{"id":16986,"date":"2022-10-19T01:08:23","date_gmt":"2022-10-18T23:08:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=16986"},"modified":"2022-10-18T20:10:29","modified_gmt":"2022-10-18T18:10:29","slug":"mezinarodni-pravo-o-dvojich-metrech-zapadu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2022\/10\/19\/mezinarodni-pravo-o-dvojich-metrech-zapadu\/","title":{"rendered":"Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo: O dvoj\u00edch metrech Z\u00e1padu"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Jak Z\u00e1pad pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dvoj\u00ed metr p\u0159i odsuzov\u00e1n\u00ed Ruska?\u00a0A do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry je \u201emezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech\u201c pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm koloni\u00e1ln\u00edch tradic?\u00a0Uk\u00e1zka z knihy \u201eDvoj\u00ed standardy \u2013 Z\u00e1pad a Ukrajina\u201c od profesora mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho trestn\u00edho pr\u00e1va a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va Kai Ambose.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm d\u016fvodem, pro\u010d st\u00e1ty glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed kritick\u00fd postoj k bezpodm\u00edne\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1padn\u00ed podpo\u0159e Ukrajin\u011b ve jm\u00e9nu mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidlech, je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm to, \u017ee tento \u0159\u00e1d se vyvinul ze st\u00e1le kriti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a nez\u00e1vislej\u0161\u00edho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du, discipl\u00edna \u2013 tzv. \u201eP\u0159\u00edstupy t\u0159et\u00edho sv\u011bta v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vu\u201c ( <\/span>TWAIL<\/span><\/a>\u00a0) \u2013 je zpochyb\u0148ov\u00e1na jako hegemonick\u00fd a tud\u00ed\u017e nelegitimn\u00ed projekt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Podle Makau Mutua, profesora na univerzit\u011b v Buffalu v USA a jednoho z my\u0161lenkov\u00fdch v\u016fdc\u016f tohoto hnut\u00ed, je TWAIL \u201eodpov\u011bd\u00ed na dekolonizaci a konec p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9 koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed nadvl\u00e1dy nad Neevropany\u201c.\u00a0TWAIL reaguje na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo jako \u201eimperi\u00e1ln\u00ed projekt\u201c a sna\u017e\u00ed se \u201eproaktivn\u011b\u201c zm\u011bnit podm\u00ednky ve t\u0159et\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b.\u00a0TWAIL p\u0159itom sleduje t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed a vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojen\u00e9 c\u00edle: Za prv\u00e9, jde o dekonstrukci sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va jako prost\u0159edku \u201erasov\u00e9 hierarchie\u201c mezin\u00e1rodn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00edch norem a instituc\u00ed pro evropskou nadvl\u00e1du nad Neevropany.\u00a0Zadruh\u00e9 by m\u011bl b\u00fdt vytvo\u0159en alternativn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed r\u00e1mec mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u201e\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\u201c.\u00a0Za t\u0159et\u00ed, TWAIL se pokou\u0161\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho diskurzu (\u201estipendium\u201c) a politiky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo jako produkt koloni\u00e1ln\u00edch mocnost\u00ed<\/span><\/h3>\n

