{"id":16420,"date":"2022-10-10T01:03:16","date_gmt":"2022-10-09T23:03:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=16420"},"modified":"2022-10-09T15:28:54","modified_gmt":"2022-10-09T13:28:54","slug":"kdyz-se-demokracie-stane-veci-nazoru-dobra-referenda-spatna-referenda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2022\/10\/10\/kdyz-se-demokracie-stane-veci-nazoru-dobra-referenda-spatna-referenda\/","title":{"rendered":"Kdy\u017e se demokracie stane v\u011bc\u00ed n\u00e1zoru: dobr\u00e1 referenda, \u0161patn\u00e1 referenda…"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edch oblastech Ukrajiny, kde \u017eije v\u011bt\u0161ina Rus\u016f, se konala referenda o tom, zda maj\u00ed oblasti z\u016fstat sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Ukrajiny, nebo v budoucnu p\u0159ipadnout Rusku.\u00a0Mainstreamov\u00e1 m\u00e9dia a z\u00e1padn\u00ed politici jednotn\u011b hovo\u0159\u00ed o \u201efale\u0161n\u00fdch referendech\u201c, kter\u00e1 nemaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou platnost.\u00a0Hovo\u0159\u00ed se o anexi ukrajinsk\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch sank\u010dn\u00edch bal\u00ed\u010dc\u00edch v reakci na rusk\u00e9 akce.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Lyra \u201efale\u0161n\u00fdch referend\u201c<\/span><\/h2>\n

N\u011bmeck\u00e1 ministryn\u011b zahrani\u010d\u00ed a \u201eexpertka na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo\u201c\u00a0<\/span>Annalena Baerbock (Zelen\u00ed) ozna\u010dila rusk\u00e1 referenda v Chersonsk\u00e9, Don\u011bck\u00e9, Lugansk\u00e9 a Z\u00e1poro\u017esk\u00e9 oblasti za sou\u010d\u00e1st rusky diktovan\u00e9ho m\u00edru.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Podle rusk\u00fdch okresn\u00edch spr\u00e1v\u00a0<\/span>v\u00edce ne\u017e 99 procent voli\u010d\u016f v Don\u011bcku na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Ukrajin\u011b hlasovalo pro p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k Rusku .\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>V Lugansku to pr\u00fd bylo v\u00edce ne\u017e 98 procent, v Z\u00e1poro\u017e\u00ed na jihu v\u00edce ne\u017e 93 procent a v Chersonu v\u00edce ne\u017e 87 procent.<\/span><\/p>\n

V \u201efale\u0161n\u00fdch referendech\u201c, \u0159ekl Baerbock na konferenci o prevenci kriz\u00ed v Berl\u00edn\u011b, byli lid\u00e9 n\u011bkdy nuceni volit se zbran\u00ed v ruce.\u00a0<\/span>\u201eBudou zast\u0159eleni, budou zn\u00e1siln\u011bni a do t\u0159\u00ed dn\u016f by m\u011bli ud\u011blat k\u0159\u00ed\u017eky, zat\u00edmco vedle nich bude st\u00e1t voj\u00e1k s kala\u0161nikovem v ruce<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u201c vysv\u011btlil Baerbock.To je opak svobodn\u00fdch a spravedliv\u00fdch voleb a\u00a0<\/span>\u201epokud tento rusk\u00fd dikt\u00e1t plat\u00ed na okupovan\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd ob\u010dan nen\u00ed svobodn\u00fd a bezpe\u010dn\u00fd.\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Jako vystudovan\u00fd \u201estudent mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va\u201c Baerbock\u00a0<\/span>s jistotou v\u00ed, \u017ee referenda plat\u00ed jen tak dlouho, dokud trv\u00e1 moc v politick\u00e9 realit\u011b.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Proto\u017ee\u00a0<\/span>nem\u00e1 smysl hlasovat o n\u011b\u010dem, co nem\u016f\u017eete na d\u00e1lku implementovat pozd\u011bji.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>V mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch z\u00e1le\u017eitostech se referenda pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed a v\u017edy pou\u017e\u00edvaly, kdy\u017e je t\u0159eba vyjasnit suverenitu nebo \u00fazemn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky.\u00a0<\/span>Nap\u0159\u00edklad Ukrajina a dal\u0161\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00e9 republiky z\u00edskaly nez\u00e1vislost po referendech na za\u010d\u00e1tku 90. let, proto\u017ee Kreml u\u017e nedok\u00e1zal udr\u017eet ob\u0159\u00ed imp\u00e9rium pohromad\u011b.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Stejn\u011b tak Slovinsko nebo Chorvatsko, kter\u00e9 se odtrhlo od Jugosl\u00e1vie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Naproti tomu Kosovo jako autonomn\u00ed oblast, kter\u00e1 nad\u00e1le pat\u0159ila Republike Srbsko, na\u0161lo svou \u2013 nikoli nespornou \u2013 nez\u00e1vislost, a\u017e kdy\u017e bylo podpo\u0159eno pomoc\u00ed NATO.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Stejn\u011b tak Ji\u017en\u00ed Osetie dok\u00e1zala prosadit sv\u00e9 snahy o nez\u00e1vislost na Gruzii a\u017e po dlouh\u00e9 dob\u011b s pomoc\u00ed Ruska.\u00a0<\/span>Na druhou stranu referendum o nez\u00e1vislosti Katal\u00e1nc\u016f v roce 2017 tak\u00e9 na\u0161lo nadpolovi\u010dn\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu 90,09 procenta, ale \u0160pan\u011blsko jej neuzn\u00e1v\u00e1<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a Katal\u00e1nci\u00a0<\/span>fakticky nejsou schopni prosadit sv\u00e9 odtr\u017een\u00ed.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u017edy mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo<\/span><\/h2>\n

