\u00eddit my\u0161lenkou Celku, a ne konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmi, osobn\u00edmi nebo stranick\u00fdmi motivy.\u00a0A nem\u011bl by se zdr\u017eovat n\u00e1sil\u00ed: \u201eZa\u00fato\u010d\u00ed na nep\u0159\u00edtele, m\u00edsto aby ztr\u00e1cel \u010das.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_6\">[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Panslavismus a eurasianismus<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Solovjev, Berdiajev a Iljin v\u0161ichni psali b\u011bhem stolet\u00ed velk\u00e9 intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed tvo\u0159ivosti v Rusku.\u00a0Por\u00e1\u017eka Napoleona v roce 1815 ustanovila Rusko jako jednu z velmoc\u00ed na V\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9m kongresu.\u00a0P\u0159esto v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch desetilet\u00edch byli Rusov\u00e9 frustrovan\u00ed t\u00edm, co vn\u00edmali jako p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed a opovr\u017een\u00ed Z\u00e1padu.\u00a0To ve 30. a 40. letech 19. stolet\u00ed dalo vzniknout intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edmu hnut\u00ed \u201eslavofil\u016f\u201c, kte\u0159\u00ed se postavili proti zamilovanosti \u201ez\u00e1pad\u0148\u00e1k\u016f\u201c do evropsk\u00e9 kultury a sna\u017eili se definovat jedine\u010dnou identitu a osud Ruska.<\/p>\n<p>B\u011bhem krymsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky (1853-1856) byli Rusov\u00e9 \u0161okov\u00e1ni zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm katolick\u00fdch a protestantsk\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se spojily s muslimskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed proti k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9mu Rusku.\u00a0O dvacet let pozd\u011bji car Alexandr II., p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed jako ochr\u00e1nce k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, znovu vstoupil do v\u00e1lky proti Osman\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b utopili povst\u00e1n\u00ed Srb\u016f a Bulhar\u016f v krvav\u00e9 l\u00e1zni.\u00a0Smlouvou ze San Stefana (1878) car zalo\u017eil autonomn\u00ed kn\u00ed\u017eectv\u00ed Bulharska, Srbska a Rumunska a amputoval Osmanskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i \u00fazem\u00ed ob\u00fdvan\u00fdch Gruz\u00ednci a Arm\u00e9ny.\u00a0Ale Evropan\u00e9 se znovu postavili proti tomuto p\u0159erozd\u011blen\u00ed a svolali Berl\u00ednsk\u00fd kongres (1885), kter\u00fd amputoval rusk\u00e9 v\u00fdboje a vr\u00e1til v\u011bt\u0161inu Arm\u00e9nie, stejn\u011b jako \u010d\u00e1st Bulharska, do Osmansk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e.\u00a0Rusko vyhr\u00e1lo v\u00e1lku, ale ztratilo m\u00edr.<\/p>\n<p>Tyto epizody zanechaly rusk\u00fdm vlastenc\u016fm ho\u0159kou pachu\u0165.\u00a0Fjodor Dostojevskij\u00a0<em>(1821-1881)<\/em>\u00a0vyj\u00e1d\u0159il svou frustraci ve sv\u00e9m posledn\u00edm roce:<\/p>\n<p><em>existovalo omezen\u00ed v na\u0161em \u00fasil\u00ed p\u0159im\u011bt n\u00e1s, aby n\u00e1s Evropa uznala za sv\u00e9, jako Evropany, pouze jako Evropany, a ne za Tatary?\u00a0Neust\u00e1le a bez ust\u00e1n\u00ed obt\u011b\u017eujeme Evropu, pleteme se do jej\u00edch z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed a drobn\u00fdch z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed.\u00a0Nyn\u00ed jsme ji vyd\u011bsili svou silou, vyslali sv\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy \u201ena z\u00e1chranu kr\u00e1l\u016f\u201c, nyn\u00ed jsme se sklonili p\u0159ed Evropou \u2013 co\u017e jsme nem\u011bli d\u011blat \u2013 a ujistili jsme ji, \u017ee jsme byli stvo\u0159eni v\u00fdhradn\u011b proto, abychom j\u00ed slou\u017eili a d\u011blali ji \u0161\u0165astnou. .<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_7\">[7]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Jeho sou\u010dasn\u00edk Nicolai Danilevskii (1822-1885) reflektoval celou tuto situaci v\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/russia_and_europe_the_slavic_worlds_political_and_cultural_relations_with_the_germanic_roman_west_by_nikolai_iakovlevich_danilevskii_translated_and_annotated_by_stephen_m_woodburn_\/\"><em>Rusku a Evrop\u011b<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(1869) Jak\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/slavica.indiana.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/bookContent_pdf\/Introduction.pdf\">p\u00ed\u0161e jeho ned\u00e1vn\u00fd p\u0159ekladatel Stephen Woodburn<\/a>\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p><em>Do o\u010d\u00ed bij\u00edc\u00ed pokrytectv\u00ed agresivn\u00ed reakce Evropy v krymsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce na expanzi rusk\u00e9ho vlivu a jej\u00ed benign\u00ed shov\u00edvavost s obna\u017eenou n\u011bmeckou agres\u00ed proti D\u00e1nsku o deset let pozd\u011bji zjevn\u011b nepro\u0161ly zkou\u0161kou racionality.