{"id":19678,"date":"2022-12-14T07:57:41","date_gmt":"2022-12-14T06:57:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=19678"},"modified":"2022-12-14T07:57:41","modified_gmt":"2022-12-14T06:57:41","slug":"digitalni-mena-fed-smeruje-k-monetarni-totalite-mmf-planuje-zridit-pix-fednow-pro-cbdc-po-celem-svete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2022\/12\/14\/digitalni-mena-fed-smeruje-k-monetarni-totalite-mmf-planuje-zridit-pix-fednow-pro-cbdc-po-celem-svete\/","title":{"rendered":"Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bna: Fed sm\u011b\u0159uje k monet\u00e1rn\u00ed totalit\u011b \u2013 MMF pl\u00e1nuje z\u0159\u00eddit PIX\/FedNow pro CBDC po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed rezervn\u00ed syst\u00e9m zas\u00e9v\u00e1 semena sv\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bny centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky (CBDC).\u00a0M\u016f\u017ee se zd\u00e1t, \u017ee \u00fa\u010delem CBDC je usnadnit transakce a povzbudit ekonomickou aktivitu, ale CBDC jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vl\u00e1dn\u00ed kontrole nad jednotlivci.\u00a0Pokud by byl zaveden CBDC, centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka by m\u011bla p\u0159\u00edstup ke v\u0161em transakc\u00edm a mohla by zmrazit \u00fa\u010dty.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u016f\u017ee se to zd\u00e1t dystopick\u00e9 \u2013 n\u011bco, co by ud\u011blaly pouze totalitn\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u2013 ale v Kanad\u011b a Braz\u00edlii do\u0161lo v ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 dob\u011b ke zmrazen\u00ed majetku.\u00a0D\u00e1le by CBDC dalo vl\u00e1d\u011b pravomoc ur\u010dovat, kolik m\u016f\u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk utratit, stanovit data vypr\u0161en\u00ed platnosti vklad\u016f a dokonce penalizovat lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed \u0161et\u0159\u00ed pen\u00edze.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e1lka s hotovost\u00ed je tak\u00e9 d\u016fvodem, pro\u010d vl\u00e1dy cht\u011bj\u00ed p\u0159ijmout CBDC.\u00a0Konec hotovosti by znamenal m\u00e9n\u011b soukrom\u00ed pro jednotlivce a centr\u00e1ln\u00edm bank\u00e1m by usnadnil udr\u017eovat m\u011bnovou politiku z\u00e1porn\u00fdch \u00farokov\u00fdch sazeb (proto\u017ee jednotlivci by ji\u017e nemohli vyb\u00edrat pen\u00edze z komer\u010dn\u00edch bank, aby se vyhnuli ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m).<\/span><\/p>\n

Jakmile bude CBDC zavedeno, vklad by ji\u017e nebyl z\u00e1vazkem komer\u010dn\u00ed banky, ale z\u00e1vazkem centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky.<\/span><\/p>\n

V roce 2020 \u010c\u00edna zah\u00e1jila pilotn\u00ed program pro digit\u00e1ln\u00ed j\u00fcan.\u00a0Jak poznamenal Seeking Alpha, \u010c\u00edna chce zav\u00e9st CBDC, proto\u017ee \u201eposkytne [vl\u00e1d\u011b] pozoruhodn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed informac\u00ed o tom, za co spot\u0159ebitel\u00e9 utr\u00e1cej\u00ed sv\u00e9 pen\u00edze\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

S CBDC by vl\u00e1da mohla snadno sledovat digit\u00e1ln\u00ed platby.\u00a0Bloomberg v \u010dl\u00e1nku zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e9m sou\u010dasn\u011b se zah\u00e1jen\u00edm pilotn\u00edho programu digit\u00e1ln\u00edho j\u00fcanu napsal, \u017ee digit\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bna \u201eposkytuje \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159ad\u016fm \u00farove\u0148 kontroly, kterou by hotovost nikdy nebyla schopna poskytnout\u201c.\u00a0CBDC by mohlo \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b umo\u017enit podrobn\u011bji sledovat n\u00e1kupy uskute\u010dn\u011bn\u00e9 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm mobiln\u00edch aplikac\u00ed (kter\u00e9 v roce 2020 p\u0159edstavovaly asi 16 procent hrub\u00e9ho dom\u00e1c\u00edho produktu zem\u011b).\u00a0Bloomberg popisuje, jakou kontrolu m\u016f\u017ee CBDC poskytnout \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159ad\u016fm:<\/span><\/p>\n