Je jist\u011b pravda, \u017ee mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo bylo p\u016fvodn\u011b produktem koloni\u00e1ln\u00edch mocnost\u00ed a bylo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no zejm\u00e9na k ospravedln\u011bn\u00ed koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed nadvl\u00e1dy.\u00a0Nap\u0159\u00edklad koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed oblasti byly pops\u00e1ny jako \u201ebez vlastn\u00edka\u201c (\u00a0<\/span>terra nullius<\/span><\/em>\u00a0), aby je bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat m\u00edrovou (!) \u201eokupac\u00ed\u201c;\u00a0domorodci, kte\u0159\u00ed tam \u017eili, byli pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za \u201enecivilizovan\u00e9\u201c a museli b\u00fdt \u201ecivilizov\u00e1ni\u201c pomoc\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 proselytizace (\u00a0<\/span>mise civilisatrice<\/span><\/em>\u00a0).<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00e9n\u011b radik\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy tak\u00e9 zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed roli a funkci (evropsk\u00e9ho) mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va jako n\u00e1stroje imperi\u00e1ln\u00ed nadvl\u00e1dy a hegemonie v regionech glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu.\u00a0Nap\u0159\u00edklad argentinsk\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed v\u011bdec Juan Pablo Scar tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee (americk\u00e9) americk\u00e9 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo bylo formov\u00e1no imperi\u00e1ln\u00ed snahou USA civilizovat Latinskou Ameriku prosazov\u00e1n\u00edm pr\u00e1vn\u00edho st\u00e1tu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jedno je ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b jist\u00e9: tyt\u00e9\u017e koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed mocnosti \u2013 od druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, ov\u0161em pod veden\u00edm (samotn\u00fdch kdysi kolonizovan\u00fdch) USA \u2013 vyu\u017e\u00edvaly hegemonick\u00fd mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti ve sv\u016fj prosp\u011bch a\u017e do postkoloni\u00e1ln\u00edho konce. unipol\u00e1rn\u00edho sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du, mimo jin\u00e9 zajistit pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch \u010di nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch z\u00e1sah\u016f do ospravedln\u011bn\u00ed (b\u00fdval\u00fdch) koloni\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vedlej\u0161\u00edm efektem t\u00e9to z\u00e1padn\u00ed hegemonie je dodnes p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed dominance Z\u00e1padu v oblasti rozvojov\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce a humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed pomoci;\u00a0<\/span>Posledn\u00ed jmenovan\u00fd byl ned\u00e1vno zku\u0161en\u00fdm odborn\u00edkem<\/span><\/a>\u00a0pops\u00e1n\u00a0jako \u201epln\u011b elitn\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed syst\u00e9m\u201c a \u201eimperi\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed pomoci\u201c. V dne\u0161n\u00edm multipol\u00e1rn\u00edm sv\u011btov\u00e9m \u0159\u00e1du \u2013 ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9m n\u011bkolika glob\u00e1ln\u00edmi a region\u00e1ln\u00edmi velmocemi \u2013 se v\u0161ak st\u00e1le v\u00edce prosazuje posthegemonick\u00e9 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo, v n\u011bm\u017e si p\u0159edchoz\u00ed hegemon (\u201eZ\u00e1pad\u201c) ji\u017e nem\u016f\u017ee n\u00e1rokovat v\u00fdkladov\u00fd monopol, ale m\u00edsto toho vl\u00e1dne mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo a mus\u00ed b\u00fdt vysv\u011btleno mnohostrann\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Poru\u0161en\u00fd z\u00e1kaz n\u00e1sil\u00ed<\/span><\/h3>\n

Na tomto historick\u00e9m a politick\u00e9m pozad\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va mus\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed n\u00e1rok zn\u00edt v u\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edstavitel\u016fm glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu, proto\u017ee s\u00e1m Z\u00e1pad ve sv\u00e9 historii poru\u0161oval pr\u00e1v\u011b pravidla mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va \u2013 zejm\u00e9na z\u00e1kaz n\u00e1sil\u00ed, co\u017e je v na\u0161em kontextu obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u2013 \u017ee nyn\u00ed p\u0159edst\u00edr\u00e1, \u017ee br\u00e1n\u00ed, nebo sp\u00ed\u0161e br\u00e1nil Ukrajinu jeho jm\u00e9nem. Z\u00e1pad je obvi\u0148ov\u00e1n z pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed dvoj\u00edho metru a k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed dvoj\u00edho metru.<\/span><\/p>\n

