{"id":18085,"date":"2022-11-12T01:00:59","date_gmt":"2022-11-12T00:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=18085"},"modified":"2022-11-12T19:26:38","modified_gmt":"2022-11-12T18:26:38","slug":"experiment-kvantove-gumy-co-se-deje-v-soucasnosti-muze-zmenit-minulost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2022\/11\/12\/experiment-kvantove-gumy-co-se-deje-v-soucasnosti-muze-zmenit-minulost\/","title":{"rendered":"Experiment kvantov\u00e9 gumy: Co se d\u011bje v sou\u010dasnosti, m\u016f\u017ee zm\u011bnit minulost"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fakta:<\/strong>\u00a0V kvantov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku m\u016f\u017ee to, co d\u011bl\u00e1me v sou\u010dasnosti, ovlivnit to, co se stane v minulosti.\u00a0Ukazuje to tzv. experiment s kvantov\u00fdm zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm nebo experiment s kvantovou gumou.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00davahy:<\/strong>\u00a0Pro\u010d jsou faktory souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s v\u011bdom\u00edm p\u0159\u00edmo propojeny s fyzickou hmotou v kvantov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku?\u00a0Co to znamen\u00e1 pro n\u00e1\u0161 hmotn\u00fd sv\u011bt z hlediska na\u0161ich my\u0161lenek, vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, pocit\u016f a emoc\u00ed?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Jeden ze zakladatel\u016f kvantov\u00e9 teorie Max Planck, kter\u00e9mu se \u010dasto p\u0159ipisuje vyn\u00e1lez kvantov\u00e9 teorie \u2013 \u010din, kter\u00fd mu v roce 1918 vynesl Nobelovu cenu za fyziku \u2013 jednou\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41470-019-00042-3#:~:text=From%20Planck%2C%20speaking%20to%20a,We%20cannot%20get%20behind%20consciousness.\">\u0159ekl<\/a>\u00a0: \u201ePova\u017euji v\u011bdom\u00ed za z\u00e1sadn\u00ed.\u00a0Vid\u00edm hmotu jako deriv\u00e1t v\u011bdom\u00ed.\u00a0Nem\u016f\u017eeme se dostat za hranice v\u011bdom\u00ed.\u00a0V\u0161echno, o \u010dem mluv\u00edme, v\u0161e, co pova\u017eujeme za existenci, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 v\u011bdom\u00ed.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>Dnes existuje \u0159ada experiment\u016f v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee Planck m\u011bl pravdu.\u00a0V\u011bdom\u00ed je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed a je p\u0159\u00edmo propojeno s t\u00edm, co naz\u00fdv\u00e1me hmotnou hmotou.\u00a0V\u011bdom\u00ed nelze vysv\u011btlit pomoc\u00ed existuj\u00edc\u00edch z\u00e1klad\u016f, jako je prostor, \u010das, hmota a n\u00e1boj.\u00a0V d\u016fsledku toho je jen logick\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, zda je v\u011bdom\u00ed samo o sob\u011b n\u011b\u010d\u00edm z\u00e1sadn\u00edm pro existenci reality, pova\u017eovat v\u011bdom\u00ed samotn\u00e9 za jeden z t\u011bchto z\u00e1klad\u016f, ale to jsem odbo\u010dil.<\/p>\n<p>Klasick\u00fdm experimentem ke studiu role v\u011bdom\u00ed a jeho vztahu k hmot\u011b je kvantov\u00fd experiment s dvojitou \u0161t\u011brbinou.\u00a0V tomto experimentu jsou drobn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice hmoty (fotony, elektrony nebo jak\u00fdkoli objekt velikosti atomu) vyst\u0159eleny na obrazovku se dv\u011bma \u0161t\u011brbinami.\u00a0Kdy\u017e nen\u00ed k obrazovce p\u0159ipojeno \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, drobn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice hmoty se chovaj\u00ed jako \u201evlna\u201c a vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed \u201einterferen\u010dn\u00ed vzor\u201c na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b, kde je um\u00edst\u011bna st\u011bna, kter\u00e1 vzor zachycuje.\u00a0Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee nebylo pou\u017eito \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed ani pozorovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, aby se zjistilo, kter\u00e1 puklinov\u00e1 hmota pro\u0161la, nem\u016f\u017eeme v\u011bd\u011bt, jakou cestou se ub\u00edrala.