{"id":20114,"date":"2022-12-23T01:01:52","date_gmt":"2022-12-23T00:01:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=20114"},"modified":"2022-12-22T17:38:11","modified_gmt":"2022-12-22T16:38:11","slug":"sankce-proti-rusku-dosahly-svych-limitu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2022\/12\/23\/sankce-proti-rusku-dosahly-svych-limitu\/","title":{"rendered":"Sankce proti Rusku: dos\u00e1hly sv\u00fdch limit\u016f?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Rusko je ji\u017e n\u011bkolik let ter\u010dem z\u00e1padn\u00edch sankc\u00ed.\u00a0Hlavn\u00ed f\u00e1ze eskalace souvisely s ud\u00e1lostmi roku 2014 a p\u0159ijet\u00edm z\u00e1kona Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act z roku 2017, nejambici\u00f3zn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho z\u00e1kona o sankc\u00edch.\u00a0P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dala omezuj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se Ukrajiny, kybernetick\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti, lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, korupce a politiky Ruska na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b.\u00a0Z\u00e1kon nav\u00edc umo\u017enil ukl\u00e1dat sektorov\u00e9 sankce spole\u010dnostem v t\u011b\u017eebn\u00edm, kovod\u011bln\u00e9m a \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edm sektoru.<\/span><\/p>\n

Obdob\u00ed let 2019-2020 je spojeno s kvalitativn\u00edm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm sankc\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 unie proti Rusku.\u00a0B\u011bhem tohoto obdob\u00ed EU vytvo\u0159ila nov\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed mechanismy pro uvalov\u00e1n\u00ed omezuj\u00edc\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed a jejich uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u016f\u010di rusk\u00fdm jednotlivc\u016fm a subjekt\u016fm.\u00a0To nazna\u010dovalo zm\u011bnu v p\u0159\u00edstupu k sank\u010dn\u00ed politice EU ve prosp\u011bch u\u017e\u0161\u00ed konsolidace a koordinace sank\u010dn\u00edho tlaku mezi Washingtonem a Bruselem.\u00a0Z\u00e1padn\u00ed zem\u011b se v\u0161ak tehdy zdr\u017eely uvalov\u00e1n\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch nebo drakonick\u00fdch sankc\u00ed.\u00a0Na konci roku 2020 bylo Rusko v po\u010dtu sankc\u00ed uvalen\u00fdch na zemi a\u017e na konci prvn\u00ed trojky, p\u0159ekonaly ho \u00cdr\u00e1n a \u010c\u00edna.<\/span><\/p>\n

V roce 2022 v\u0161ak byla proti Rusku zavedena omezuj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed v bezprecedentn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku, a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm koalic\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f: Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, Evropsk\u00e9 unie, Brit\u00e1nie, \u0160v\u00fdcarska, Kanady, Japonska a Austr\u00e1lie.\u00a0Koordinuj\u00ed svou sank\u010dn\u00ed politiku a zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed podobn\u00e1, ale ne v\u017edy stejn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed.\u00a0N\u011bkter\u00e9 ze zem\u00ed jsou p\u0159ed sv\u00fdmi partnery v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch omezen\u00edch \u2013 zejm\u00e9na v z\u00e1kazu dovozu rusk\u00e9ho plynu.\u00a0EU, \u0160v\u00fdcarsko a Japonsko se zat\u00edm tohoto opat\u0159en\u00ed zdr\u017eely, zat\u00edmco Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty zcela zak\u00e1zaly dovoz v\u0161ech paliv z Ruska.<\/span><\/p>\n

Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee v\u0161ichni inici\u00e1to\u0159i restriktivn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u016f\u010di Moskv\u011b v uplynul\u00e9m roce v\u00fdrazn\u011b zp\u0159\u00edsnili sv\u00e9 sank\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy.\u00a0Z\u00e1padn\u00ed sankce se zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na finan\u010dn\u00ed sektor, sektor dopravy, energetiku, t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed pr\u016fmysl a vojensko-pr\u016fmyslov\u00fd komplex.\u00a0Ministerstvo financ\u00ed USA krom\u011b jin\u00fdch omezen\u00ed vydalo sm\u011brnice zakazuj\u00edc\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 transakce s Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed bankou Ruska, Fondem n\u00e1rodn\u00edho blahobytu Rusk\u00e9 federace a Ministerstvem financ\u00ed Rusk\u00e9 federace \u2013 v\u010detn\u011b p\u0159evod\u016f aktiv a transakc\u00ed v ciz\u00ed m\u011bn\u011b, jako\u017e i \u00fa\u010dast na sekund\u00e1rn\u00edm trhu jimi vyd\u00e1van\u00fdch rublov\u00fdch a nerublov\u00fdch dluhopis\u016f.\u00a0Podobn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed zavedla i EU.\u00a0Mnoho velk\u00fdch rusk\u00fdch bank bylo zasa\u017eeno sankcemi, kter\u00e9 je blokuj\u00ed.\u00a0Z\u00e1kaz znamen\u00e1, \u017ee osoby na \u00fazem\u00ed zem\u011b, kter\u00e1 sankce ulo\u017eila, nesm\u011bj\u00ed s t\u011bmito bankami prov\u00e1d\u011bt finan\u010dn\u00ed transakce.\u00a0Rozhodnut\u00edm Evropsk\u00e9 unie byly n\u011bkter\u00e9 rusk\u00e9 banky (Sberbank, Moscow Credit Bank atd.) odd\u011bleny od SWIFT.<\/span><\/p>\n