\u00a0D\u011blo se n\u011bco iracion\u00e1ln\u00edho a Danilevskii p\u0159edstavil svou knihu jako pokus vysv\u011btlit, co to bylo.<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_8\"><em>[8]<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Danilevskij si uv\u011bdomil, \u017ee ve\u0161ker\u00e9 rusk\u00e9 snahy sp\u0159\u00e1telit se s Evropou se setkaly s podvodem nebo odm\u00edtnut\u00edm, zavolal sv\u00e9 spoluob\u010dany, aby uznali, \u017ee Evropa a Rusko jsou si navz\u00e1jem z\u00e1sadn\u011b ciz\u00ed: \u201eAni opravdov\u00e1 skromnost, ani opravdov\u00e1 hrdost nedovol\u00ed Rusku prohla\u0161ovat se za Evropu.\u00a0Neud\u011blalo nic, \u010d\u00edm by si tuto \u010dest zaslou\u017eilo, a pokud si chce zaslou\u017eit jinou, nem\u011blo by si n\u00e1rokovat to, co si nezaslou\u017e\u00ed.\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_9\">[9]<br \/>\n<\/a>Rusko a z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropa nesd\u00edlej\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou spole\u010dnou historii, a\u017e na okraj, a jejich charaktery utv\u00e1\u0159ely \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00e9 okolnosti.\u00a0Rusko, kter\u00e9 se narodilo pod veden\u00edm Byzance a vyr\u016fstalo ve st\u00ednu Sarai (hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Zlat\u00e9 hordy), nev\u011bd\u011blo nic o feudalismu, latinsk\u00e9 kultu\u0159e, scholastice nebo renesanci.\u00a0Zd\u00e1lo se, \u017ee Putin opakuje Danilevsk\u00e9ho, kdy\u017e ve sv\u00e9m\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/eng.kremlin.ru\/transcripts\/4739\">projevu o stavu federace v roce 2012 prohl\u00e1sil<\/a>\u00a0: \u201eAbychom o\u017eivili n\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed, mus\u00edme propojit historick\u00e9 \u00e9ry a vr\u00e1tit se k pochopen\u00ed prost\u00e9 pravdy, \u017ee Rusko neza\u010dalo v roce 1917, nebo dokonce v roce 1991, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee m\u00e1me spole\u010dnou, nep\u0159etr\u017eitou historii trvaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 1000 let a mus\u00edme se na ni spolehnout, abychom na\u0161li vnit\u0159n\u00ed s\u00edlu a \u00fa\u010del v na\u0161em n\u00e1rodn\u00edm rozvoji.<\/p>\n<p>Vystudovan\u00fd biolog Danilevskii vyvinul nejstar\u0161\u00ed organickou teorii civilizac\u00ed, kter\u00e1 mohla m\u00edt vliv na Spenglera.\u00a0Ka\u017ed\u00e1 civilizace m\u00e1 podle n\u011bj sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj, vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z vlastn\u00ed etnick\u00e9 podstaty, kterou sama formuje geografie.\u00a0Rusk\u00e1 identita je podle Danilevsk\u00e9ho \u201eSlovanstv\u00ed\u201c.\u00a0Proto se Rusko mus\u00ed na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b chr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed vlivem germ\u00e1nsko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee jen naru\u0161it jeho p\u0159irozen\u00fd v\u00fdvoj, a na stran\u011b druh\u00e9 sjednotit v jednu velkou civilizaci v\u0161echny slovansk\u00e9 zem\u011b.\u00a0Danilevskii psal, kdy\u017e bylo sjednocen\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f pod prusk\u00fdm veden\u00edm t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dokon\u010deno, a obdivoval Bismarckovu z\u00e1sadovou ambici a pragmatick\u00fd oportunismus.\u00a0Vid\u011bl tak\u00e9 pot\u0159ebu siln\u00e9 slovansk\u00e9 federace pod rusk\u00fdm veden\u00edm, kter\u00e1 by vyv\u00e1\u017eila hegemonii z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_10\">[10]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Danilevsk\u00e9ho kniha byla d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm mezn\u00edkem v devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed, ale jej\u00ed omezen\u00fd n\u00e1klad v t\u00e9 dob\u011b nelze srovn\u00e1vat s po\u010dtem vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 byla vyti\u0161t\u011bna\u00a0<em>od<\/em>\u00a090. let.\u00a0Po vyd\u00e1n\u00ed z roku 1991 vyti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9m v n\u00e1kladu 70 000 v\u00fdtisk\u016f, kter\u00e9 bylo povinnou \u010detbou na rusk\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch akademi\u00edch,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_11\">[11]<\/a>v roce 1995 se objevila luxusn\u00ed edice 20 000 v\u00fdtisk\u016f, po n\u00ed\u017e n\u00e1sledovaly \u010dty\u0159i nov\u00e9 edice v letech 2002 a\u017e 2010.<\/p>\n<p>Navzdory z\u00e1sluh\u00e1m Danilevsk\u00e9ho jako pr\u016fkopn\u00edka geopolitick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy vyvolal jeho etnicky zalo\u017een\u00fd panslovansk\u00fd projekt skepsi.