\u00a0Kdy\u017e je vzor na st\u011bn\u011b zkoum\u00e1n, abychom vid\u011bli, jak\u00fdm sm\u011brem se ub\u00edral, p\u0159edstavuje vlnu mo\u017enost\u00ed, v\u00fdznamu\u00a0\u017ee hmota (\u010d\u00e1stice) proch\u00e1zela ob\u011bma \u0161t\u011brbinami a jednou \u0161t\u011brbinou a zasahovala do sebe, co\u017e by m\u011blo b\u00fdt fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b nemo\u017en\u00e9.\u00a0V\u00edtejte v bl\u00e1zniv\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b kvantov\u00e9 fyziky.<\/p>\n<p>Trik je v\u0161ak v tom, \u017ee pokud nastav\u00edte pozorovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, abyste pozorovali, kterou \u0161t\u011brbinou \u010d\u00e1stice proch\u00e1z\u00ed, \u010d\u00e1stice pak projde pouze jednou \u0161t\u011brbinou, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se vlnov\u00fd vzor zhrout\u00ed a vytvo\u0159\u00ed se vzor reprezentuj\u00edc\u00ed, jak \u010d\u00e1stice proch\u00e1z\u00ed pouze mezerou. .\u00a0Jin\u00fdmi slovy, chov\u00e1n\u00ed hmoty se zm\u011bn\u00ed, kdy\u017e se rozhodneme ji m\u011b\u0159it, a skoro se zd\u00e1, jako by si byla v\u011bdoma toho, \u017ee je pozorov\u00e1na.\u00a0Vzor na st\u011bn\u011b za \u0161t\u011brbinou bude tento vzor zobrazovat.\u00a050 procent \u010dasu \u010d\u00e1stice projde jednou \u0161t\u011brbinou, dal\u0161\u00edch 50 procent druhou, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vytvo\u0159\u00ed dvojit\u00fd \u0161t\u011brbinov\u00fd vzor, \u200b\u200bjako by to byly koule vr\u017een\u00e9 jednou nebo druhou \u0161t\u011brbinou.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed nejen ru\u0161\u00ed to, co se m\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159it, ono to vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed&#8230; P\u0159inut\u00edme (elektron) zaujmout ur\u010ditou polohu&#8230; V\u00fdsledky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed si vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00edme sami.\u00a0(M. Mermin, Boojums All the Way Through: Communicating Science in a Prosaic Age (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1990, citov\u00e1no\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.deanradin.com\/\">Dr. Deanem Radinem z\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/258707222_Consciousness_and_the_double-slit_interference_pattern_Six_experiments\">eseje<\/a>\u00a0publikovan\u00e9 v \u010dasopise Physics Essays\u00a0, kter\u00e1 vysv\u011btluje, jak tento experiment prob\u00edhal n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t pou\u017eit ke studiu role v\u011bdom\u00ed p\u0159i utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed fyzick\u00e9 reality,<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pokud to pro v\u00e1s nen\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed, jeden fyzik, John Archibald Wheeler, p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lel, co by se stalo, kdybychom nezasahovali do foton\u016f putuj\u00edc\u00edch \u0161t\u011brbinou?\u00a0Co by se stalo, kdybychom nenastavili m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by sledovalo, kterou trhlinou hmota pro\u0161la, ale kdyby za zadn\u00ed st\u011bnou byly detektory?\u00a0Na ka\u017edou \u0161t\u011brbinu je nam\u00ed\u0159en detektor a t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e \u010d\u00e1stice po pr\u016fchodu \u0161t\u011brbinov\u00fdm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm dopadne na st\u00edn\u00edtko, jsou detektory odta\u017eeny.\u00a0Kdy\u017e nikdo nemohl \u0159\u00edct, kterou \u0161t\u011brbinou foton pro\u0161el, byl tam vzor zvln\u011bn\u00ed, ale kdy\u017e byly detektory na m\u00edst\u011b, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vzor zvln\u011bn\u00ed tam nebyl.\u00a0Podobn\u00e9 jako pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stic p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e pro\u0161ly \u0161t\u011brbinou.