A\u010dkoli rasistick\u00fd \u00fatlak a vyko\u0159is\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu ze strany hlavn\u00edch koloni\u00e1ln\u00edch mocnost\u00ed, z nich\u017e v\u0161echny jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed proukrajinsk\u00e9 aliance, bylo ji\u017e p\u0159ed n\u011bjakou dobou, na\u0161e z\u00e1padn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti pron\u00e1sleduje dodnes, v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e1 debata o n\u00e1vratu p\u0159ehl\u00eddky ukraden\u00fdch kulturn\u00edch statk\u016f.\u00a0Dokonce i dnes, kdy si p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu, zejm\u00e9na z Afriky ji\u017en\u011b od Sahary, st\u011b\u017euj\u00ed, \u017ee Evropa Africe \u201enikdy nepochopila\u201c, st\u00e1le chce \u201epatronizovat\u201c, zn\u00e1 pouze \u201evl\u00e1du nad ostatn\u00edmi\u201c a nakonec se \u201eu\u010d\u00ed\u201c ‚ml\u010det‘, to ukazuje, jak hluboko sahaj\u00ed koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed zran\u011bn\u00ed.\u00a0Historick\u00fd odkaz koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00e9ry ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b alespo\u0148 do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry vysv\u011btluje skepticismus glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu v\u016f\u010di politice Z\u00e1padu k Ukrajin\u011b. (…)<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1padn\u00ed poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va<\/span><\/h3>\n

Minulou koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed nespravedlnost lze pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b p\u0159ekonat \u2013 alespo\u0148 z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska \u2013 uctivou postkoloni\u00e1ln\u00ed politikou uzn\u00e1n\u00ed, vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed se a n\u00e1pravy, vyzna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed se pokorou a up\u0159\u00edmn\u00fdmi v\u00fd\u010ditkami sv\u011bdom\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b i uch\u00fdlen\u00edm se ke st\u00e1le popul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1stroj\u016fm tzv. tzv. p\u0159echodn\u00e1 spravedlnost, kter\u00e1 zahrnuje \u0159adu (i netrestn\u00edch) poskytuje mo\u017enosti, jak reagovat a vyrovnat se s vhodn\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm minul\u00e9 nespravedlnosti.\u00a0Ale seznam ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch poru\u0161en\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va ze strany Z\u00e1padu v \u010dele se Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty je prost\u011b p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dlouh\u00fd na to, aby jednodu\u0161e p\u0159istoupil k agend\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pokud jde o pr\u00e1vo v\u00e9st v\u00e1lku, tzv.\u00a0<\/span>jus ad bellum<\/span><\/em> , kter\u00e9 je dnes v podstat\u011b obsa\u017eeno ve v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9m z\u00e1kazu pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly, nap\u0159\u00edklad \u2013 z nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed doby \u2013 ileg\u00e1ln\u00ed invaze do Ir\u00e1ku za George W. Bushe, co\u017e nepodporovali ani v\u0161ichni \u010dlenov\u00e9 NATO. Pokud jde o pr\u00e1vo pou\u017eiteln\u00e9 v ozbrojen\u00fdch konfliktech, tzv. mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo neboli\u00a0<\/span>ius in bello <\/span><\/em>a obecn\u00e9 poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, je t\u0159eba zm\u00ednit chov\u00e1n\u00ed sil NATO v Ir\u00e1ku a Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu, v\u010detn\u011b \u201ev\u00e1lky proti terorismu\u201c, kter\u00e1 za\u010dala po 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2001.\u00a0To st\u00e1le slou\u017e\u00ed jako z\u00e1minka k pou\u017eit\u00ed vojensk\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f (mimosoudn\u00edch poprav) k prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dist\u011b odvetn\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f, kdy\u017e existuje mal\u00fd nebo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l pro hrozby, jak se ned\u00e1vno znovu jasn\u011b uk\u00e1zalo p\u0159i zabit\u00ed v\u016fdce al-K\u00e1idy Aymana al-Zawahiriho v K\u00e1bulu.\u00a0Naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed literatury pova\u017euje takov\u00e9 zab\u00edjen\u00ed za neslu\u010diteln\u00e9 s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vem, pokud je sp\u00e1ch\u00e1no mimo ozbrojen\u00fd konflikt, i kdy\u017e je zab\u00edjen\u00ed c\u00edlen\u00e9 a nezp\u016fsobuje tzv. vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u0161kody.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u011bmeck\u00e1 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da nikdy neodsoudila tyto americk\u00e9 zab\u00edjen\u00ed drony.\u00a0I kdy\u017e ml\u010den\u00ed v takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech nutn\u011b neznamen\u00e1 (tich\u00fd) souhlas, je p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm pozoruhodn\u00e9 pro vl\u00e1du zem\u011b, kter\u00e1 se ujala obhajoby mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidlech.\u00a0Tehdej\u0161\u00ed kancl\u00e9\u0159ka Angela Merkelov\u00e1 dokonce v\u00fdslovn\u011b uv\u00edtala zabit\u00ed Us\u00e1my bin L\u00e1dina a vystavila se tak\u00a0<\/span>trestn\u00edmu st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/a>, co\u017e samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nikdy nem\u011blo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky.\u00a0Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da k p\u0159\u00edpadu Zawahiriho ml\u010d\u00ed, a\u010dkoli jeho zabit\u00ed pod z\u00e1minkou \u201ev\u00e1lky proti terorismu\u201c v zemi, kter\u00e1 ji\u017e nen\u00ed v ozbrojen\u00e9m konfliktu, tedy ji\u017e \u201enev\u00e1l\u010d\u00ed\u201c s USA, se zd\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ne\u00fanosn\u00e9 z hlediska mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidlech.<\/span><\/p>\n

