{"id":13119,"date":"2022-08-04T01:10:46","date_gmt":"2022-08-03T23:10:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=13119"},"modified":"2022-08-03T17:44:15","modified_gmt":"2022-08-03T15:44:15","slug":"skandal-ve-vedecke-komunite-prukopnicke-studie-alzheimerovy-choroby-byly-udajne-zfalsovany","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2022\/08\/04\/skandal-ve-vedecke-komunite-prukopnicke-studie-alzheimerovy-choroby-byly-udajne-zfalsovany\/","title":{"rendered":"Skand\u00e1l ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9 komunit\u011b: Pr\u016fkopnick\u00e9 studie Alzheimerovy choroby byly \u00fadajn\u011b zfal\u0161ov\u00e1ny"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>Jak uv\u00e1d\u00ed \u010dasopis Science, n\u011bkolik v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch prac\u00ed o Alzheimerov\u011b chorob\u011b bylo \u00fadajn\u011b po desetilet\u00ed zfal\u0161ov\u00e1no.\u00a0Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee n\u011bkolik miliard americk\u00fdch dolar\u016f z v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f bylo nespr\u00e1vn\u011b investov\u00e1no kv\u016fli fal\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho v\u011bdce.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00fd skand\u00e1l aktu\u00e1ln\u011b ot\u0159\u00e1s\u00e1 v\u011bdeckou komunitou a vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky.\u00a0Tentokr\u00e1t nejde o aktu\u00e1ln\u011b otev\u0159en\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky ohledn\u011b pandemie COVID-19, ale o v\u00fdzkum Alzheimerovy choroby.\u00a0Francouzsk\u00fd badatel\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sylvain_Lesn%C3%A9\"><span>Sylvain Lesn\u00e9<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0pr\u00fd v pr\u016fb\u011bhu let zfal\u0161oval n\u011bkolik studi\u00ed na toto t\u00e9ma.\u00a0U\u017e d\u0159\u00edve\u00a0o tom podrobn\u011b\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/article\/potential-fabrication-research-images-threatens-key-theory-alzheimers-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">informoval v\u011bdeck\u00fd \u010dasopis\u00a0<\/a><\/span><em><span>Science<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Lesn\u00e9ho v\u011bdeck\u00e9 publikace nazna\u010dovaly, \u017ee molekula zvan\u00e1\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beta-Amyloid\"><span>amyloid-beta<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0*56 (Abeta*56) byla jednou z p\u0159\u00ed\u010din mozkov\u00fdch poruch u Alzheimerovy choroby.\u00a0Nyn\u00ed je ale zpochybn\u011bno nejen toto spojen\u00ed, ale dokonce i to, zda se p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 molekula v lidsk\u00e9m mozku v\u016fbec vyskytuje.\u00a0<strong>Obvin\u011bn\u00ed:<\/strong> Lesn\u00e9 \u00fadajn\u011b masivn\u011b manipuloval s mnoha obr\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly dok\u00e1zat existenci molekuly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee pou\u017eil metodu, kterou lze nejl\u00e9pe srovnat se zp\u016fsobem, jak\u00fdm pracuje software Photoshop pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed digitalizovan\u00fdch obr\u00e1zk\u016f.\u00a0Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee Lesn\u00e9 sv\u00e9 publikovan\u00e9 ilustrace poskl\u00e1dal z \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed fotografi\u00ed z r\u016fzn\u00fdch experiment\u016f.\u00a0Proto\u017ee se v\u0161ak n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti ilustrac\u00ed objevily n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t a vypadaly \u00fapln\u011b stejn\u011b, byla nyn\u00ed tato manipulace odhalena \u2013 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm anal\u00fdzy obrazu.\u00a0Data tedy mohla b\u00fdt zm\u011bn\u011bna, aby l\u00e9pe odpov\u00eddala hypot\u00e9ze a napodobovala p\u0159\u00edtomnost Abeta*56.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Biochemik tyto reprezentace poprv\u00e9 zfal\u0161oval v jedn\u00e9 z nejcitovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edch Alzheimerov\u00fdch studi\u00ed tohoto stolet\u00ed, kter\u00e1 byla publikov\u00e1na v roce 2006 v \u010dasopise\u00a0<\/span><em><span>Nature<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Ale nez\u016fstalo jen u toho: Podle\u00a0<\/span><em><span>Science<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0m\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e 20 dal\u0161\u00edch jeho publikac\u00ed obsahovat fale\u0161n\u00e9 obr\u00e1zky.