\u00a0Konstantin Leontiev (1831-1891), o dev\u011bt let mlad\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e on, nam\u00edtal v\u00a0<em>byzantismu a slovanstv\u00ed<\/em> , \u017ee slovansk\u00e9 zem\u011b nesd\u00edlej\u00ed spole\u010dnou historii.\u00a0Katolick\u00e9 Polsko bylo v\u017edy \u00fahlavn\u00edm nep\u0159\u00edtelem Ruska.\u00a0\u010ce\u0161i, a\u0165 u\u017e katol\u00edci nebo protestanti, jsou hluboce pon\u011bm\u010den\u00ed, Bulha\u0159i zase maj\u00ed kulturn\u011b bl\u00edzko k \u0158ek\u016fm.\u00a0Ma\u010farsko a Rumunsko jsou bl\u00ed\u017ee Rusku, ale nejsou slovansk\u00e9.\u00a0Dnes lze pouze Srbsko, B\u011blorusko (B\u00edl\u00e9 Rusko) a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Ukrajinu (Mal\u00e9 Rusko) pova\u017eovat za p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edky stejn\u00e9 civilizace jako Velk\u00e9 Rusko.<\/p>\n<p>Danilevskijovo hodnocen\u00ed slovanstv\u00ed tak\u00e9 postr\u00e1d\u00e1 ohled na asijsk\u00fd vliv na Rusy, kter\u00fd Leontiev jako jeden z prvn\u00edch zd\u016fraznil.\u00a0O dv\u011b generace pozd\u011bji se stal p\u0159edm\u011btem studia d\u00edky pr\u016fkopnick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci lingvisty Nikolaje Trubetzkoye (1890-1938), jeho\u017e hlavn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky jsou shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bny ve svazku nazvan\u00e9m\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/32890252\/THE_LEGACY_OF_GENGHIS_KHAN_THE_MONGOL_IMPACT_ON_RUSSIAN_HISTORY_POLITICS_ECONOMY_AND_CULTURE\"><em>D\u011bdictv\u00ed \u010cingisch\u00e1na<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(1925), a u\u010dinil z n\u011bj zakladatele eurasianismu. .\u00a0Napsal:<\/p>\n<p><em>z etnografick\u00e9ho hlediska nen\u00ed rusk\u00fd lid \u010dist\u011b slovansk\u00fd.\u00a0Rusov\u00e9, Ugro Finov\u00e9 a Povol\u017e\u0161t\u00ed Turci tvo\u0159\u00ed kulturn\u00ed z\u00f3nu, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 spojen\u00ed jak se Slovany, tak s \u201eturansk\u00fdm v\u00fdchodem\u201c, a je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 \u0159\u00edci, kter\u00e1 z nich je d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.\u00a0Spojen\u00ed mezi Rusy a Turany m\u00e1 nejen etnografick\u00fd, ale i antropologick\u00fd z\u00e1klad: v rusk\u00fdch \u017eil\u00e1ch se m\u00eds\u00ed turkick\u00e1 krev s krv\u00ed Ugro-Fin\u016f a Slovan\u016f.\u00a0A rusk\u00e1 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed povaha je nepochybn\u011b ur\u010dit\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem spojena s \u201eturansk\u00fdm v\u00fdchodem\u201c.\u00a0Bratrstv\u00ed a vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 porozum\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se tak rychle rozv\u00edj\u00ed mezi n\u00e1mi a \u201eAsiaty\u201c, jsou zako\u0159en\u011bny v t\u011bchto neviditeln\u00fdch rasov\u00fdch konsonanc\u00edch.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_12\">[12]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Stejn\u011b jako po n\u011bm\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/lev-gumilev-and-the-khazar-chimera\/\">Lev Gumilev<\/a>\u00a0(1912-1992) i Trubetzkoy tvrdil, \u017ee sjednocen\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed modern\u00edho Ruska pod jeden st\u00e1t nejprve nedos\u00e1hli ru\u0161t\u00ed Slovan\u00e9, ale Tata\u0159i (neboli Turano-Mongolov\u00e9).\u00a0Nakonec \u201epolitick\u00e9 sjednocen\u00ed Ruska pod moc\u00ed Moskvy bylo p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm d\u016fsledkem tatarsk\u00e9ho jha\u201c.\u00a0A\u010dkoli to bylo traumatizuj\u00edc\u00ed, tatarsk\u00fd jho koval ruskou n\u00e1rodnost.<\/p>\n<p><em>V reakci na zoufalstv\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 tot\u00e1ln\u00ed por\u00e1\u017ekou z rukou Tatar\u016f tak v rusk\u00fdch srdc\u00edch a mysl\u00edch s\u00edlila vlna hrdinstv\u00ed \u2013 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho, ale tak\u00e9 nacionalistick\u00e9ho.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Centrem procesu vnit\u0159n\u00edho znovuzrozen\u00ed byla Moskva.\u00a0V\u0161echny jevy, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ineslo tatarsk\u00e9 jho, tam rezonovaly s mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou silou.\u00a0\u2026 Rusov\u00e9 v t\u00e9to oblasti snadn\u011bji a rychleji asimilovali ducha mongolsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu, tedy ideov\u00fd odkaz \u010cingisch\u00e1na.\u00a0Byla to tak\u00e9 Moskva a moskevsk\u00e1 oblast, kter\u00e9 projevovaly zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed z\u00e1jem o byzantsk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed ideologie.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_13\">[13]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Putin jednozna\u010dn\u011b podporuje eurasianismus sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e panslavismus.