{"id":18030,"date":"2022-11-10T08:21:51","date_gmt":"2022-11-10T07:21:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=18030"},"modified":"2022-11-10T08:21:51","modified_gmt":"2022-11-10T07:21:51","slug":"studie-brennan-center-americka-armada-je-rozmistena-ve-vice-zemich-nez-si-myslime","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2022\/11\/10\/studie-brennan-center-americka-armada-je-rozmistena-ve-vice-zemich-nez-si-myslime\/","title":{"rendered":"Studie Brennan Center: Americk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da je rozm\u00edst\u011bna ve v\u00edce zem\u00edch, ne\u017e si mysl\u00edme"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty vedly za posledn\u00ed dv\u011b desetilet\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e tucet \u201etajn\u00fdch v\u00e1lek\u201c, uv\u00e1d\u00ed nov\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va Brennanova centra pro spravedlnost na Pr\u00e1vnick\u00e9 fakult\u011b New York University.\u00a0Umo\u017enil to Kongres USA, kter\u00fd po \u00fatoc\u00edch z 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2001 povolil pou\u017eit\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 s\u00edly.\u00a0Americk\u00fd Sen\u00e1t o operac\u00edch obvykle nic nev\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Americk\u00e9 s\u00edly byly zapojeny do nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch akc\u00ed nepovolen\u00fdch Kongresem USA v mnohem v\u00edce zem\u00edch, ne\u017e Pentagon \u0159ekl sen\u00e1tor\u016fm, nato\u017e americk\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti.\u00a0Vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 to z obs\u00e1hl\u00e9 nov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, kterou koncem minul\u00e9ho t\u00fddne zve\u0159ejnilo\u00a0Brennan Center for Justice z New York University School of Law<\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0„Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n, Ir\u00e1k, mo\u017en\u00e1 Libye. Kdybyste se zeptali pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho Ameri\u010dana, kde byly Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch dvou desetilet\u00ed ve v\u00e1lce, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b byste dostali tento kr\u00e1tk\u00fd seznam,“\u00a0zpr\u00e1va<\/a>\u00a0s n\u00e1zvem „Tajn\u00e1 v\u00e1lka: Jak USA pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 partnerstv\u00ed a z\u00e1stupce k veden\u00ed v\u00e1lky pod radarem\u201c\u00a0.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tento seznam je v\u0161ak podle autor\u016f ne\u00fapln\u00fd \u2013 chyb\u00ed nejm\u00e9n\u011b 17 zem\u00ed, ve kter\u00fdch se Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty zapojily do ozbrojen\u00e9ho konfliktu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm pozemn\u00edch sil, z\u00e1stupc\u016f nebo leteck\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f. Tyto st\u00ednov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, nepovolen\u00e9 Kongresem USA, zu\u0159\u00ed v mnoha oblastech sv\u011bta: v Africe, na St\u0159edn\u00edm v\u00fdchod\u011b a tak\u00e9 v Asii \u2013 s minim\u00e1ln\u00ed kontrolou Kongresu. \u201eToto \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed tajn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky je relativn\u011b ned\u00e1vn\u00fd fenom\u00e9n a je to nedemokratick\u00e9 a nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9,\u201c vysv\u011btluj\u00ed auto\u0159i zpr\u00e1vy v \u00favodu:<\/p>\n

„Prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed neohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch akc\u00ed v nedeklarovan\u00fdch zem\u00edch poru\u0161uje \u00fastavn\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dek Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 k vojensk\u00e9 eskalaci, kter\u00e1 je nep\u0159ijateln\u00e1 pro ve\u0159ejnost, pro Kongres a dokonce i pro diplomaty pov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm zahrani\u010dn\u00edch vztah\u016f USA, je nep\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e1.“<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