Na \u00farovni G7 bylo rozhodnuto o zaveden\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00edch cen rusk\u00e9 ropy a ropn\u00fdch produkt\u016f omezuj\u00edc\u00edch poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed slu\u017eeb n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed dopravy v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u00e1kupu za vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed cenu.\u00a0Rusk\u00fdm letadl\u016fm byl odep\u0159en p\u0159\u00edstup do vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho prostoru \u0159ady zem\u00ed a n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edm plavidl\u016fm byl odep\u0159en p\u0159\u00edstup do p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f a \u200b\u200bplavebn\u00edch komor.\u00a0Z\u00e1kazy se dotkly i n\u00e1kladn\u00ed silni\u010dn\u00ed dopravy.\u00a0Rusk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da p\u0159ijala symetrick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u016f\u010di spole\u010dnostem ze zem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di Rusku zavedly dopravn\u00ed omezen\u00ed, a zak\u00e1zala jim provozovat silni\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159epravu zbo\u017e\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed Rusk\u00e9 federace.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zm\u00ednit, \u017ee z\u00e1padn\u00ed zem\u011b tak\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161ily tlak na Rusko prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm exportn\u011b-importn\u00edch omezen\u00ed.\u00a0Dovozn\u00ed omezen\u00ed jsou aktivn\u011b uplat\u0148ov\u00e1na na \u0159adu zbo\u017e\u00ed z Ruska, v\u010detn\u011b ropy, uhl\u00ed a \u017eelezn\u00fdch kov\u016f.\u00a0Existuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 kontroly v\u00fdvozu zbo\u017e\u00ed a technologi\u00ed dvoj\u00edho u\u017eit\u00ed a tak\u00e9 \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1ly pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho zbo\u017e\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed, ledni\u010dek, motor\u016f ur\u010dit\u00fdch typ\u016f atd. Zp\u0159\u00edsnila se tak\u00e9 v\u00fdvozn\u00ed omezen\u00ed pro rusk\u00fd energetick\u00fd sektor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Washington nav\u00edc proti Moskv\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pravidlo FDP, kter\u00e9 upravuje v\u00fdvoz a reexport zbo\u017e\u00ed vyroben\u00e9ho ve t\u0159et\u00edch zem\u00edch za pou\u017eit\u00ed americk\u00fdch technologi\u00ed, softwaru a komponent\u016f do Ruska.\u00a0Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pravidlo FDP nejen v\u016f\u010di Rusku, ale i v\u016f\u010di \u010c\u00edn\u011b k omezen\u00ed sv\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch a vojensk\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee omezuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k americk\u00fdm technologi\u00edm, jako\u017e i k dal\u0161\u00edmu zbo\u017e\u00ed, sou\u010d\u00e1stem a softwaru vyroben\u00e9mu na jeho z\u00e1klad\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Inici\u00e1to\u0159i sankc\u00ed tak vyu\u017eili t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ech existuj\u00edc\u00edch typ\u016f omezen\u00ed: blokov\u00e1n\u00ed, sektorov\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, kontroly v\u00fdvozu, z\u00e1kazy dovozu, v\u00edzov\u00e1 a p\u0159epravn\u00ed omezen\u00ed.\u00a0Mo\u017enosti zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00ed sankc\u00ed v\u0161ak je\u0161t\u011b nejsou vy\u010derp\u00e1ny.\u00a0Zejm\u00e9na \u0159ada zem\u00ed se dosud nep\u0159ipojila k \u00fapln\u00e9mu embargu na ruskou energetiku.\u00a0Mo\u017enosti prodlu\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed sankc\u00ed jsou v\u0161ak do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry omezeny ji\u017e zaveden\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi \u2013 pokud jde o kvalitativn\u00ed charakteristiky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Inici\u00e1torsk\u00e9 zem\u011b v\u0161ak maj\u00ed mo\u017enost sankce kvantitativn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm dal\u0161\u00edch fyzick\u00fdch a pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob na sank\u010dn\u00ed seznamy a p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm nov\u00e9ho zbo\u017e\u00ed na seznamy zbo\u017e\u00ed zak\u00e1zan\u00e9ho pro v\u00fdvoz nebo dovoz.\u00a0Jin\u00fdmi slovy, m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ji\u017e platn\u00fdch omezen\u00ed.\u00a0Je p\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e9, \u017ee Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed v \u010dervencov\u00fdch \u00faprav\u00e1ch sv\u00fdch sank\u010dn\u00edch pravidel objasnilo pojem \u201enejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed\u201c osob napojen\u00fdch na ruskou vl\u00e1du, na kter\u00e9 se mohou vztahovat omezuj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed je vyu\u017eit\u00ed sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch sankc\u00ed a donucovac\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f.\u00a0Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty maj\u00ed dob\u0159e propracovan\u00fd mechanismus uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed donucovac\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed a aktivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed n\u00e1stroj pokut.\u00a0Vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f k objasn\u011bn\u00ed poru\u0161en\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee trvat n\u011bkolik let.\u00a0V dubnu tohoto roku ud\u011blilo americk\u00e9 ministerstvo financ\u00ed pokutu americk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti S&P Global, Inc. za poru\u0161en\u00ed sektorov\u00fdch sankc\u00ed v\u016f\u010di Rusku v roce 2016. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b prob\u00edh\u00e1 ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech n\u011bkolik trestn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f za poru\u0161en\u00ed sank\u010dn\u00edho re\u017eimu v\u016f\u010di Rusku, zejm\u00e9na za dod\u00e1vky technologi\u00ed dvoj\u00edho u\u017eit\u00ed do Ruska a za pokus o v\u00fdvoz brusky do Ruska.\u00a0Americk\u00e9 ministerstvo obchodu uvalilo na \u0159adu leteck\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed do\u010dasn\u00e9 odm\u00edtnut\u00ed (TDO) za provozov\u00e1n\u00ed americk\u00fdch letadel bez licence.\u00a0TDO zakazuje ve\u0161ker\u00fd export nebo reexport (p\u0159es t\u0159et\u00ed zem\u011b) ze Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f ve prosp\u011bch spole\u010dnost\u00ed, na kter\u00e9 se vztahuje.<\/span><\/p>\n