Po\u010d\u00e1tkem 60. let 19. stolet\u00ed si tak\u00e9 ji\u017en\u00ed st\u00e1ty USA musely uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee samotn\u00e9 \u201echt\u00edt\u201c nesta\u010d\u00ed, pokud to siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed soused nep\u0159ijme.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u201eV\u00e1lka mezi st\u00e1ty\u201c skon\u010dila v roce 1865 drtivou por\u00e1\u017ekou.\u00a0<\/span>Z\u00e1zraky ducha \u201eV\u00e1lky za nez\u00e1vislost\u201c zhruba p\u0159ed 90 lety to nemohly zm\u011bnit \u2013 ji\u017en\u00ed st\u00e1ty byly op\u011bt sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Unie.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed by v\u0161ak m\u011blo b\u00fdt v\u0161e velmi jednoduch\u00e9.\u00a0Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed expert WDR Philip Raillon\u00a0<\/span>vysv\u011btlil: \u201eTakzvan\u00e1 referenda jsou nez\u00e1konn\u00e1.\u00a0Poru\u0161uj\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo a ukrajinsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo\u201c.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Ostatn\u011b \u00fastava Ukrajiny je jasn\u00e1: Podle \u010dl\u00e1nku 73 \u201eot\u00e1zku zm\u011bny \u00fazem\u00ed Ukrajiny lze vy\u0159e\u0161it pouze celoukrajinsk\u00fdm referendem.\u201c\u00a0<\/span>Krymsk\u00e9 referendum je tak\u00e9 v rozporu s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vem, zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed m\u00e9dia opakovan\u011b .\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>V \u201eFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung\u201c se p\u0159ed lety \u2013 tedy v roce 2014, kdy bylo t\u00e9ma aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u2013 objevil zaj\u00edmav\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek pod n\u00e1zvem \u201eKrym a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo \u2013 cool ironie d\u011bjin\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

V tom autor doch\u00e1z\u00ed k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee na Krymu do\u0161lo k odtr\u017een\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u201eVyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti potvrzen\u00e9 referendem, kter\u00e9 schv\u00e1lilo odtr\u017een\u00ed od Ukrajiny.\u00a0N\u00e1sledovala \u017e\u00e1dost o p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k Rusk\u00e9 federaci, kterou Moskva p\u0159ijala.\u00a0Secese, referendum a p\u0159istoupen\u00ed vylu\u010duj\u00ed anexi…\u201c\u00a0<\/span>To, \u017ee referendum poru\u0161ilo ukrajinsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo, nen\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

I nyn\u00ed se\u00a0<\/span>term\u00edn anexe op\u011bt pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 velmi liber\u00e1ln\u011b \u2013 pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z propagandistick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Expertka na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo Annalena Baerbock ve sv\u00e9m projevu na Valn\u00e9m shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed OSN 22. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 prohl\u00e1sila: \u201e\u00a0<\/span>Jak\u00e1koli anexe ukrajinsk\u00e9ho suver\u00e9nn\u00edho \u00fazem\u00ed by byla hrub\u00fdm poru\u0161en\u00edm suverenity Ukrajiny<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a o\u010dividn\u00fdm poru\u0161en\u00edm Charty OSN\u201c\u00a0<\/span>.\u00a0V mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vu je anexe n\u00e1siln\u00e9 z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed jedn\u00edm st\u00e1tem na \u00fakor druh\u00e9ho.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Je\u00a0<\/span>t\u0159eba ji odli\u0161it od okupace, kter\u00e1 obvykle m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edch\u00e1zet anex\u00edm, ale nen\u00ed ni\u010d\u00edm jin\u00fdm ne\u017e okupa\u010dn\u00ed spr\u00e1vou, t. j. v\u00fdkonem vlastn\u00ed \u00fazemn\u00ed suverenity na ciz\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm tajemstv\u00edm, \u017ee se to velmi \u010dasto t\u00fdk\u00e1 i ekonomick\u00fdch z\u00e1jm\u016f.\u00a0I kdy\u017e dnes existuje mnoho \u201eelegantn\u00edch\u201c zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak zaregistrovat sv\u016fj vliv na po\u017eadovan\u00e9 suroviny nebo oblasti\u00a0<\/span>.\u00a0\u010c\u00edna, ale i Rusko, USA nebo korporace ukazuj\u00ed, jak prob\u00edhaj\u00ed z\u00e1bory p\u016fdy a p\u0159\u00edstup ke zdroj\u016fm v Africe nebo Evrop\u011b.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Vzhled nebo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vzhled…<\/span><\/h2>\n

Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee Baerbock ji\u017e mluv\u00ed o p\u0159edst\u00edran\u00fdch referendech, v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 ukazuje, \u017ee v\u00fdsledek v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nelze uznat.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Na to by si m\u011bla d\u00e1t pozor zejm\u00e9na EU.\u00a0<\/span>N\u011bkter\u00fdm \u010dlensk\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm bylo \u201epovoleno\u201c hlasovat \u010dast\u011bji o samotn\u00e9 \u00fastav\u011b EU, proto\u017ee v\u00fdsledek nenaplnil o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Obecn\u011b by referenda m\u011bla b\u00fdt zalo\u017eena na principech svobodn\u00fdch voleb.\u00a0To je obvykle podporov\u00e1no neutr\u00e1ln\u00edmi mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmi pozorovateli.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jak se to ale stane, kdy\u017e nebude nikdo vysl\u00e1n nebo jako v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b gener\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0159editele dodavatele energi\u00ed ze severn\u00edho Hesenska, kter\u00fd se z\u00fa\u010dastnil jako pozorovatel a kter\u00e9mu nyn\u00ed hroz\u00ed d\u016fsledky?\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Rusk\u00e1 strana naopak trv\u00e1 na tom, \u017ee v\u0161e prob\u00edhalo dob\u0159e, hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed podle agentury TASS sledovalo 133 pozorovatel\u016f z 28 zem\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span>Mimo jin\u00e9 z Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie, N\u011bmecka, S\u00fdrie, Toga, \u0160pan\u011blska, Kolumbie, Ji\u017en\u00ed Afriky, Ghany, Srbska, Indie, Islandu, Loty\u0161ska atd.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A stejn\u011b jako u Krymu,\u00a0<\/span>i Lugansk\u00e1 a Don\u011bck\u00e1 oblast se v roce 2014 vyhl\u00e1sily za autonomn\u00ed republiky, na co\u017e Ukrajina vojensky odpov\u011bd\u011bla.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Jak se dalo o\u010dek\u00e1vat, zpr\u00e1vy z obou stran si odporuj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dasp\u011bch pro Rusko?<\/span><\/h2>\n

Co se ale Rusku poda\u0159ilo je, \u017ee m\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed zp\u011bt ve sv\u00fdch rukou \u2013 a\u0165 u\u017e v rozporu s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vem, nebo ne.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Podle Zbigniewa Brzezinsk\u00e9ho:\u00a0<\/span>\u201eBez Ukrajiny u\u017e Rusko nen\u00ed euroasijskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed.\u00a0… Z geopolitick\u00e9ho hlediska p\u0159edstavovalo odtr\u017een\u00ed Ukrajiny kl\u00ed\u010dovou ztr\u00e1tu, proto\u017ee drasticky omezilo geostrategick\u00e9 mo\u017enosti Ruska,\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0hraje Rusko op\u011bt geopoliticky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zejm\u00e9na proto, \u017ee posti\u017een\u00e9 oblasti na Donbasu jsou domovem\u00a0<\/span>t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u010dtvrtiny ukrajinsk\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, kter\u00e1 tvo\u0159\u00ed zhruba 20 procent ukrajinsk\u00e9ho HDP<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 ekonomick\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu, jeho\u017e nedostatek je pro Ukrajinu bolestiv\u00fd.\u00a0<\/span>Co se bude d\u00edt d\u00e1l, se teprve uvid\u00ed, proto\u017ee mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tom, kdo co m\u016f\u017ee implementovat a implementovat, v\u0161e ostatn\u00ed je teorie.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edch oblastech Ukrajiny, kde \u017eije v\u011bt\u0161ina Rus\u016f, se konala referenda o tom, zda maj\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":15678,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[29,3529,885,22,26],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16420"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16420"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16420\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16421,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16420\/revisions\/16421"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15678"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16420"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16420"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16420"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}