Americk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da mohla alespo\u0148 zve\u0159ejnit p\u0159\u00edtomnost Zawahiriho v K\u00e1bulu a dostat Taliban pod tlak, pokud jde o jejich sliby v dohod\u011b z Doh\u00e1 \u2013 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ukr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed terorist\u016f: bu\u010f n\u00e1m Zawahiriho p\u0159ed\u00e1te k pr\u00e1vn\u00edmu procesu, nebo mus\u00edme vyjednat z\u00e1le\u017eitost v Rad\u011b bezpe\u010dnosti OSN jako nez\u00e1konn\u00e1 podpora teroristick\u00fdch skupin.\u00a0To by p\u0159ivedlo Taliban k odpov\u011bdnosti a zab\u00edjen\u00ed Zawahiriho nyn\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed oni a dal\u0161\u00ed skupiny k propagandistick\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm.\u00a0V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pou\u017eit\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 s\u00edly v takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech tak\u00e9 podl\u00e9h\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu pr\u00e1vu a mechanism\u016fm \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou v n\u011bm stanoveny.<\/span><\/p>\n

Baerbock a \u201emezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech\u201c<\/span><\/h3>\n

Bez ohledu na to ministryn\u011b zahrani\u010d\u00ed Annalena Baerbock vlaje pod vlajkou mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va, a to tak\u00e9 a zejm\u00e9na b\u011bhem sv\u00e9 posledn\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy USA v srpnu 2022. P\u0159ed studenty p\u0159\u00edsah\u00e1 na nedotknutelnost mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va a\u00a0<\/span>chv\u00e1lila<\/span><\/a>\u00a0USA, \u017ee \u017eij\u00ed a\u017e po jeho \u201eodpov\u011bdnost za mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech\u201c.\u00a0Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed, \u017ee?\u00a0P\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm rozporupln\u00e9, vezmeme-li v \u00favahu, \u017ee rusk\u00e9 n\u00e1jemn\u00e9 vra\u017edy ze slavn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edpadu Sta\u0161inskij (atent\u00e1t KGB na p\u0159edstavitele ukrajinsk\u00e9 opozice\u00a0<\/span>[\u00a0<\/span>fa\u0161istu Stepana Bandery<\/span><\/a>\u00a0; pozn. red.])<\/span><\/em>v roce 1957 v Mnichov\u011b) k vra\u017ed\u011b Tiergarten v roce 2019, jsou nejen v t\u00e9to zemi st\u00edh\u00e1ni, ale jsou tak\u00e9 politiky v\u0161ech stran ozna\u010dov\u00e1ni za to, \u010d\u00edm jsou: mimosoudn\u00ed popravy jm\u00e9nem st\u00e1tu.\u00a0Ale feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da o zabit\u00ed Zawahiriho tvrdo\u0161\u00edjn\u011b ml\u010d\u00ed a Thomas Fischer to\u00a0<\/span>spr\u00e1vn\u011b kritizuje<\/span><\/a>\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eV nov\u00e9m vedouc\u00edm st\u00e1t\u011b v N\u011bmecku nikoho nenapadne ani nap\u016fl v\u011brohodn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, pro\u010d by to mohlo b\u00fdt ospravedln\u011bno \u2013 krom\u011b dechberouc\u00edho prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, \u017ee americk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da a \u201a\u00fa\u0159ady\u2018 to tak cht\u011bj\u00ed.\u00a0Pan feder\u00e1ln\u00ed prezident, mistr mravn\u00ed \u0159e\u010di a ml\u010den\u00ed o mu\u010d\u00edc\u00edm t\u00e1bo\u0159e Guant\u00e1namo, ml\u010d\u00ed.\u201c<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00e1lka v Kosovu a dvoj\u00ed metr<\/span><\/h3>\n

