{"id":13462,"date":"2022-08-12T05:46:09","date_gmt":"2022-08-12T03:46:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=13462"},"modified":"2022-08-12T05:46:09","modified_gmt":"2022-08-12T03:46:09","slug":"zakon-o-cipech-a-vede-spojenych-statu-je-siroce-zpochybnovan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2022\/08\/12\/zakon-o-cipech-a-vede-spojenych-statu-je-siroce-zpochybnovan\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1kon o \u010dipech a v\u011bd\u011b Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f je \u0161iroce zpochyb\u0148ov\u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<p data-spm-anchor-id=\"C01140752918.Pq1poEUXqS9i.0.i1\">Kolem \u201ez\u00e1kona o \u010dipech a v\u011bd\u011b\u201c, kter\u00fd podepsal americk\u00fd prezident Biden, americk\u00e9 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed ned\u00e1vno vyj\u00e1d\u0159ilo sv\u016fj nesouhlas. The New York Times uvedl, \u017ee n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona vypad\u00e1 ambici\u00f3zn\u011b, ale nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd po mnoho let. Noviny The Washington Post publikoval \u010dl\u00e1nek zpochyb\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed, zda je \u201e\u010dipov\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u201c \u201edrah\u00fd idiot\u201c nebo \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd katalyz\u00e1tor inovac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Pro\u010d je tento tis\u00edcistr\u00e1nkov\u00fd \u00fa\u010det tak \u0161iroce zpochyb\u0148ov\u00e1n? Proto\u017ee obsah a \u00fa\u010del nejsou jednoduch\u00e9. M\u00e1 t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed obsahy: za prv\u00e9 poskytuje polovodi\u010dov\u00e9mu pr\u016fmyslu finan\u010dn\u00ed podporu ve v\u00fd\u0161i 52,7 miliard americk\u00fdch dolar\u016f. Za druh\u00e9, poskytnout podnik\u016fm 25% slevu na dani z investic ve v\u00fd\u0161i p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 24 miliard dolar\u016f. Za t\u0159et\u00ed, zhruba 200 miliard dolar\u016f bylo p\u0159id\u011bleno na podporu \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed, jako je um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence, robotika a kvantov\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dty. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm nich Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty vyt\u00e1hly \u201evelk\u00fd dort\u201c s celkovou \u010d\u00e1stkou asi 280 miliard americk\u00fdch dolar\u016f, aby p\u0159il\u00e1kaly podniky k zalo\u017een\u00ed tov\u00e1ren ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech a podpo\u0159ily koncentraci v\u00fdroby \u010dip\u016f (m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 28 nm) ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. st\u00e1t\u016f a udr\u017eet hegemonii Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f ve v\u011bd\u011b a technice.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed analytici z\u00e1kon naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u201enejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm \u00fasil\u00edm v americk\u00e9 historii znovu podpo\u0159it offshore pr\u016fmysl\u201c. Podle pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f v roce 1990 p\u0159edstavovaly Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty 37 % celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu v\u00fdroby polovodi\u010d\u016f a do roku 2020 toto \u010d\u00edslo klesne na 12 %. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee odliv zpracovatelsk\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu daleko p\u0159ed\u010dil o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty dycht\u00ed po n\u00e1prav\u011b situace. V p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9m prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed vydan\u00e9m B\u00edl\u00fdm domem \u00fa\u010del \u201e\u010dipov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona\u201c zahrnuje sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed n\u00e1klad\u016f, vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed pracovn\u00edch m\u00edst a pos\u00edlen\u00ed dodavatelsk\u00e9ho \u0159et\u011bzce.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona tak\u00e9 stanov\u00ed, \u017ee podniky, kter\u00e9 dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed dotace ze strany USA, nesm\u011bj\u00ed b\u011bhem 10 let prov\u00e1d\u011bt \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 \u201evelk\u00e9 transakce\u201c ani investovat do pokro\u010dil\u00fdch procesn\u00edch \u010dip\u016f s \u010c\u00ednou nebo jin\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi, kter\u00e9 \u201eboj\u00ed USA\u201c. Tyto takzvan\u00e9 \u201eplotov\u00e9\u201c klauzule a p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010c\u00edny zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed strategickou \u00fazkost Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, kterou je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 zvl\u00e1dnout.