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud se zhrout\u00ed z vlnov\u00e9ho do \u010d\u00e1sticov\u00e9ho stavu v okam\u017eiku detekce po pr\u016fchodu \u0161t\u011brbinou, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee mohly proj\u00edt \u0161t\u011brbinou nepozorovan\u011b a m\u011bly by vytvo\u0159it vlnov\u00fd vzor (interferenci), ale pouh\u00fdm aktem pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou se okam\u017eit\u011b zm\u011bnily na \u010d\u00e1stice a vlnov\u00e1 funkce se zhroutila.\u00a0To vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zku, jak mohou tyto detektory ru\u0161it n\u011bco, co se ji\u017e stalo.\u00a0To by znamenalo, \u017ee to, co se d\u011bje v sou\u010dasnosti, m\u011bn\u00ed minulost.\u00a0Samotn\u00fd akt detekce \u010d\u00e1stic pot\u00e9, co pro\u0161ly \u0161t\u011brbinou, ur\u010duje, jak pro\u0161ly \u0161t\u011brbinou, bu\u010f jako vlna nebo jako \u010d\u00e1stice.\u00a0Jak je to mo\u017en\u00e9?\u00a0Jin\u00fdmi slovy: to<\/p>\n<p>Stejn\u011b jako kvantov\u00fd experiment s dvojitou \u0161t\u011brbinou byl experiment kvantov\u00e9 gumy se zpo\u017ed\u011bnou volbou demonstrov\u00e1n a mnohokr\u00e1t opakov\u00e1n.\u00a0Fyzici z Australsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed univerzity (ANU) nap\u0159\u00edklad provedli experiment Johna Wheelera s opo\u017ed\u011bnou volbou a ned\u00e1vno v\u00fdsledky zve\u0159ejnili v \u010dasopise\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nphys\/journal\/v11\/n7\/full\/nphys3343.html\">Nature Physics<\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p>V roce 2007 (Science 315, 966, 2007) v\u011bdci ve Francii vyst\u0159elili fotony do p\u0159\u00edstroje a uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee jejich \u010diny mohou zp\u011btn\u011b zm\u011bnit n\u011bco, co se ji\u017e stalo.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u201eKdy\u017e se sna\u017e\u00edme p\u0159ipsat objektivn\u00ed v\u00fdznam kvantov\u00e9mu stavu jednoho syst\u00e9mu, vyvst\u00e1vaj\u00ed podivn\u00e9 paradoxy: kvantov\u00e9 efekty napodobuj\u00ed nejen okam\u017eit\u00e9 akce na d\u00e1lku, ale tak\u00e9, jak je vid\u011bt zde, dopad budouc\u00edch akc\u00ed na minul\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti, dokonce i po staly se byly neodvolateln\u011b zaznamen\u00e1ny.\u201c (\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/quant-ph\/9904042.pdf\">zdroj<\/a>\u00a0)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Aby byl experiment snaz\u0161\u00ed pochopit, pou\u017eil Wheeler vysv\u011btlen\u00ed v kosmick\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku.\u00a0P\u0159edstavte si hv\u011bzdu, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ed miliardami let emitovala foton sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed k planet\u011b Zemi.\u00a0Mezi t\u00edm je galaxie.\u00a0Kv\u016fli tomu, co je zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako \u201egravita\u010dn\u00ed \u010do\u010dka\u201c, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt sv\u011btlo p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1no kolem galaxie, aby dos\u00e1hlo Zem\u011b, tak\u017ee mus\u00ed j\u00edt jednou ze dvou cest: vlevo nebo vpravo.\u00a0Pokud o miliardy let pozd\u011bji nastav\u00edte za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed k \u201ezachycen\u00ed\u201c fotonu, z\u00edsk\u00e1te interferen\u010dn\u00ed obrazec podobn\u00fd tomu, kter\u00fd byl vysv\u011btlen v experimentu s dvojitou \u0161t\u011brbinou v\u00fd\u0161e.\u00a0To ukazuje, \u017ee foton \u0161el jednou a pak druhou cestou.\u00a0\u201eVlna\u201c mo\u017enost\u00ed, ale cesta, kterou se ub\u00edrala, nen\u00ed definov\u00e1na.<\/p>\n<p>Dalo by se tak\u00e9 &#8222;sledovat&#8220; p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed foton um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm dalekohledu na ka\u017edou stranu galaxie, aby se ur\u010dilo, kterou stranou foton pro\u0161el, aby dos\u00e1hl Zem\u011b.