\u00a0P\u0159esto se nezdr\u00e1h\u00e1 zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee \u201e[etnick\u00fd] rusk\u00fd lid je bezpochyby p\u00e1te\u0159\u00ed, z\u00e1kladem, tmelem mnohon\u00e1rodnostn\u00edho rusk\u00e9ho lidu.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_14\">[14]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Pravoslav\u00ed a byzantinismus<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Prvn\u00ed zakladatel\u00e9 slavjanofilsk\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed, jako Alexis Khomiakov (1804-1860), trvali na n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e na etnicit\u011b jako na hlavn\u00ed slo\u017ece civilizace.\u00a0Pro Chomiakova je pravoslav\u00ed samotnou du\u0161\u00ed Ruska a t\u00edm, co odli\u0161uje Rusy od z\u00e1padn\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016f, a\u0165 u\u017e katol\u00edk\u016f nebo protestant\u016f.\u00a0V \u0159eck\u00e9 ortodoxn\u00ed tradici je c\u00edrkev spole\u010denstv\u00edm v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch, sjednocen\u00fdch v l\u00e1sce Kristov\u011b.\u00a0To je d\u016fvod, pro\u010d v\u0161ichni Rusov\u00e9, od roln\u00edk\u016f po bojary, p\u0159inesou jakoukoli ob\u011b\u0165 na obranu c\u00edrkve.\u00a0Od jeden\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 pape\u017estv\u00ed ni\u010dilo toto duchovn\u00ed spole\u010denstv\u00ed zaveden\u00edm radik\u00e1ln\u00edho odd\u011blen\u00ed mezi institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed c\u00edrkv\u00ed a laiky, tak\u017ee \u201ek\u0159es\u0165an ji\u017e nebyl \u010dlenem c\u00edrkve, ale jej\u00edm poddan\u00fdm\u201c.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_15\">[15]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Rozd\u00edly mezi \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm katolicismem a \u0159eckou ortodoxi\u00ed a jejich dopady na kolektivn\u00ed du\u0161e n\u00e1rod\u016f jsou bohat\u00fdm a komplexn\u00edm t\u00e9matem, kter\u00fdm se zde nemohu zab\u00fdvat.\u00a0Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je pochopit, \u017ee se nejedn\u00e1 pouze o doktrin\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo liturgick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly;\u00a0existuje z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl v politick\u00e9 filozofii.\u00a0Boj o pape\u017eskou nadvl\u00e1du, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 ko\u0159eny v Augustinov\u00fdch teori\u00edch a kter\u00fd dominoval z\u00e1padoevropsk\u00fdm d\u011bjin\u00e1m od po\u010d\u00e1tku gregori\u00e1nsk\u00e9 reformy (11. stolet\u00ed), je radik\u00e1ln\u00edm odklonem od pravoslavn\u00e9 tradice zalo\u017een\u00e9 v Konstantinopoli ve \u010dtvrt\u00e9m stolet\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se katol\u00edci vysm\u00edvaj\u00ed jako \u201ec\u00edsaropapismus\u201c.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_16\">[16]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>To je d\u016fvod, pro\u010d Konstantin Leontiev, jeden z nejvlivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch rusk\u00fdch politick\u00fdch filozof\u016f, charakterizoval podstatu Ruska sp\u00ed\u0161e jako \u201ebyzantinismus\u201c ne\u017e jako pouh\u00e9 pravoslav\u00ed.\u00a0Rusko je d\u011bdicem byzantsk\u00e9 civilizace v jej\u00edch slo\u017eit\u00fdch politick\u00fdch a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch aspektech.\u00a0Leontiev ve sv\u00e9 knize\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Byzantinism-Slavdom-Konstantin-Leontiev\/dp\/B08LNLCLCL\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3JWFCCGQJUFB7&amp;keywords=Leontiev&amp;qid=1672311229&amp;sprefix=leontiev%2Caps%2C156&amp;sr=8-1\"><em>Byzantinism and Slovandom<\/em><\/a><em>\u00a0,<\/em>\u00a0vydan\u00e9 v roce 1875, definuje byzantinismus jako v podstat\u011b autokratick\u00fd despotismus posv\u011bcen\u00fd c\u00edrkv\u00ed: \u201ez jak\u00e9hokoli \u00fahlu zkoum\u00e1me \u017eivot a stav Velk\u00e9 Rusi, uvid\u00edme, \u017ee byzantinismus, tedy c\u00edrkev a car, a\u0165 u\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo \u010di nep\u0159\u00edmo, pronikaj\u00ed hluboko do samotn\u00e9ho podlo\u017e\u00ed na\u0161eho spole\u010densk\u00e9ho organismu.\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_17\">[17]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Tradi\u010dn\u00ed vztah Ruska k byzantismu m\u00e1 hodn\u011b spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s jej\u00edm smyslem pro posl\u00e1n\u00ed sb\u00edrat a zachr\u00e1nit d\u011bdictv\u00ed V\u00fdchodo\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e zavra\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmi brig\u00e1dami pape\u017ee pod z\u00e1minkou osvobozen\u00ed V\u00fdchodu od isl\u00e1mu, kdy\u017e fran\u0161t\u00ed k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci vyplenili Konstantinopol v r. 1205. Tuto smrtelnou r\u00e1nu, ze kter\u00e9 by se Byzanc nikdy nevzpamatovala, ji obyvatel\u00e9 Z\u00e1padu pe\u010dliv\u011b vyt\u011bsnili ze sv\u00e9 kolektivn\u00ed pam\u011bti, ale Rusov\u00e9 si ji vyryli do sv\u00e9.