EU a Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed jsou tak\u00e9 v procesu zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch instituc\u00ed a postup\u016f.\u00a0V tomto ohledu je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee letos v \u0159\u00edjnu Evropsk\u00e1 unie zm\u011bnila krit\u00e9ria pro uvalov\u00e1n\u00ed omezen\u00ed a vytvo\u0159ila mechanismus sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch sankc\u00ed.\u00a0Precedensem pro jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed byly bloka\u010dn\u00ed sankce uvalen\u00e9 na \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobce dron\u016f Shahed Aviation Industries a n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00e9 jednotlivce v souvislosti s jejich \u00fadajn\u00fdmi dod\u00e1vkami bezpilotn\u00edch letoun\u016f (UAV) do Ruska.\u00a0Je pozoruhodn\u00e9, \u017ee Evropsk\u00e1 unie ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve kritizovala Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty za pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch sankc\u00ed a donucovac\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed.\u00a0Brusel se proti tomu dokonce pokusil zakro\u010dit<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1padn\u00ed zem\u011b proto budou pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pokra\u010dovat v sank\u010dn\u00edm tlaku na Rusko.\u00a0Americk\u00e9 sankce jsou ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s re\u017eimy jin\u00fdch inici\u00e1tor\u016f kone\u010dn\u00e9.\u00a0Rozvoj mechanism\u016f pro pou\u017eit\u00ed sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch a donucovac\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed ze strany EU pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nebude m\u00edt v\u00fdznamn\u00fd dopad v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, kdy jsou zahrani\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti ji\u017e nyn\u00ed n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 k nadm\u011brn\u00e9mu dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed sankc\u00ed.\u00a0Ve skute\u010dnosti rusk\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee i p\u0159es ekonomick\u00e9 \u0161kody a ur\u010ditou nerovnov\u00e1hu je mo\u017en\u00e9 se p\u0159izp\u016fsobit rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdm sankc\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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ZDROJ<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Rusko je ji\u017e n\u011bkolik let ter\u010dem z\u00e1padn\u00edch sankc\u00ed.\u00a0Hlavn\u00ed f\u00e1ze eskalace souvisely s ud\u00e1lostmi roku 2014…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9821,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[41,22,125,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20114"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20114"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20114\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9821"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20114"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20114"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20114"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}