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Debata se nyn\u00ed to\u010d\u00ed kolem toho, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry by Lesn\u00e9 po\u0161kodil cel\u00fd v\u00fdzkum Alzheimerovy choroby a posti\u017een\u00e9 pacienty.\u00a0\u010cetn\u00ed odborn\u00edci kdysi hodnotili jeho pr\u00e1ci jako d\u016fkaz, \u017ee takzvan\u00e1 amyloidn\u00ed hypot\u00e9za vysv\u011btluje vznik Alzheimerovy choroby.\u00a0Tato hypot\u00e9za tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee molekuly protein\u016f se zpo\u010d\u00e1tku shlukuj\u00ed v mozku a vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed takzvan\u00e9 amyloidn\u00ed plaky a p\u0159ipojuj\u00ed se k nervov\u00fdm bu\u0148k\u00e1m.\u00a0V dal\u0161\u00edm kroku se v nervov\u00fdch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch tvo\u0159\u00ed svazky pevn\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken.\u00a0Plaky i vl\u00e1kna jsou pro nervov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky toxick\u00e9, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee tyto neurony \u010dasem odum\u00edraj\u00ed.\u00a0Tato dramatick\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ta neporu\u0161en\u00fdch, propojen\u00fdch neuron\u016f zase vede k ment\u00e1ln\u00edm deficit\u016fm charakteristick\u00fdm pro Alzheimerovu chorobu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Lesn\u00e9ho publikace byly pokrokem na poli neurologie pro ty badatele, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee za vznik Alzheimerovy choroby nejsou shluky, ale \u00falomky b\u00edlkovin jako jejich v\u00fdchoz\u00ed materi\u00e1l.\u00a0Z\u00e1stupc\u016fm amyloidn\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy tak byla poskytnuta velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st prost\u0159edk\u016f na dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum.\u00a0Zast\u00e1nci hypot\u00e9zy tak\u00e9 \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b lobbovali, tak\u017ee jin\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy dost\u00e1valy m\u00e1lo finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f.\u00a0T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nikdy ne\u0161lo o zpochyb\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed amyloidn\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Univerzity a farmaceutick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b investovaly miliardy dolar\u016f nebo eur do v\u00fdvoje l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 by p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b mohly zabr\u00e1nit tvorb\u011b plaku.\u00a0Ale v posledn\u00edch letech se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo roz\u010darov\u00e1n\u00ed: byly skute\u010dn\u011b nalezeny l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eou rozpustit shluky na nervov\u00fdch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch.\u00a0To v\u0161ak na dramatick\u00e9m pr\u016fb\u011bhu nemoci t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nic nezm\u011bnilo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry obvin\u011bn\u00ed na adresu Lesn\u00e9ho zpochyb\u0148uj\u00ed z\u00e1klady v\u00fdzkumu Alzheimerovy choroby, je p\u0159edm\u011btem sou\u010dasn\u00e9 debaty.\u00a0V\u00fdzkumn\u00edk Alzheimerovy choroby\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.synergy-munich.de\/members\/associate-investigators\/perneczky\/index.html\"><span>Robert Perneczky<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0z Mnichovsk\u00e9 univerzity pro\u00a0<\/span><em><span>Neue Z\u00fcrcher Zeitung<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0\u0159ekl , \u017ee Lesn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1ce v posledn\u00edch letech nebyla pro v\u00fdvoj l\u00e9k\u016f rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed.\u00a0Mnoho odborn\u00edk\u016f se tak\u00e9 domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee zat\u00edmco amyloidn\u00ed plaky a fascikuly hraj\u00ed roli u Alzheimerovy choroby, p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinn\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec onemocn\u011bn\u00ed je slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e se d\u0159\u00edve myslelo.