39str\u00e1nkov\u00fd bulletin se zam\u011b\u0159uje na programy tzv. \u201ebezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce\u201c.\u00a0To umo\u017enilo opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed k pou\u017eit\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 s\u00edly ( AUMF<\/a>\u00a0) vydan\u00e9 Kongresem USA po \u00fatoc\u00edch z 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2001\u00a0a z\u00e1kon o skryt\u00fdch operac\u00edch, tzv.\u00a050 US Code \u00a7 3093<\/a>\u00a0, o taj. , nep\u0159id\u011bliteln\u00e9 operace povolen\u00e9, zejm\u00e9na CIA.\u00a0Jeden z t\u011bchto program\u016f, program\u00a0127-Echo<\/a>\u00a0, oprav\u0148uje americk\u00e9 ministerstvo obrany k \u201epodpor\u011b ciz\u00edch sil, neregul\u00e9rn\u00edch sil, skupin nebo jednotlivc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed podporuj\u00ed nebo usnad\u0148uj\u00ed povolen\u00e9 prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 operace americk\u00fdch speci\u00e1ln\u00edch jednotek v boji proti terorismu\u201c.<\/p>\n

Podle zpr\u00e1vy v\u0161ak ministerstvo obrany USA interpretovalo tento mand\u00e1t \u0161iroce \u2013 nebo sp\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u0161iroce.\u00a0V praxi to nakonec umo\u017enilo americk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b \u201enasadit m\u00edstn\u00ed z\u00e1stupce pro mise veden\u00e9 USA zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na nep\u0159\u00e1tele USA k dosa\u017een\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f USA\u201c a br\u00e1nit sv\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00ed partnery se zbran\u00ed v ruce proti protivn\u00edk\u016fm (co\u017e Pentagon naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201ekolektivn\u00ed sebeobrana\u201c ) – zda tito protivn\u00edci p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed hrozbu pro \u00fazem\u00ed USA nebo pro civilisty.<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad v Som\u00e1lsku podle zpr\u00e1vy z roku 2016 americk\u00e9 s\u00edly pou\u017eily tuto \u201ekolektivn\u00ed sebeobranu\u201c, aby za\u00fato\u010dily na konkuren\u010dn\u00ed milice\u00a0Puntland Security Force<\/a>\u00a0(PSF), elitn\u00ed brig\u00e1du p\u016fvodn\u011b naverbovanou, vycvi\u010denou a vybavenou CIA a pot\u00e9 zajatou. Pentagonem v roce 2011.\u00a0Pentagon nav\u00edc n\u011bkolik let pou\u017e\u00edval PSF, kter\u00e1 byla do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 na som\u00e1lsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b, k boji proti bojovn\u00edk\u016fm z teroristick\u00fdch organizac\u00ed jako al-Shabaab a Isl\u00e1msk\u00fd st\u00e1t, dlouho p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e americk\u00e1 v\u00fdkonn\u00e1 moc ofici\u00e1ln\u011b ozna\u010dila ob\u011b skupiny za legitimn\u00ed c\u00edle.<\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 v Kamerunu americk\u00e9 s\u00edly vytvo\u0159ily pochybnou alianci s pochybn\u00fdmi kamerunsk\u00fdmi vojensk\u00fdmi jednotkami, kter\u00e1 pokra\u010dovala dlouho pot\u00e9, co byli jej\u00ed \u010dlenov\u00e9 spojeni s masov\u00fdmi zv\u011brstvy.\u00a0Kongres se o t\u011bchto incidentech dozv\u00edd\u00e1 jen z\u0159\u00eddka, proto\u017ee podle zpr\u00e1vy ministerstvo obrany trv\u00e1 na tom, \u017ee jsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mal\u00e9 nebo \u201eepizodick\u00e9\u201c na to, aby dos\u00e1hly \u00farovn\u011b \u201enep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed\u201c\u00a0, kter\u00e1 by vyvolala pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zpr\u00e1v podle rezoluce o\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch rozkazech z roku 1973 .<\/a><\/p>\n

Program poprv\u00e9 upoutal pozornost ve\u0159ejnosti v roce 2017, kdy byli \u010dty\u0159i ameri\u010dt\u00ed voj\u00e1ci zabiti v z\u00e1loze IS spole\u010dn\u011b s nigerijsk\u00fdmi silami b\u011bhem \u201ev\u00fdcvikov\u00e9 a poradn\u00ed mise\u201c.\u00a0V t\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u0161ak byli \u010dlenov\u00e9 americk\u00e9ho Sen\u00e1tu touto\u00a0zpr\u00e1vou<\/a>\u00a0ohromeni .\u00a0Podle n\u011bkolika tehdej\u0161\u00edch americk\u00fdch sen\u00e1tor\u016f nebylo o t\u011bchto americk\u00fdch operac\u00edch v zemi nic zn\u00e1mo.<\/p>\n