PBOC [\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 banka] tak\u00e9 uvedla, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee omezit velikost n\u011bkter\u00fdch transakc\u00ed nebo dokonce vy\u017eadovat p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 ozn\u00e1men\u00ed u velk\u00fdch transakc\u00ed.\u00a0N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed pozorovatel\u00e9 si kladou ot\u00e1zku, zda by platby nemohly souviset s nov\u011b se rod\u00edc\u00edm syst\u00e9mem soci\u00e1ln\u00edch kredit\u016f, kter\u00fd by ob\u010dany s p\u0159\u00edkladn\u00fdm chov\u00e1n\u00edm \u201eza\u0159adil na seznam povolen\u00fdch\u201c, zat\u00edmco ob\u010dan\u00e9 s krimin\u00e1ln\u00edm nebo jin\u00fdm pochyben\u00edm by byli vynech\u00e1ni.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Podrobnosti o syst\u00e9mu soci\u00e1ln\u00edch kredit\u016f v \u010c\u00edn\u011b z\u00edsk\u00e1te kliknut\u00edm\u00a0<\/span>sem<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da vede v\u00e1lku s hotovost\u00ed.\u00a0A nen\u00ed sama.\u00a0V roce 2017 zve\u0159ejnil Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00fd fond (MMF) dokument, ve kter\u00e9m p\u0159edlo\u017eil vl\u00e1d\u00e1m n\u00e1vrhy na p\u0159echod k bezhotovostn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti \u2013 a to i proti siln\u00e9mu odporu ve\u0159ejnosti.\u00a0Vl\u00e1dy a centr\u00e1ln\u00ed bank\u00e9\u0159i tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159echod na bezhotovostn\u00ed spole\u010dnost pom\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edch\u00e1zet kriminalit\u011b a zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed pohodl\u00ed lid\u00ed.\u00a0Ale skute\u010dnou motivac\u00ed v\u00e1lky s hotovost\u00ed je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vl\u00e1dn\u00ed kontrola nad jednotlivci.<\/span><\/p>\n

A USA se chystaj\u00ed zalo\u017eit vlastn\u00ed CBDC (nebo n\u011bco podobn\u00e9ho).\u00a0Prvn\u00ed krok byl u\u010din\u011bn v srpnu, kdy Fed ozn\u00e1mil FedNow.\u00a0FedNow bude syst\u00e9m okam\u017eit\u00fdch plateb a jeho spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je napl\u00e1nov\u00e1no na obdob\u00ed od kv\u011btna do \u010dervence 2023.<\/span><\/p>\n

FedNow je prakticky toto\u017en\u00fd s brazilsk\u00fdm PIXem.\u00a0PIX byl spu\u0161t\u011bn brazilskou centr\u00e1ln\u00ed bankou (BCB) v listopadu 2020.\u00a0Jedn\u00e1 se o pohodln\u00fd syst\u00e9m okam\u017eit\u00fdch plateb (pomoc\u00ed mobiln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed) bez poplatk\u016f za pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a s pov\u011bst\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rok po jeho spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bylo u PIX zaregistrov\u00e1no ji\u017e 112 milion\u016f lid\u00ed, n\u011bco m\u00e1lo p\u0159es polovinu brazilsk\u00e9 populace.\u00a0Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b existuj\u00ed i \u200b\u200bpodvody ohledn\u011b PIX, ale v\u011bt\u0161inou se jedn\u00e1 o podvody soci\u00e1ln\u00edho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed (viz\u00a0<\/span>zde<\/span><\/a>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>zde<\/span><\/a>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>zde<\/span><\/a>\u00a0) a ne o syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 chyby, tj. jsou to podvody, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed neznalosti technologie PIX ve\u0159ejnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u011bjte na pam\u011bti, \u017ee PIX nen\u00ed brazilsk\u00e9 CBDC.\u00a0Je to jen platebn\u00ed syst\u00e9m.\u00a0BCB m\u00e1 v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edstup k transakc\u00edm uskute\u010dn\u011bn\u00fdm prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm PIX;\u00a0proto lze PIX pova\u017eovat za j\u00e1dro brazilsk\u00e9ho CBDC.\u00a0To u\u017e je z\u00e1sah do brazilsk\u00e9ho soukrom\u00ed.\u00a0A FedNow bude n\u00e1sledovat.<\/span><\/p>\n