Dvoj\u00ed metr zde vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00fd lze dolo\u017eit dal\u0161\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edklady, jako je z\u00e1sah NATO do srbsko-kosovsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00fd prvn\u00edm ministrem zahrani\u010d\u00ed zelen\u00fdch Joschkou Fischerem konceptem humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed intervence 1999 (mo\u017en\u00e1 genocida Srbska na kosovsk\u00fdch Alb\u00e1nc\u00edch).\u00a0 Tento z\u00e1sah, zejm\u00e9na masivn\u00ed bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed NATO mezi 24. b\u0159eznem a 9. \u010dervnem 1999, je dnes <\/span>v N\u011bmecku vn\u00edm\u00e1n kriticky<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0Ostatn\u011b se z\u00fa\u010dastnila p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho z tehdej\u0161\u00edch vrchn\u00edch \u017ealobc\u016f trestn\u00edho tribun\u00e1lu OSN pro b\u00fdvalou Jugosl\u00e1vii (\u00a0<\/span>International Criminal Tribunal for the b\u00fdval\u00e1 Jugosl\u00e1vie<\/span><\/em>, ICTY), kter\u00fd se navzdory zna\u010dn\u00e9mu po\u010dtu civiln\u00edch ob\u011bt\u00ed a jin\u00fdch \u0161kod vyslovil proti zah\u00e1jen\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00edho\u00a0<\/span>vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bez ohledu na to, s ohledem na ji\u017e opakovan\u011b zmi\u0148ovan\u00fd z\u00e1kaz pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly podle \u010dl. 2 odst. 4 Charty OSN je probl\u00e9m tohoto z\u00e1sahu v tom, \u017ee nemohl b\u00fdt ani povolen Radou bezpe\u010dnosti OSN, ani b\u00fdt zalo\u017een o pr\u00e1vu na sebeobranu v \u010dl\u00e1nku 51 Charty OSN.\u00a0Pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd pojem humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed intervence \u2013 n\u011bkdy tak\u00e9 ozna\u010dovan\u00fd jako\u00a0<\/span>odpov\u011bdnost chr\u00e1nit<\/span><\/em>)\u00a0 – op\u011bt je velmi kontroverzn\u00ed dodnes a m\u016f\u017ee, pokud v\u016fbec, platit pouze za \u00fazk\u00fdch podm\u00ednek (extr\u00e9mn\u00ed humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad, nap\u0159. hrozba genocidy a ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 odvol\u00e1n\u00ed k Rad\u011b bezpe\u010dnosti OSN kv\u016fli vetu) jako uzn\u00e1van\u00e1 permisivn\u00ed norma mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed z\u00e1kona o prolomen\u00ed z\u00e1kazu pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ukrajinsk\u00e9 invaze to nep\u0159ipad\u00e1 v \u00favahu, proto\u017ee \u2013 na rozd\u00edl od rusk\u00e9ho narativu o genocid\u011b \u2013 humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad ve zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9m smyslu na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Ukrajin\u011b (Luhansk a Don\u011bck) nikdy neexistoval;\u00a0Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee Rusko se o tom ve sv\u00fdch ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edch nikdy v\u00fdslovn\u011b nezmi\u0148ovalo.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e mluv\u00edme o\u00a0<\/span>mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm trestn\u00edm<\/span><\/em>\u00a0pr\u00e1vu v souvislosti s Ukrajinou, hlavn\u00ed starost\u00ed, jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, je centr\u00e1ln\u00ed (nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed) st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fdch rusk\u00fdch a ukrajinsk\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch zlo\u010din\u016f Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm trestn\u00edm soudem.\u00a0Bohu\u017eel ani tato instituce nen\u00ed prosta probl\u00e9m\u016f a vnit\u0159n\u00edch rozpor\u016f a celkov\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed jej\u00ed pr\u00e1ce po 20 letech je zna\u010dn\u011b sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