\u00a0Rezonovalo to s dal\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1kladn\u00edm kamenem jejich n\u00e1rodn\u00edho vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm jejich n\u00e1rodn\u00edho sv\u011btce a hrdiny Alexandra N\u011bvsk\u00e9ho proti ostatn\u00edm k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016fm v roce 1242\u00a0<em>.<\/em>Trubetzkoy poukazuje na to, \u017ee rusk\u00e1 identifikace s pravoslav\u00edm byla prohloubena a pos\u00edlena b\u011bhem pon\u00ed\u017een\u00ed tatarsk\u00e9ho jha, dokonce t\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00ed z n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 tolerance ch\u00e1n\u016f a podpory c\u00edrkve.<\/p>\n<p><em>p\u0159ipome\u0148me si, \u017ee Rusko poznalo ortodoxn\u00ed Byzanc d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed tatarsk\u00fdm jhem a \u017ee v dob\u011b jha byla vzne\u0161enost Byzance v zatm\u011bn\u00ed;\u00a0av\u0161ak z n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu to bylo b\u011bhem obdob\u00ed tatarsk\u00e9 nadvl\u00e1dy, kdy byzantsk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed ideologie, kter\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve nem\u011bly v Rusku \u017e\u00e1dnou zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u0159ita\u017elivost, zaujaly \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed m\u00edsto v rusk\u00e9m n\u00e1rodn\u00edm v\u011bdom\u00ed.\u00a0Z toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee naroubov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto ideologi\u00ed na Rusko nebylo motivov\u00e1no presti\u017e\u00ed Byzance a \u017ee byly zapot\u0159eb\u00ed pouze k tomu, aby spojily ideu st\u00e1tu, mongolsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, s pravoslav\u00edm, a t\u00edm ji u\u010dinily ruskou.\u00a0A tak se tato my\u0161lenka vst\u0159ebala, my\u0161lenka, se kterou se Rusov\u00e9 setkali v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b pot\u00e9, co byla jejich zem\u011b za\u010dlen\u011bna do mongolsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a stala se jednou z jej\u00edch provinci\u00ed.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_18\">[18]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Pro Rusy jsou zrady Z\u00e1padu od devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed pouze opakov\u00e1n\u00edm vzoru, kter\u00fd za\u010dal ve st\u0159edov\u011bku.\u00a0P\u0159esn\u011b to je argumentem filmu\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=f1CWG-2GLU4\">\u201eP\u00e1d \u0159\u00ed\u0161e: Lekce Byzance\u201c<\/a>\u00a0, odvys\u00edlan\u00e9ho na ruskou vl\u00e1dou kontrolovan\u00e9 televizn\u00ed stanici Rossiia (RTR) 31. ledna 2008. Produkoval, re\u017e\u00edroval a vypr\u00e1v\u011bl otec Tikhon \u0160evkunov, p\u0159edstaven\u00fd moskevsk\u00e9ho kl\u00e1\u0161tera Sretenskij a Putin\u016fv p\u0159\u00edtel.\u00a0Ve filmu je rozpad V\u00fdchodo\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159ipisov\u00e1n zkorumpovan\u00fdm dom\u00e1c\u00edm oligarch\u016fm a zhoubn\u00fdm \u010din\u016fm Z\u00e1padu.\u00a0P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh Byzance je v\u00fdslovn\u011b prezentov\u00e1n jako varov\u00e1n\u00ed pro sou\u010dasn\u00e9 rusk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dce: jsou nab\u00e1d\u00e1ni, aby ovl\u00e1dli oligarchy, opevnili hradby proti Z\u00e1padu nebo \u010delili zk\u00e1ze.\u00a0Jak jsem psal v an<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/a-byzantine-view-of-russia-and-europe\/\">d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek<\/a> , my ze Z\u00e1padu nev\u00edme, co je Rusko, proto\u017ee nev\u00edme, co je Byzanc.<\/p>\n<p>V polovin\u011b devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed byli ru\u0161t\u00ed vlastenci nad\u0161en\u00ed pro rusk\u00e9 posl\u00e1n\u00ed, nejen jako d\u011bdic, ale jako osvoboditel Konstantinopole.\u00a0Ji\u017e Kate\u0159ina II., c\u00edsa\u0159ovna v\u0161ech Rus\u016f od roku 1762 do sv\u00e9 smrti v roce 1796, doufala, \u017ee znovu vybuduje Byzantskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i t\u00edm, \u017ee zapoj\u00ed \u0158ecko, Thr\u00e1kii a Bulharsko, a p\u0159ed\u00e1 ji sv\u00e9mu vnukovi, p\u0159edur\u010den\u00e9mu jeho jm\u00e9nem Konstantin.<\/p>\n<p>V roce 1877 Dostojevskij sv\u00fdm \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm znovu a znovu \u0159\u00edkal: \u201eKonstantinopol mus\u00ed b\u00fdt na\u0161e.