<\/p>\n<p>V posledn\u00edch letech \u010c\u00edna a n\u011bkter\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b neust\u00e1le pokro\u010dily v oblasti v\u00fdroby polovodi\u010d\u016f, co\u017e ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech vyvolalo neklid. \u00da\u010delem z\u00e1kona je postavit p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky rozvoji polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu v \u010c\u00edn\u011b a dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch a pos\u00edlit dominantn\u00ed postaven\u00ed Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f v pr\u016fmyslu v\u00fdroby \u010dip\u016f. To je tak\u00e9 hlub\u0161\u00ed d\u016fvod pro zaveden\u00ed americk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona.<\/p>\n<p>Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty maj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo se samy rozv\u00edjet, ale nemohou tak \u010dinit na \u00fakor zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed ostatn\u00edm v rozvoji. Tento druh politiky ochrany \u010dipov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu pod veden\u00edm mentality studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky je odsouzen k ne\u00fasp\u011bchu.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud jde o z\u00e1sah proti konkurent\u016fm, v tomto n\u00e1vrhu z\u00e1kona je p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee pokud nebudou existovat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 relevantn\u00ed podniky a technologie, bude modernizace polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu v \u010c\u00edn\u011b a dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zablokov\u00e1na. Tento p\u0159edpoklad odhaluje neznalost a d\u011btinskost americk\u00e9 hegemonie.<\/p>\n<p data-spm-anchor-id=\"C01140752918.Pq1poEUXqS9i.0.i2\">Podle odhad\u016f Boston Consulting Company a dal\u0161\u00edch instituc\u00ed, pokud Washington p\u0159ijme politiku \u201etvrd\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed technologi\u00ed\u201c od \u010c\u00edny, m\u016f\u017ee to \u010c\u00edn\u011b v kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9m horizontu zp\u016fsobit pot\u00ed\u017ee. Americk\u00e9 polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 podniky v\u0161ak budou trp\u011bt je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce. O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee ztrat\u00ed 18 % pod\u00edlu na celosv\u011btov\u00e9m trhu a 37 % sv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f a sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed 15 000 a\u017e 40 000 vysoce kvalifikovan\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch m\u00edst.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy z pohledu historie \u010d\u00ednsko-americk\u00fdch vztah\u016f dos\u00e1hla americk\u00e1 strana sv\u00e9ho c\u00edle? Nap\u0159\u00edklad pr\u016fzkum vesm\u00edru, Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty zkou\u0161ely v\u0161echny mo\u017en\u00e9 prost\u0159edky k vylou\u010den\u00ed \u010c\u00edny z \u201evesm\u00edrn\u00e9ho klubu\u201c. \u201eNebesk\u00fd pal\u00e1c\u201c, kter\u00fd dnes funguje nad zem\u00ed, je v\u0161ak nejlep\u0161\u00edm d\u016fkazem, \u017ee podobn\u00e9 pokusy Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f selhaly.<\/p>\n<p>Politick\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy poru\u0161uj\u00ed trhu a technologick\u00e1 blok\u00e1da jde proti obecn\u00e9mu trendu v\u00fdvoje. \u010cas uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee k\u00e1men \u00farazu, kter\u00fd u\u010dinila americk\u00e1 strana sv\u00fdm konkurent\u016fm, nakonec zareaguj\u00ed samy na sebe.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1185\" src=\"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/kuryr-podpis.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"84\" height=\"24\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kolem \u201ez\u00e1kona o \u010dipech a v\u011bd\u011b\u201c, kter\u00fd podepsal americk\u00fd prezident Biden, americk\u00e9 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed ned\u00e1vno&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":13463,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[30,341,37,609],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13462"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13462"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13462\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13463"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13462"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13462"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13462"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}