Zpr\u00e1va, kter\u00e1 \u010derp\u00e1 z publikovan\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce investigativn\u00edch novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f, rozhovor\u016f s dob\u0159e informovan\u00fdmi americk\u00fdmi \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edky a zam\u011bstnanci Kongresu, ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch dokument\u016f a z\u00e1znam\u016f a autorovy pr\u00e1vn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy, identifikuje 13 zem\u00ed s programy sekce 127e spolu se Som\u00e1lskem a Kamerunem.\u00a0Krom\u011b Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu, Egypta, Ir\u00e1ku, Keni a Libanonu mezi n\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 Libye, Mali, Mauret\u00e1nie, Niger, Nig\u00e9rie, S\u00fdrie a tak\u00e9 Tunisko a Jemen.<\/p>\n

Autorita 127e je pouze jedn\u00edm ze t\u0159\u00ed opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed uz\u00e1kon\u011bn\u00fdch Kongresem USA v d\u016fsledku takzvan\u00e9 v\u00e1lky proti terorismu analyzovan\u00e9 ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b Brennan Center.\u00a0Dal\u0161\u00ed org\u00e1n, zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako\u00a010 US Code \u00a7 333<\/a>\u00a0, \u010dasto ozna\u010dovan\u00fd jako \u201eGlobal Training and Equipment Authority\u201c, umo\u017e\u0148uje Pentagonu mimo jin\u00e9 poskytovat v\u00fdcvik a vybaven\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00edm vojensk\u00fdm sil\u00e1m kdekoli na sv\u011bt\u011b.\u00a0S je\u0161t\u011b obskurn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\u00a0autoritou 1202e<\/a>\u00a0Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty \u0161ly dokonce je\u0161t\u011b o krok d\u00e1le a okam\u017eit\u011b ud\u011blily americk\u00e9mu ministerstvu obrany pr\u00e1vo ud\u011blovat podporu zahrani\u010dn\u00edm z\u00e1stupc\u016fm, pokud \u201epodporuj\u00ed nebo usnad\u0148uj\u00ed neregul\u00e9rn\u00ed v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed ze strany speci\u00e1ln\u00edch opera\u010dn\u00edch sil Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f\u201c.\u00a0Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 kdy\u017e agrese m\u00ed\u0159\u00ed na konkurenty USA, jako je \u010c\u00edna nebo Rusko.<\/p>\n

\u201eNepravideln\u00e1 v\u00e1lka\u201c je definov\u00e1na ministerstvem obrany USA jako \u201ekonkurence, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edch ozbrojen\u00fdch konflikt\u016f\u201c.\u00a0Odd\u00edl 1202 je tedy podle n\u011bkolika gener\u00e1l\u016f ve v\u00fdslu\u017eb\u011b citovan\u00fdch ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b \u201eextr\u00e9mn\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem pro usnadn\u011bn\u00ed neregul\u00e9rn\u00edch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch operac\u00ed… k odstra\u0161en\u00ed… revizionistick\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed a dareb\u00e1ck\u00fdch re\u017eim\u016f, kter\u00e9 budou ve st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny jako ministerstvo Obrana za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 up\u0159ednost\u0148ovat velmocensk\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017een\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n

Program 127-Echo dodnes nepodl\u00e9h\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 kontrole.\u00a0Podle zpr\u00e1vy jsou relevantn\u00ed, z\u00e1konem po\u017eadovan\u00e9 operativn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy klasifikov\u00e1ny tak vysok\u00fdm stupn\u011bm utajen\u00ed, \u017ee k nim v\u011bt\u0161ina zam\u011bstnanc\u016f z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00e9ho sboru nem\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edstup.\u00a0Zpr\u00e1va Brennan Center, zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e1 ve \u010dtvrtek, nab\u00edz\u00ed dosud nejkomplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed anal\u00fdzu a poskytuje \u017eiv\u00fd popis toho, jak a pro\u010d byly USA schopny v\u00e9st st\u00ednov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky za posledn\u00edch 20 let.<\/p>\n

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Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty vedly za posledn\u00ed dv\u011b desetilet\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e tucet \u201etajn\u00fdch v\u00e1lek\u201c, uv\u00e1d\u00ed nov\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":18031,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[380,3774,37,2024],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18030"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18030"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18030\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18031"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18030"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18030"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18030"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}