\u00a0Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee Rusko \u201ebez v\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ijalo prapor V\u00fdchodu a um\u00edstilo byzantsk\u00e9ho dvojit\u00e9ho orla nad jeho starobyl\u00fd erb\u201c, p\u0159evzala odpov\u011bdnost za osvobozen\u00ed Konstantinopole, zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho tak\u00e9 jako Cargrad:<\/p>\n<p><em>Konstantinopol mus\u00ed b\u00fdt na\u0161e, dobyt\u00e1 n\u00e1mi, Rusy, od Turk\u016f, a nav\u017edy n\u00e1m z\u016fstane.\u00a0Mus\u00ed pat\u0159it pouze n\u00e1m, a kdy\u017e ji m\u00e1me, m\u016f\u017eeme do n\u00ed samoz\u0159ejm\u011b p\u0159ijmout v\u0161echny Slovany a nav\u00edc kohokoli, koho chceme, v nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnote_19\">[19]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd rusk\u00fd pl\u00e1n na dobyt\u00ed Istanbulu dnes samoz\u0159ejm\u011b neexistuje.\u00a0Sp\u00ed\u0161e jsou podnik\u00e1ny kroky pro dlouhodob\u00fd konstruktivn\u00ed vztah mezi t\u011bmito dv\u011bma civilizacemi, zalo\u017een\u00fd na vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9m uzn\u00e1n\u00ed jejich spole\u010dn\u00e9ho byzantsk\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed.\u00a0Ve skute\u010dnosti Erdo\u011fanovo Turecko pomalu, ale jist\u011b sm\u011b\u0159uje k byzantismu, v \u0161irok\u00e9m smyslu \u00fazk\u00e9ho spojenectv\u00ed mezi st\u00e1tem a c\u00edrkv\u00ed.\u00a0A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u00cdr\u00e1n touto cestou kr\u00e1\u010d\u00ed od roku 1979. Pokud jde o\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/the-economist-explains\/2021\/06\/23\/how-did-confucianism-win-back-the-chinese-communist-party\">\u010c\u00ednu za Si \u0164in<\/a>\u00a0-pchinga, ta vkl\u00e1d\u00e1 do sv\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed ideologie po\u0159\u00e1dnou d\u00e1vku neokonfusianismu.\u00a0Vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed multipol\u00e1rn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d by se mohl st\u00e1t byzantskou mozaikou.<\/p>\n<p>Byzantinismus je v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vzorem Putinova Ruska, mohli bychom to nazvat iljinismem, ale zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee je ve skute\u010dnosti sd\u00edlen\u00fdm p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00edm v\u0161ech hlavn\u00edch rusk\u00fdch filozof\u016f posledn\u00edch dvou stolet\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b\u00a0<em>Dostojevsk\u00e9ho.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>John Schindler, b\u00fdval\u00fd profesor na US Navy War College, napsal v roce 2014 \u010dl\u00e1nek pro\u00a0<em>National Review Online<\/em>\u00a0s n\u00e1zvem\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/predicthistunpredictpast.blogspot.com\/2014\/04\/putinism-and-anti-weird-coalition.html\">\u201ePutinismus a anti-WEIRD Coalition\u201c<\/a>\u00a0(ve kter\u00e9m WEIRD znamen\u00e1 \u201ez\u00e1padn\u00ed, vzd\u011blan\u00ed, industrializovan\u00ed, bohat\u00ed a demokrati\u010dt\u00ed\u201c). \u201c):<\/p>\n<p><em>Putinismus zahrnuje velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed Iljinem inspirovan\u00e9ho pravoslav\u00ed a rusk\u00e9ho nacionalismu funguj\u00edc\u00edho ruku v ruce, co\u017e jeho zast\u00e1nci naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed\u00a0symfonie, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 jednotu st\u00e1tu a c\u00edrkve v byzantsk\u00e9m stylu, co\u017e je v p\u0159\u00edkr\u00e9m rozporu s americk\u00fdmi p\u0159edstavami o odluce c\u00edrkve od st\u00e1tu.\u00a0Rusk\u00e1 pravoslavn\u00e1 c\u00edrkev (ROC) sice nen\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed c\u00edrkv\u00ed, de iure, ale v praxi funguje jako n\u011bco bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho a m\u00e1 v\u00fdsadn\u00ed postaven\u00ed doma i v zahrani\u010d\u00ed.\u00a0Putin vysv\u011btlil \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed roli ROC prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edm, \u017ee rusk\u00fd \u201educhovn\u00ed \u0161t\u00edt\u201c \u2013 co\u017e znamen\u00e1 jej\u00ed c\u00edrkevn\u011b podlo\u017een\u00fd odpor k postmodernismu \u2013 je pro jej\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost stejn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd jako jej\u00ed jadern\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt.\u00a0Mezit\u00edm kremelsk\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed agentury tak\u00e9 ve\u0159ejn\u011b p\u0159ijaly pravoslav\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e FSB zast\u00e1v\u00e1 doktr\u00ednu \u201educhovn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti\u201c, kter\u00e1 se scvrk\u00e1v\u00e1 na ROC a \u201ezvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed slu\u017eby\u201c spolupracuj\u00edc\u00ed proti Z\u00e1padu a jeho zhoubn\u00fdm vliv\u016fm.