{"id":12137,"date":"2022-07-06T04:59:08","date_gmt":"2022-07-06T02:59:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=12137"},"modified":"2022-07-06T04:59:08","modified_gmt":"2022-07-06T02:59:08","slug":"ustava-a-vezni-navzdy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2022\/07\/06\/ustava-a-vezni-navzdy\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00dastava a v\u011bzni nav\u017edy"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n
„Domn\u00edv\u00e1m se, \u017ee mal\u00e1 vzpoura je \u010das od \u010dasu dobr\u00e1 v\u011bc, kter\u00e1 je v politick\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b stejn\u011b pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 jako bou\u0159e ve fyzick\u00e9m.<\/i>“ Thomas Jefferson, 30. ledna 1787<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e Thomas Jefferson napsal sv\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edteli, sousedovi a kolegovi Jamesi Madisonovi sv\u016fj n\u00e1zor, \u017ee z\u00e1kladem vl\u00e1dy mus\u00ed b\u00fdt sp\u00ed\u0161e zachov\u00e1n\u00ed svobody ne\u017e po\u0159\u00e1dku, byla v\u00e1lka proti Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii vyhran\u00e1, \u010cl\u00e1nky konfederace byly v platnosti a Madison se za\u010d\u00ednal p\u0159ipravovat na svou kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b \u00fastavy.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

Jefferson byl v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei jako velvyslanec USA a napsal Madisonovi, aby vyj\u00e1d\u0159il sv\u016fj n\u00e1zor, \u017ee a\u0165 u\u017e se chyst\u00e1 navrhnout jak\u00e9koliv dodatky ke \u010cl\u00e1nk\u016fm Konfederace, m\u011bly by zahrnovat hodnotu osobn\u00ed svobody jako v\u00fdchoz\u00ed pozici. Madison byl spolu s dal\u0161\u00edmi vysl\u00e1n do Filadelfie, aby vypracoval dodatky k \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016fm. Madison v\u0161ak \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 dodatky nem\u011bl na mysli.<\/p>\n

Do tehdej\u0161\u00edho hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta nov\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu p\u0159ijel s n\u00e1vrhem nov\u00e9 \u00fastavy v hlav\u011b a v pozn\u00e1mk\u00e1ch. B\u011bhem letn\u00edch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v roce 1787 pro\u0161el n\u00e1vrh mnoha zm\u011bnami a dokument nakonec z\u00edskal podporu v\u0161ech deleg\u00e1t\u016f a byl ratifikov\u00e1n 13 st\u00e1ty, ani\u017e by Jefferson up\u0159ednost\u0148oval svobodu p\u0159ed \u0159\u00e1dem.<\/p>\n

P\u011bt st\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 ratifikovaly \u00fastavu, v\u0161ak dalo jasn\u011b najevo, \u017ee si to mo\u017en\u00e1 rozmysl\u00ed, pokud do \u00fastavy nebude dopln\u011bna Listina pr\u00e1v, kter\u00e1 by zahrnovala Jeffersonovy n\u00e1zory. Jefferson, vzd\u00e1len\u00fd 3 000 mil, sd\u00edlel stejn\u00e9 obavy jako ratifik\u00e1to\u0159i ve v\u00e1haj\u00edc\u00edch st\u00e1tech, \u017ee nov\u00e1 vl\u00e1da, kterou Madison a jeho kolegov\u00e9 nab\u00edzeli, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v ot\u00e1zce osobn\u00ed svobody nekompromisn\u011b pro.<\/p>\n

Madison op\u011bt vyu\u017eil sv\u00fdch jazykov\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed a vytvo\u0159il deset dodatk\u016f, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly zajistit, aby nov\u00e1 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da ne\u00fato\u010dila na osobn\u00ed svobodu. Listina pr\u00e1v byla ratifikov\u00e1na za n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f a bez v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho odporu. Dokonce i mnoz\u00ed antifederalist\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se stav\u011bli proti ratifikaci \u00fastavy, podpo\u0159ili ratifikaci Listiny pr\u00e1v.<\/p>\n

