{"id":18304,"date":"2022-11-17T01:03:16","date_gmt":"2022-11-17T00:03:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=18304"},"modified":"2022-11-16T17:00:39","modified_gmt":"2022-11-16T16:00:39","slug":"tajne-valky-americkeho-imperia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2022\/11\/17\/tajne-valky-americkeho-imperia\/","title":{"rendered":"Tajn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky americk\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Aby se imperi\u00e1ln\u00ed mocnosti dostaly tam, kde jsou, klamou, skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed a p\u0159ekrucuj\u00ed.\u00a0Americk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium, ta nejd\u011bsiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ze zl\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed, se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, \u010dasto ani\u017e by o tom jeho vlastn\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bli.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b Brennan Center of Justice na New York University School of Law nazvan\u00e9 Tajn\u00e1 v\u00e1lka: Jak USA pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed partnerstv\u00ed a z\u00e1stupn\u00e9 s\u00edly k veden\u00ed v\u00e1lky pod v\u00e1lkou s radary) je m\u00e1lo \u010deho \u0161okovat a hodn\u011b se b\u00e1t.\u00a0Autor zpr\u00e1vy tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee seznam zem\u00ed Pentagonu, se kter\u00fdmi maj\u00ed USA vojensk\u00e1 partnerstv\u00ed, je v\u00fdrazn\u011b omezen.\u00a0Seznam je tak \u0161patn\u00fd, \u017ee 17 zem\u00ed bylo vynech\u00e1no.<\/span><\/p>\n

Katherine Yon Ebright, konzultantka z Brennan Center’s Liberty and National Security Programme, odhaluje okouzluj\u00edc\u00ed naivitu, kdy\u017e poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee \u201e\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed tajn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky je relativn\u011b ned\u00e1vn\u00fd fenom\u00e9n\u201c, kter\u00fd pova\u017euje za \u201enedemokratick\u00fd a nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd\u201c.\u00a0V posledn\u00edch dvou bodech m\u00e1 jist\u011b pravdu, ale v novince se jednozna\u010dn\u011b m\u00fdl\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Od sv\u00e9ho vzniku se Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty sna\u017eily prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm n\u00e1kupu, spiknut\u00ed a s\u00edly zbran\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it svou moc a vybudovat imp\u00e9rium, ani\u017e by to vyhl\u00e1sily.\u00a0S t\u00edm p\u0159i\u0161la pot\u0159eba v\u00e9st tajnou v\u00e1lku.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nez\u00e1konn\u00e1, tajn\u00e1 operace americk\u00fdch sil v Laosu byla jedn\u00edm z nejbrut\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f tajn\u00e9ho konfliktu, kter\u00e9ho si mnoho politik\u016f doma nev\u0161imlo.\u00a0Bylo to, jak napov\u00edd\u00e1 ponur\u00fd n\u00e1zev knihy Joshuy Kurlantzicka na toto t\u00e9ma, skv\u011bl\u00e9 m\u00edsto pro v\u00e1lku.<\/span><\/p>\n

Za\u010dalo to, kdy\u017e org\u00e1n \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed zpravodajsk\u00e9 slu\u017eby vycvi\u010dil a vyzbrojil p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edky etnick\u00e9 men\u0161iny Hmong\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se asi o 14 let pozd\u011bji z\u00fa\u010dastnili velk\u00fdch poty\u010dek s komunistick\u00fdmi spojenci Severn\u00edho Vietnamu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento v\u00fdvoj byl doprov\u00e1zen leteckou kampan\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9 USA shodily v\u00edce bomb ne\u017e jejich letectvo za celou druhou sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lku.\u00a0Mezi lety 1964 a 1973 bylo p\u0159i v\u00edce ne\u017e 580 000 bombov\u00fdch n\u00e1letech svr\u017eeno v\u00edce ne\u017e 2,5 milionu tun munice.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ameri\u010dt\u00ed z\u00e1konod\u00e1rci maj\u00ed tendenci vyjad\u0159ovat p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed nad t\u00edm, \u017ee se americk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 s\u00edly z\u00e1hadn\u011b objevuj\u00ed v zem\u00edch, kter\u00e9 jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed najdou na map\u011b.\u00a0Ale okolnosti byly z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti vytvo\u0159eny s jej\u00edm vlastn\u00edm souhlasem.\u00a0Opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed k takov\u00fdm operac\u00edm spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 na \u0159ad\u011b n\u00e1stroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily od 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2001: americk\u00e9 org\u00e1ny hlavy 10, povolen\u00ed z roku 2001 k pou\u017eit\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 s\u00edly (AUMF), ozn\u00e1men\u00ed o nasazen\u00ed podle usnesen\u00ed o v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch mocnostech a p\u0159epracovan\u00e1 my\u0161lenka o pr\u00e1vu na sebeobranu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Za zm\u00ednku stoj\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la program\u016f \u201ebezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce\u201c schv\u00e1len\u00fdch Kongresem v r\u00e1mci AUMF proti konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm teroristick\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m.\u00a0Ustanoven\u00ed, kodifikovan\u00e9 v 10 USC \u00a7 333, umo\u017e\u0148uje ministerstvu obrany cvi\u010dit a vybavovat zahrani\u010dn\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 s\u00edly v jak\u00e9koli \u010d\u00e1sti sv\u011bta.<\/span><\/p>\n