V tomto kontextu je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm to, jak se st\u00e1tn\u00ed zastupitelstv\u00ed soudu vypo\u0159\u00e1dalo s p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdmi mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmi zlo\u010diny sp\u00e1chan\u00fdmi z\u00e1padn\u00edmi st\u00e1ty.\u00a0Pokud jde o situaci v Ir\u00e1ku od americk\u00e9 invaze a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 okupace, p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed se zam\u011b\u0159ilo na \u00fadajn\u00e9 zlo\u010diny sp\u00e1chan\u00e9 britsk\u00fdmi ob\u010dany v letech 2003 a\u017e 2008, v\u010detn\u011b vra\u017ed, mu\u010den\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch forem zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0B\u00fdval\u00e1 hlavn\u00ed \u017ealobkyn\u011b Fatou Bensoudaov\u00e1, st\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk Gambie, ukon\u010dila vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed 9. prosince 2020 s odvol\u00e1n\u00edm na vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed Spojen\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, kter\u00e1 u\u010dinila \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159ed trestn\u00edm soudem \u2013 podle takzvan\u00e9ho principu komplementarity \u2013 nep\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n: \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00edch zlo\u010din\u016f<\/span><\/h3>\n

Pokud jde o situaci v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu, ob\u017ealoba se domn\u00edvala, \u017ee existuje dostate\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1klad pro zah\u00e1jen\u00ed (form\u00e1ln\u00edho) vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd vy\u0161et\u0159ovac\u00ed sen\u00e1t p\u016fvodn\u011b nevyhov\u011bl jej\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dosti o povolen\u00ed zah\u00e1jit toto vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0Odvolac\u00ed sen\u00e1t toto rozhodnut\u00ed v b\u0159eznu 2020 zru\u0161il a povolil st\u00e1tn\u00edmu z\u00e1stupci zah\u00e1jit form\u00e1ln\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0Na tomto z\u00e1klad\u011b 27. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2021 po\u017e\u00e1dal sou\u010dasn\u00fd hlavn\u00ed \u017ealobce Karim Ahmad Khan o povolen\u00ed k obnoven\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00edho vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 se rozhodl zam\u011b\u0159it se \u201ena zlo\u010diny \u00fadajn\u011b sp\u00e1chan\u00e9 Talibanem a Isl\u00e1msk\u00fdm st\u00e1tem \u2013 provincie Chor\u00e1s\u00e1n\u201c. (‚IS-K‘). zam\u011b\u0159it se na dal\u0161\u00ed aspekty tohoto vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed a up\u0159ednostnit je.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