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 Schindler, obyvatel\u00e9 Z\u00e1padu, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou zd\u011b\u0161eni Putinov\u00fdm reak\u010dn\u00edm konzervatismem, si za to mohou pouze sami.<\/p>\n<p><em>Kdy\u017e Washington, DC, pova\u017euje \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 p\u0159ehl\u00eddky gay pride za kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko pro \u201epokrok\u201c ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/mpetrelis.blogspot.com\/2011\/09\/us-embassy-in-belgrades-warning-on.html\">s plnou podporou americk\u00fdch diplomat\u016f<\/a>\u00a0, nem\u011bli bychom b\u00fdt p\u0159ekvapeni, kdy\u017e Kreml a jeho sympatizanti zasahuj\u00ed proti tomu.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1pad sv\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fdm ta\u017een\u00edm za sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed deviaci, dialekticky, \u010din\u00ed rusk\u00fd konzervatismus pro slu\u0161n\u00e9 n\u00e1rody st\u00e1le p\u0159ita\u017eliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm.\u00a0\u201eJedn\u00edm z hlavn\u00edch bod\u016f, o nich\u017e se Kreml a ROC mluv\u00ed, je to, \u017ee Rusko p\u0159edstavuje skute\u010dn\u00fd glob\u00e1ln\u00ed konsensus v takov\u00fdch z\u00e1le\u017eitostech, zat\u00edmco Z\u00e1pad je dekadentn\u00ed odlehlost.\u00a0Z\u00e1pad je rozhodn\u011b sv\u011btov\u00fdm WEIRDO a bitvu o mysl u\u017e prohr\u00e1l.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pozn\u00e1mky<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_1\">[1]<\/a>\u00a0M\u016fj p\u0159eklad z francouzsk\u00e9ho vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, Nicolas Berdiaev,\u00a0<em>De l&#8217;in\u00e9galit\u00e9,<\/em>\u00a0L&#8217;\u00c2ge d&#8217;homme, 2008, str.\u00a0132.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_2\">[2]\u00a0<\/a><em>Ivan Aleandrovi\u010d Iljin,\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Resistance-Evil-Force-Ivan-Ilyin\/dp\/1726472043\"><em>O odporu proti zlu silou<\/em><\/a><em>\u00a0,\u00a0Taxiarch Press, 2018\u00a0,\u00a0s. 1, 3.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_3\">[3]\u00a0<\/a><em>K. Benois, \u201eO autorovi\u201c, v Ivan Aleandrovi\u010d Iljin,\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Resistance-Evil-Force-Ivan-Ilyin\/dp\/1726472043\"><em>O odporu proti zlu silou<\/em><\/a><em>\u00a0,\u00a0Taxiarch Press, 2018\u00a0,\u00a0s.\u00a0vi.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_4\">[4]<\/a>\u00a0Citov\u00e1no od Antona Barbashina, \u201eIvan Ilyin: A Fashionable Fascist\u201c, 20. dubna 2018 na\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/h\">https:\/\/ridl.io\/ivan-ilyin-a-fashionable-fascist\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_5\">[5]<\/a>\u00a0Citov\u00e1no v\u00a0<em>Michel Eltchaninoff,\u00a0Dans la t\u00eate de Vladimir Poutine,\u00a0Actes Sud, 2022, s. 52-53.\u00a0Pou\u017eil jsem p\u0159eklad z\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thepostil.com\/the-philosophical-sources-of-putins-thinking\/\">www.thepostil.com\/the-philosophical-sources-of-putins-thinking\/<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_6\">[6]<\/a>\u00a0Citov\u00e1no \u00c9tiennem de Floirac v \u201eThe Philosophical Sources of Putin&#8217;s Thinking\u201c, 1. kv\u011btna 2022, na\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thepostil.com\/the-philosophical-sources-of-putins-thinking\/\">www.thepostil.com\/the-philosophical-sources-of-putins-thinking\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_7\">[7]\u00a0<\/a><em>Fjodor Dostojevskij,\u00a0Den\u00edk\u00a0spisovatele,\u00a0p\u0159el.\u00a0Boris Brasol, Synov\u00e9 Charlese Scribnera, 1919, str.\u00a01045.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_8\">[8]<\/a>\u00a0Stephen M. Woodburn, \u201e\u00davod p\u0159ekladatele\u201c, v Nicolai Iakovlevich Danilevskii,\u00a0<em>Russia and Europe: The Slavic World&#8217;s Political and Cultural Relations with the Germanic-Roman West,<\/em>\u00a0Slavica Publishers, 2013, str.\u00a0xix.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_9\">[9]\u00a0<\/a><em>Tamt\u00e9\u017e.\u00a0<\/em>, str.\u00a0xx.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_10\">[10]<\/a>\u00a0Citov\u00e1no \u00c9tiennem de Floirac v \u201eThe Philosophical Sources of Putin&#8217;s Thinking\u201c, 1. kv\u011btna 2022, na\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thepostil.com\/the-philosophical-sources-of-putins-thinking\/\">www.thepostil.com\/the-philosophical-sources-of-putins-thinking\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_11\">[11]\u00a0<\/a><strong>JL Black,\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/h\"><em>Rusko \u010del\u00ed roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed NATO: n\u00e9st dary nebo zbran\u011b?