Mezi ratifikovan\u00fdmi dodatky byl i p\u00e1t\u00fd, kter\u00fd zaru\u010duje, \u017ee \u201enikdo nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt zbaven \u017eivota, svobody nebo majetku bez \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho soudn\u00edho procesu\u201c. (Habeas corpus<\/a>\u00a0– star\u00e1 z\u00e1sada, \u017ee obvin\u011bn\u00fd m\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo na spravedliv\u00fd proces a mus\u00ed b\u00fdt propu\u0161t\u011bn, pokud nen\u00ed shled\u00e1n vinn\u00fdm, pozn. editora)<\/p>\n

\u0158\u00e1dn\u00fd proces znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161ichni ob\u017ealovan\u00ed v trestn\u00edch v\u011bcech a v\u0161echny osoby zadr\u017een\u00e9 vl\u00e1dou maj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo zn\u00e1t obvin\u011bn\u00ed proti nim, maj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na spravedliv\u00fd proces s porotou a nestrann\u00fdm soudcem a maj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na odvol\u00e1n\u00ed proti nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9mu rozsudku. \u0158\u00e1dn\u00fd proces rovn\u011b\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee vl\u00e1da nem\u016f\u017ee osobu uv\u011bznit bez pod\u00e1n\u00ed ob\u017ealoby v dob\u011b uv\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed ani ji dr\u017eet ve v\u011bzen\u00ed pot\u00e9, co si odpykala trest odn\u011bt\u00ed svobody.<\/p>\n

Tuto nudnou informaci o z\u00e1kladn\u00edch americk\u00fdch \u00fastavn\u00edch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch nab\u00edz\u00edm proto, abych se zab\u00fdval politov\u00e1n\u00edhodn\u00fdm \u00fastavn\u00edm nepo\u0159\u00e1dkem, kter\u00fd se nyn\u00ed odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 na americk\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u011b v z\u00e1toce Guant\u00e1namo na Kub\u011b.<\/p>\n

Odv\u011bk\u00fd st\u0159et mezi \u0159\u00e1dem a svobodou, o n\u011bm\u017e psal Jefferson, \u010dasto \u00fast\u00ed do nelehk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f. P\u0159\u00edpady jsou nelehk\u00e9, kdy\u017e jsou strany sporu, jejich\u017e pr\u00e1va jsou poru\u0161ov\u00e1na, nepopul\u00e1rn\u00ed, nesympatick\u00e9 nebo nezn\u00e1m\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Dva takov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady proch\u00e1zej\u00ed soudy – a v obou p\u0159\u00edpadech Trumpova a Bidenova administrativa tvrdily, \u017ee podle \u00fastavy m\u016f\u017ee vl\u00e1da odsouzen\u00e9 zlo\u010dince z\u00e1konn\u011b v\u011bznit i pot\u00e9, co si odpykali cel\u00fd trest odn\u011bt\u00ed svobody, a dokonce m\u016f\u017ee nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 osoby v\u011bznit i bez pod\u00e1n\u00ed ob\u017ealoby. Z t\u011bchto argument\u016f mraz\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Argumenty jsou rovn\u011b\u017e nemor\u00e1ln\u00ed, neamerick\u00e9 a proti\u00fastavn\u00ed a jejich \u00fa\u010dinky jsou v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b nez\u00e1konn\u00e9. P\u0159esto feder\u00e1l\u016fm – pod veden\u00edm obou politick\u00fdch stran – nad\u00e1le proch\u00e1z\u00ed ni\u010den\u00ed \u00dastavy, kterou v\u0161ichni do jednoho p\u0159\u00edsahali dodr\u017eovat.<\/p>\n

Majid Khan, kter\u00e9ho CIA p\u0159ed p\u0159evozem na Gitmo dva roky mu\u010dila, se p\u0159iznal k tomu, \u017ee odklonil 50 000 dolar\u016f z p\u00e1kist\u00e1nsk\u00e9 organizace do pobo\u010dky Al-K\u00e1idy, kter\u00e1 tyto prost\u0159edky pou\u017eila p\u0159i bombov\u00e9m \u00fatoku na hotel Marriott v indon\u00e9sk\u00e9 Jakart\u011b v roce 2003. P\u0159i vynesen\u00ed rozsudku mu bylo dovoleno popsat mu\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 na n\u011bm CIA vykonala.<\/p>\n