Za zm\u00ednku stoj\u00ed zejm\u00e9na odd\u00edl 127e (10 USC \u00a7 127e), kter\u00fd oprav\u0148uje ministerstvo obrany k \u201epomoci ciz\u00edm sil\u00e1m, neregul\u00e9rn\u00edm sil\u00e1m, skupin\u00e1m nebo jednotlivc\u016fm na podporu nebo usnadn\u011bn\u00ed prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch vojensk\u00fdch operac\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00edch jednotek USA v boji proti terorismu\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

AUMF z roku 2001 se stal velmi tv\u00e1rn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem, kter\u00fd od sv\u00e9ho vzniku roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila ka\u017ed\u00e1 vl\u00e1da, aby pokryl seznam teroristick\u00fdch skupin, kter\u00fd z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ve\u0159ejnosti utajen.\u00a0V\u00fdkonn\u00e1 pobo\u010dka dlouho zadr\u017eovala seznam Kongresu, co\u017e bylo nevyhnuteln\u00e9 vzhledem k jeho kaval\u00edrsk\u00e9mu v\u00fdkladu toho, co jsou \u201esdru\u017een\u00e9 s\u00edly\u201c v kontextu teroristick\u00fdch skupin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ministerstvo obrany tak\u00e9 ml\u010delo o okolnostech, za kter\u00fdch americk\u00e9 s\u00edly operuj\u00ed v r\u00e1mci t\u011bchto pravomoc\u00ed.\u00a0Jak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Ebright, zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00edm je, \u201e\u017ee incident byl p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mal\u00fd na to, aby vyvolal z\u00e1konn\u00e9 po\u017eadavky na hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed\u201c.\u00a0Konfrontace, kter\u00e9 jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za \u201eepizodick\u00e9\u201c a jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u201enepravideln\u00e9ho\u201c v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed, nejsou \u201enep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm utajen\u00ed podporovan\u00fdm d\u016fle\u017eitou premisou pop\u0159en\u00ed je prezidentsk\u00e9 schv\u00e1len\u00ed a hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed skryt\u00fdch akc\u00ed, 50 USC \u00a7 3093 (1991).\u00a0I zde vedl p\u0159\u00edzrak 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed k c\u00edlen\u00e9mu zab\u00edjen\u00ed a atent\u00e1t\u016fm, navzdory tvrzen\u00edm o opaku.<\/span><\/p>\n

Snad nej\u00fa\u017easn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na takov\u00fdch programech spolupr\u00e1ce je rozsah ud\u011blen\u00fd odd\u00edlem 1202 z\u00e1kona o povolen\u00ed k n\u00e1rodn\u00ed obran\u011b z roku 2018.\u00a0Zat\u00edmco v n\u011bkter\u00fdch ohledech odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed \u00a7 127e, d\u016fraz zde nen\u00ed kladen na boj proti terorismu, ale na podporu \u201eneregul\u00e9rn\u00edch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch operac\u00ed\u201c proti \u201edareb\u00e1ck\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm\u201c.\u00a0Ebright nasad\u00ed ponur\u00fd t\u00f3n.\u00a0„Daleko za hranicemi v\u00e1lky proti terorismu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u00a7 1202 pou\u017eit k zapojen\u00ed do n\u00edzko\u00farov\u0148ov\u00fdch st\u0159et\u016f s mocn\u00fdmi, dokonce i jadern\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty.“<\/span><\/p>\n