Krom\u011b toho newyorsk\u00fd Fed ned\u00e1vno zah\u00e1jil 12t\u00fddenn\u00ed pilotn\u00ed program s n\u011bkolika komer\u010dn\u00edmi bankami, aby otestoval proveditelnost CBDC v USA.\u00a0Program vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed tokeny p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00ed bankovn\u00ed vklady.\u00a0Instituty zapojen\u00e9 do programu provedou simulovan\u00e9 transakce pro testov\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9mu.\u00a0Pilotn\u00ed program podle agentury Reuters otestuje, jak mohou banky vyu\u017e\u00edvat digit\u00e1ln\u00ed dolarov\u00e9 tokeny ve spole\u010dn\u00e9 datab\u00e1zi k urychlen\u00ed platebn\u00edch transakc\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mezi banky \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edc\u00ed se pilotn\u00edho programu pat\u0159\u00ed BNY Mellon, Citi, HSBC, Mastercard, PNC Bank, TD Bank, Truist, US Bank a Wells Fargo.\u00a0Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed slu\u017eba pro zas\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch zpr\u00e1v SWIFT se tak\u00e9 pod\u00edl\u00ed na podpo\u0159e interoperability v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm finan\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu.\u00a0(Toto\u00a0<\/span>video<\/span><\/a>\u00a0podrobn\u011bji vysv\u011btluje pilotn\u00ed program a jak funguje americk\u00e9 CBDC).<\/span><\/p>\n

MMF tak\u00e9 zva\u017euje zp\u016fsob, jak propojit r\u016fzn\u00e9 CBDC pod jeden syst\u00e9m.\u00a0Jin\u00fdmi slovy, MMF pl\u00e1nuje z\u0159\u00eddit PIX\/FedNow pro CBDC po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b:<\/span><\/p>\n

To by se mohlo zm\u011bnit, pokud budou pen\u00edze tokenizov\u00e1ny, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee jsou p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 komukoli se spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm soukrom\u00fdm kl\u00ed\u010dem a p\u0159enositeln\u00e9 na kohokoli s p\u0159\u00edstupem do stejn\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b.\u00a0P\u0159\u00edkladem tokenizovan\u00fdch pen\u011bz jsou takzvan\u00e9 stablecoiny, jako je USD Coin a digit\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bny centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ijet\u00ed brazilsk\u00e9ho PIX ukazuje, \u017ee FedNow bude pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n kv\u016fli jeho pohodl\u00ed.\u00a0Tento pozitivn\u00ed ekonomick\u00fd a technologick\u00fd prvek by v\u0161ak nem\u011bl zast\u00ednit v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kontrolu, kterou centr\u00e1ln\u00edm bank\u00e1m poskytnou sch\u00e9mata okam\u017eit\u00fdch plateb.\u00a0BCB m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edstup ke v\u0161em transakc\u00edm proveden\u00fdm Brazilci prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm PIX a to by se jen zhor\u0161ilo, kdyby byl zaveden CBDC.<\/span><\/p>\n

S CBDC by pro vl\u00e1du bylo snaz\u0161\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bt akomodativn\u00ed m\u011bnovou politiku (vedouc\u00ed k nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 alokaci zdroj\u016f a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch cykl\u016f) a vykon\u00e1vat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kontrolu nad financemi ob\u010dan\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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ZDROJ<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed rezervn\u00ed syst\u00e9m zas\u00e9v\u00e1 semena sv\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bny centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky (CBDC).\u00a0M\u016f\u017ee se zd\u00e1t, \u017ee \u00fa\u010delem…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":19679,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[4017,426,1504,48],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19678"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19678"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19678\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19679"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19678"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19678"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19678"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}