\u00a0Existuje n\u011bkolik rizikov\u00fdch faktor\u016f:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>&#8222;Pat\u0159\u00ed sem rozpustn\u00e9 shlukov\u00e9 slo\u017eky, shluky, svazky vl\u00e1kniny v mozku, r\u016fzn\u00e9 genov\u00e9 mutace, ale tak\u00e9 obezita, vysok\u00fd krevn\u00ed tlak, nadm\u011brn\u00e1 konzumace alkoholu, kou\u0159en\u00ed, poran\u011bn\u00ed mozku, osam\u011blost, \u0161patn\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed a deprese.&#8220;<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Nicm\u00e9n\u011b tato obvin\u011bn\u00ed vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010detn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky o v\u011bdeck\u00e9 komunit\u011b samotn\u00e9: Pokud se nedbalost potvrd\u00ed, budou si muset nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Lesn\u00e9ho, \u200b\u200bale i odborn\u00ed nakladatel\u00e9 a jimi pov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed odborn\u00edci polo\u017eit ot\u00e1zku, pro\u010d \u00fadajn\u00e9 letit\u00e9 fal\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f nebylo a\u017e doned\u00e1vna nebylo odhaleno. Nav\u00edc ka\u017ed\u00fd skand\u00e1l tohoto druhu ot\u0159\u00e1s\u00e1 v\u011bdeckou komunitou obecn\u011b, proto\u017ee se tak ztr\u00e1c\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bra ve zdravotn\u00ed\u00a0v\u011bdy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>T\u00e9ma je aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed i pro lidi mimo v\u011bdeckou komunitu, proto\u017ee pokud by Lesn\u00e9 podv\u00e1d\u011bl, ekonomick\u00e9 \u0161kody by byly tak\u00e9 obrovsk\u00e9: jeho podv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed by nasm\u011brovalo obrovsk\u00e9 sumy pen\u011bz \u0161patn\u00fdm sm\u011brem financov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pro dne\u0161n\u00ed dobu je tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e9, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b kapitalistick\u00e9 ziskov\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy vzbuzovaly pochybnosti o Lesn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1ci: Na nesrovnalosti v Lesn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1ci podle\u00a0<\/span><em><span>Science<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0narazil neurolog\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vumc.org\/vmac\/person\/matthew-s-schrag-md-phd\"><span>Matthew Schrag<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, kdy\u017e byl pr\u00e1vn\u00edkem pov\u011b\u0159en p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00edm po nesrovnalostech ve v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci pro experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e9k s n\u00e1zvem\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simufilam\"><span>Simufilam <\/span><\/a><span>jako l\u00e9ku na Alzheimerovu chorobu. Klienty pr\u00e1vn\u00edka byli dva v\u00fdznamn\u00ed neurov\u011bdci, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou tak\u00e9 takzvan\u00fdmi short sellery na burze, tedy profituj\u00ed, kdy\u017e cena akci\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti klesne.\u00a0Domn\u00edvali se, \u017ee pr\u00e1ce souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s drogou Simufilam mohla b\u00fdt \u201epodvodn\u00e1\u201c.\u00a0Schrag\u016fv v\u00fdzkum ho v\u0161ak nakonec p\u0159ivedl k nesrovnalostem v Lesn\u00e9ho d\u00edle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1185\" src=\"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/kuryr-podpis.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"84\" height=\"24\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jak uv\u00e1d\u00ed \u010dasopis Science, n\u011bkolik v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch prac\u00ed o Alzheimerov\u011b chorob\u011b bylo \u00fadajn\u011b po desetilet\u00ed zfal\u0161ov\u00e1no.\u00a0Je&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":13120,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[2958,497,21],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13119"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13119"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13119\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13121,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13119\/revisions\/13121"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13120"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13119"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13119"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}