\u00a0Pouh\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed nebo \u201epozorov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c, kter\u00fdm sm\u011brem foton p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed, znamen\u00e1, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee dorazit pouze z jedn\u00e9 strany.\u00a0Vzor pak ji\u017e nen\u00ed interferen\u010dn\u00edm vzorem, kter\u00fd p\u0159edstavuje v\u00edce mo\u017enost\u00ed, ale jedin\u00fdm shlukov\u00fdm vzorem, kter\u00fd ukazuje \u201ejeden\u201c zp\u016fsob.<\/p>\n<p>Co to znamen\u00e1?\u00a0Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee to, jak m\u011b\u0159\u00edme \u201ete\u010f\u201c, ovliv\u0148uje sm\u011br, kter\u00fdm se foton ub\u00edral p\u0159ed miliardami let.\u00a0Na\u0161e rozhodnut\u00ed v sou\u010dasnosti ovliv\u0148uje to, co se ji\u017e stalo v minulosti.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00ed\u017ee je skv\u011bl\u00e9 video Wheelera, kter\u00e9 to vysv\u011btluje.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"John Wheeler \u2013 Experiment The Delayed Choice (105\/130)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/u54IPWqF6no?feature=oembed\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Nemohu p\u0159estat p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let o tom, co by to mohlo znamenat a jak se faktory souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s v\u011bdom\u00edm prol\u00ednaj\u00ed s t\u00edm, co vn\u00edm\u00e1me jako na\u0161i fyzickou realitu, a to v\u00edce zp\u016fsoby.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>V den, kdy v\u011bda za\u010dne studovat nefyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed jevy, ud\u011bl\u00e1 za deset let v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pokrok ne\u017e v kter\u00e9mkoli p\u0159edchoz\u00edm stolet\u00ed sv\u00e9 existence.\u201c \u2013 Nikola Tesla<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pro\u010d na tom v\u0161em z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed?\u00a0Proto\u017ee je to jeden z n\u011bkolika experiment\u016f, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed siln\u00e9 spojen\u00ed mezi v\u011bdom\u00edm a fyzickou hmotou.\u00a0Co to znamen\u00e1 na \u00farovni klasick\u00e9 fyziky?\u00a0Co to znamen\u00e1 ve vztahu k tomu, jak mysl\u00edme, c\u00edt\u00edme a vn\u00edm\u00e1me?\u00a0Co to znamen\u00e1, kdy\u017e mluv\u00edme o \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00fdm \u010del\u00edme na na\u0161\u00ed planet\u011b?\u00a0Pokud by lidsk\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed mohlo b\u00fdt tak z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro \u201evytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed reality\u201c, pro\u010d o tom v\u00edce nemluv\u00edme?\u00a0Jak by zm\u011bna zp\u016fsobu, jak\u00fdm vn\u00edm\u00e1me n\u00e1\u0161 sv\u011bt, ovlivnila lidskou zku\u0161enost?\u00a0Co by se stalo, kdybychom za\u010dali vid\u011bt v\u011bci v jin\u00e9m sv\u011btle?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1185\" src=\"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/kuryr-podpis.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"84\" height=\"24\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fakta:\u00a0V kvantov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku m\u016f\u017ee to, co d\u011bl\u00e1me v sou\u010dasnosti, ovlivnit to, co se stane v&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":18086,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,1093,3783],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18085"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18085"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18085\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18087,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18085\/revisions\/18087"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18086"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18085"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18085"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18085"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}