\u00a0<\/em><\/a><em>Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers, 2000, s.\u00a05 (p\u0159ezkoum\u00e1no zde:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/networks.h-net.org\/node\/10000\/reviews\/10225\/granville-black-russia-faces-nato-expansion-bearing-gifts-or-bearing)\">https:\/\/networks.h-net.org\/node\/10000\/reviews\/10225\/granville-black-russia-faces-nato-expansion-bearing-gifts-or-bearing)<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_12\">[12]\u00a0<\/a><em>Nikolaj Sergejevi\u010d Trubetzkoy,\u00a0D\u011bdictv\u00ed \u010cingisch\u00e1na a dal\u0161\u00ed eseje o identit\u011b Ruska,\u00a0Michigan Slavic Publications, 1991,<\/em>\u00a0s.\u00a096.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_13\">[13]\u00a0<\/a><em>Nikolaj Sergejevi\u010d Trubetzkoy,\u00a0D\u011bdictv\u00ed \u010cingisch\u00e1na a jin\u00e9 eseje o identit\u011b Ruska,\u00a0Michigan Slavic Publications, 1991,<\/em>\u00a0str. 177, 181.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_14\">[14]\u00a0<\/a><em>Mark Galeotti, \u201e\u00a0Putinovo imp\u00e9rium mysli.\u00a0<\/em>Jak se rusk\u00fd prezident prom\u011bnil z realisty v ideologa \u2013 a co bude d\u011blat d\u00e1l,\u201c 21. dubna 2014, na\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2014\/04\/21\/putins-empire-of-the-mind\/\">Foreignpolicy.com\/2014\/04\/21\/putins-empire-of-the-mind\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/subscribe\/?domain=article\">P\u0159ihlaste se k odb\u011bru nov\u00fdch sloupc\u016f<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_15\">[15]<\/a>\u00a0P\u0159elo\u017eeno z Alexe\u00ef Khomiakov,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/LEglise-latine-Protestantisme-lEglise-dOrient\/dp\/2888920018\/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_fr_FR=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&amp;crid=8OK3UPKH66P1&amp;keywords=L%E2%80%99%C3%89glise+latine+et+le+protestantisme+au+point+de+vue+de+l%27%C3%89glise+d%27Orient&amp;qid=1671887334&amp;sprefix=l+%C3%A9glise+latine+et+le+protestantisme+au+point+de+vue+de+l%27%C3%A9glise+d%27orient%2Caps%2C72&amp;sr=8-1\"><em>L&#8217;\u00c9glise latine et le protestantisme au point de vue de l&#8217;\u00c9glise d&#8217;Orient<\/em><\/a><em>\u00a0,\u00a0Lausanne, 1872, s.\u00a038.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_16\">[16]<\/a>\u00a0Henri-Xavier Arquilli\u00e8re,\u00a0<em>L&#8217;Augustinisme politique.\u00a0Essai sur la Formation des th\u00e9ories politiques du Moyen-\u00c2ge,<\/em>\u00a0Librairie philosophique J. Vrin, 1972.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_17\">[17]<\/a>\u00a0Konstantin Leontiev,\u00a0<em>Byzantinismus a slovanstv\u00ed,<\/em>\u00a0Taxiarch Press, 2020, s.\u00a033.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_18\">[18]\u00a0<\/a><em>Nikolaj Sergejevi\u010d Trubetzkoy,\u00a0D\u011bdictv\u00ed \u010cingisch\u00e1na a dal\u0161\u00ed eseje o identit\u011b Ruska,\u00a0Michigan Slavic Publications, 1991,<\/em>\u00a0s.\u00a0181.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unz.com\/article\/russias-neo-byzantinism\/#footnoteref_19\">[19]\u00a0<\/a><em>Fjodor Dostojevskij,\u00a0Den\u00edk\u00a0spisovatele,\u00a0p\u0159el.\u00a0Boris Brasol, Synov\u00e9 Charlese Scribnera, 1919, s. 629, 904.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-19187 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1-PRO-300x36.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1292\" height=\"155\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1-PRO-300x36.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1-PRO.jpg 699w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1292px) 100vw, 1292px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V rusk\u00e9 obran\u011b tradi\u010dn\u00edch a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch hodnot je n\u011bco neodolateln\u011b p\u0159ita\u017eliv\u00e9ho (co by se dalo&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":20758,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,4193,1131,102,22],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20757"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20757"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20757\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20759,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20757\/revisions\/20759"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20758"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20757"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20757"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20757"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}