Toto rozhodnut\u00ed je ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00e9, proto\u017ee se zd\u00e1, \u017ee bylo u\u010din\u011bno pod tlakem americk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy.\u00a0D\u016fvodem je, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed odvolac\u00edho sen\u00e1tu vedlo k bezprecedentn\u00edmu \u00fatoku tehdej\u0161\u00ed Trumpovy administrativy na trestn\u00ed soud, kter\u00fd zahrnoval sankcionov\u00e1n\u00ed tehdej\u0161\u00edho hlavn\u00edho \u017ealobce Bensoudy a vysok\u00fdch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f st\u00e1tn\u00edho zastupitelstv\u00ed a pomluvy soudu a ur\u00e1\u017eky jeho zam\u011bstnanc\u016f. V na\u0161em kontextu je je\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee \u201edeprioritizace\u201c vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fdch zlo\u010din\u016f USA d\u00e1v\u00e1 nov\u00fd n\u00e1boj kritice, kter\u00e1 je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 a vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu, up\u0159ednost\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed mocn\u00fdch z\u00e1padn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Krom\u011b toho je bezv\u00fdhradn\u00e1 podpora Bidenovy administrativy pro vy\u0161et\u0159ovac\u00ed \u017ealobu ohledn\u011b Ukrajiny, kter\u00e1 p\u0159edstavuje radik\u00e1ln\u00ed obrat v politice USA \u2013 od pobou\u0159en\u00e9ho kritika soudu po otev\u0159en\u00e9ho zast\u00e1nce (v rozsahu, v jak\u00e9m to dom\u00e1c\u00ed pr\u00e1vo a politika dovoluj\u00ed) \u2013 t\u011b\u017eko pochopiteln\u00e9. Je to jen d\u016fsledek zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9ho vnitropolitick\u00e9ho r\u00e1mce \u2013 s demokratick\u00fdm prezidentem m\u00edsto extremistick\u00e9ho republik\u00e1na \u2013 nebo to souvis\u00ed s (protirusk\u00fdm) tahem vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed na Ukrajin\u011b ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu (kter\u00e9 se p\u016fvodn\u011b t\u00fdkalo tak\u00e9 USA)?<\/span><\/p>\n

V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vzhledem ke slo\u017een\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 skupiny st\u00e1t\u016f podporuj\u00edc\u00edch Ukrajinu (pr\u00e1vn\u011b i fakticky) a vedouc\u00ed roli USA v t\u00e9to skupin\u011b existuje v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 riziko instrumentalizace Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho trestn\u00edho soudu.<\/span><\/p>\n

O autorovi:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Kai Ambos,<\/strong> narozen v roce 1965, je profesorem a p\u0159edsedou mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho trestn\u00edho pr\u00e1va, mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va, trestn\u00edho pr\u00e1va a trestn\u00edho pr\u00e1va procesn\u00edho a srovn\u00e1vac\u00edho pr\u00e1va na Georg-August University v G\u00f6ttingenu.\u00a0Studoval pr\u00e1va a politologii ve Freiburgu, Oxfordu (Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie) a Mnichov\u011b.\u00a0\u010cetn\u00e9 hostuj\u00edc\u00ed profesury v Latinsk\u00e9 Americe, \u0160pan\u011blsku, It\u00e1lii a Izraeli (Hebrejsk\u00e1 univerzita) a jako hostuj\u00edc\u00ed u\u010denec ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii (Cambridge a Oxford).\u00a0Je pr\u00e1vn\u00edkem Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho trestn\u00edho soudu v Haagu a od roku 2017 je soudcem Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho tribun\u00e1lu pro Kosovo. V roce 2020 obdr\u017eel cenu Doln\u00edho Saska za v\u011bdu v kategorii \u201ev\u011bdec\u201c.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jak Z\u00e1pad pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dvoj\u00ed metr p\u0159i odsuzov\u00e1n\u00ed Ruska?\u00a0A do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry je \u201emezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":16987,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[2253,1475,365],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16986"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16986"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16986\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16987"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16986"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16986"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16986"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}