Jeho nezpochybniteln\u00e9 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed bylo tak \u017eiv\u00e9 a strhuj\u00edc\u00ed, \u017ee mu vojensk\u00e1 porota doporu\u010dila milost a soudce souhlasil. Jeho trest odn\u011bt\u00ed svobody skon\u010dil p\u0159ed t\u0159emi m\u011bs\u00edci, 1. b\u0159ezna 2022. St\u00e1le je uv\u011bzn\u011bn a nem\u016f\u017ee komunikovat s nik\u00fdm jin\u00fdm ne\u017e se sv\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vn\u00edky.<\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b hor\u0161\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edpad Abdula-sal\u00e1ma al-Hela, kter\u00fd je v Gitmu uv\u011bzn\u011bn ji\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 20 let a dosud nebyl obvin\u011bn z \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu. Dilema vl\u00e1dy spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v jej\u00ed fixaci na mu\u010den\u00ed. D\u016fkazy, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 proti al-Helovi, byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny mu\u010den\u00edm samotn\u00e9ho al-Hely a dal\u0161\u00edch osob. Vl\u00e1da v\u00ed, \u017ee je nelze pou\u017e\u00edt p\u0159i trestn\u00edm st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed u \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho americk\u00e9ho soudu. P\u0159esto bylo za vl\u00e1dy prezidenta George W. Bushe mu\u010den\u00ed podporov\u00e1no, odm\u011b\u0148ov\u00e1no a nikdy nebylo trest\u00e1no.<\/p>\n

CIA se v Bushov\u011b \u00e9\u0159e chovala, jako by \u00fastava, na jej\u00ed\u017e podporu jej\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edci p\u0159\u00edsahali, byla jen c\u00e1rem pap\u00edru, bez s\u00edly z\u00e1kona, bez mor\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u00e1kladu a bez z\u00e1ruk spravedliv\u00e9ho procesu. A v obou t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech to feder\u00e1ln\u00ed odvolac\u00ed soud ve Washingtonu, D.C., kter\u00fd m\u00e1 jurisdikci nad \u0161mejdy z \u00fastavy na Gitmu, povolil; v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Khana proto, \u017ee nen\u00ed Ameri\u010dan, a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b al-Hela proto, \u017ee je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd – i po 20 letech nespravedliv\u00e9ho v\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed – na to, aby byl propu\u0161t\u011bn na svobodu.<\/p>\n

\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 z t\u011bchto v\u00fdmluv neobstoj\u00ed ani p\u0159i nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed. Jasn\u00e9 zn\u011bn\u00ed p\u00e1t\u00e9ho dodatku chr\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161echny osoby, nejen Ameri\u010dany, a chr\u00e1n\u00ed je pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159ed zbaven\u00edm svobody, kter\u00e9 v sou\u010dasnosti zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed feder\u00e1lov\u00e9. Pokud vl\u00e1da m\u016f\u017ee sama rozhodnout o uv\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed v\u011bz\u0148\u016f po odpyk\u00e1n\u00ed trestu nebo o jejich uv\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed bez vznesen\u00ed obvin\u011bn\u00ed, pak nen\u00ed svoboda nikoho v bezpe\u010d\u00ed a z\u00e1ruky \u00fastavy jsou bezzub\u00e9 a bezv\u00fdznamn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Jak napsal Jefferson v Deklaraci nez\u00e1vislosti, kdy\u017e vl\u00e1da \u00fato\u010d\u00ed na ty sam\u00e9 svobody, na jejich\u017e ochranu byla najata, je \u010das ji zm\u011bnit nebo zru\u0161it.<\/p>\n

Soudce Andrew P. Napolitano<\/b><\/p>\n

\n

The Constitution and forever prisoners<\/a> vy\u0161el na iCH 4.7.2022. P\u0159eklad\u00a0 Zv\u011bdavec.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

P\u0159evzato\u00a0Zvedavec.org<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

„Domn\u00edv\u00e1m se, \u017ee mal\u00e1 vzpoura je \u010das od \u010dasu dobr\u00e1 v\u011bc, kter\u00e1 je v politick\u00e9m…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3179,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1503,322,1135],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12137"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12137"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12137\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3179"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12137"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12137"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12137"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}