Ob\u010das se protrhne z\u00e1voj tajemstv\u00ed u takov\u00fdch operac\u00ed.\u00a0V roce 2017 byli \u010dty\u0159i \u010dlenov\u00e9 Zelen\u00fdch baret\u016f americk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy zabiti spolu se \u010dty\u0159mi nigerijsk\u00fdmi voj\u00e1ky v z\u00e1loze u vesnice Tongo Tongo.\u00a0Byla to nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ztr\u00e1ta na \u017eivotech p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f americk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb od roku 1993, kdy p\u0159i incidentu v Som\u00e1lsku Black Hawk Down zem\u0159elo 18 arm\u00e1dn\u00edch Rangers.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed na cel\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti bylo nejen p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed kongresman\u016f nad touto operac\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 klid, s n\u00edm\u017e p\u0159edseda Sboru n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edk\u016f \u0161t\u00e1b\u016f gener\u00e1l Joseph Dunford vyzval k vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0Jej\u00edm jedin\u00fdm c\u00edlem bylo ur\u010dit, zda americk\u00e9 s\u00edly disponuj\u00ed \u201eadekv\u00e1tn\u00edmi zpravodajsk\u00fdmi informacemi, vybaven\u00edm a v\u00fdcvikem\u201c a zda existuje \u201ep\u0159ed rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm vyhodnocen\u00ed ohro\u017een\u00ed oblasti\u201c s p\u0159im\u011b\u0159enou p\u0159esnost\u00ed.\u00a0D\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou by bylo, co tito modern\u011b vybaven\u00ed \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed legion\u00e1\u0159i d\u011blali bez \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho pov\u011bdom\u00ed doma?<\/span><\/p>\n

Souhrnn\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va a zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u016f Pentagonu uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee bojovn\u00edci v oblasti m\u011bli \u201evy\u0161\u0161\u00ed palebnou s\u00edlu\u201c.\u00a0Na ka\u017ed\u00e9ho americk\u00e9ho a nigerijsk\u00e9ho voj\u00e1ka p\u0159ipadali t\u0159i \u00fato\u010dn\u00edci.\u00a0Op\u011bt se t\u00edm m\u00edj\u00ed j\u00e1dro tajn\u00fdch operac\u00ed, o nich\u017e dokonce n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch washingtonsk\u00fdch \u0161pi\u010dek v\u011bd\u00ed jen m\u00e1lo.<\/span><\/p>\n

Navzdory \u0159ad\u011b ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee role americk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy v divadlech, jako je Afrika, je omezena na \u201eporadenstv\u00ed a pomoc\u201c m\u00edstn\u00edm sil\u00e1m, ob\u010das nastala opera\u010dn\u00ed realita.<\/span><\/p>\n

V roce 2018 m\u011bl nyn\u00ed ji\u017e penzionovan\u00fd gener\u00e1l Donald Bolduc, kter\u00fd do roku 2017 velel americk\u00fdm speci\u00e1ln\u00edm jednotk\u00e1m v Africe, dost chv\u00e1stav\u00e9 up\u0159\u00edmnosti, aby odhalil, \u017ee arm\u00e1da m\u00e1 \u201echlapy v Keni, \u010cadu, Kamerunu, Nigeru [a] Tunisku, kte\u0159\u00ed d\u011blaj\u00ed tot\u00e9\u017e. jako chlapci v Som\u00e1lsku a vystavuj\u00ed se stejn\u00e9mu nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, nejen na 127 Echos.\u00a0M\u011bli jsme ztr\u00e1ty na v\u0161ech typech mis\u00ed, kter\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u00edme.“<\/span><\/p>\n

Ebright doporu\u010duje, \u017ee pouh\u00e1 reforma \u201ezastaral\u00fdch a p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch AUMF\u201c nebude sta\u010dit.\u00a0\u201eKongres by m\u011bl zru\u0161it nebo reformovat pravomoci ministerstva obrany v oblasti bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce.\u00a0Dokud tak neu\u010din\u00ed, n\u00e1rod bude i nad\u00e1le ve v\u00e1lce \u2013 v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech bez souhlasu nebo dokonce v\u011bdom\u00ed obyvatel.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

To se pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nestane.\u00a0Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed establishment ve Washingtonu a dav lid\u00ed s amn\u00e9zi\u00ed velmi pe\u010dliv\u011b skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed skute\u010dnost, \u017ee USA jsou od roku 1941 pos\u00e1dkov\u00fdm a v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdm st\u00e1tem.\u00a0A dal\u0161\u00ed velk\u00fd konflikt je hned za rohem.\u00a0Vzhled mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zachov\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dr\u00a0Binoy Kampmark byl stipendistou Commonwealthu na Selwyn College v Cambridge.\u00a0V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b vyu\u010duje na RMIT.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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ZDROJ<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Aby se imperi\u00e1ln\u00ed mocnosti dostaly tam, kde jsou, klamou, skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed a p\u0159ekrucuj\u00ed.\u00a0Americk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium, ta nejd\u011bsiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":18305,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[2470,37,2024,491],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18304"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18304"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18304\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18306,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18304\/revisions\/18306"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18305"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18304"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18304"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18304"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}