{"id":120629,"date":"2026-11-08T00:35:38","date_gmt":"2026-11-07T23:35:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=120629"},"modified":"2026-11-07T20:21:00","modified_gmt":"2026-11-07T19:21:00","slug":"nemecky-imperialismus-nalehave-vysvetleni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/11\/08\/nemecky-imperialismus-nalehave-vysvetleni\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u011bmeck\u00fd imperialismus: Nal\u00e9hav\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Osud st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy po p\u00e1du lidov\u00fdch demokraci\u00ed po roce 1989 nelze pln\u011b pochopit, ani\u017e bychom EU pova\u017eovali za prodlou\u017een\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho imperialismu. Berl\u00ednsk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed o zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed toho, aby region z\u016fstal slo\u017een ze slab\u00fdch, \u010dasto vz\u00e1jemn\u011b nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch mal\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, trv\u00e1 ji\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e stolet\u00ed. Postupem \u010dasu byly dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed a okupace ozbrojen\u00fdmi silami nahrazeny hospod\u00e1\u0159skou a m\u011bnovou uni\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako neust\u00e1le rostouc\u00ed vojenskou, bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed a zpravodajskou \u201einteroperabilitou\u201c a \u201espoluprac\u00ed\u201c \u2013 to v\u0161e pod rou\u0161kou \u201einternacionalismu\u201c.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Pochopen\u00ed tohoto procesu a neust\u00e1l\u00fdch pot\u0159eb n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho imperialismu poskytuje typicky chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed kritickou optiku, skrze kterou lze vn\u00edmat ud\u00e1losti, jako je zni\u010den\u00ed Jugosl\u00e1vie, vzestup a ned\u00e1vn\u00fd p\u00e1d Viktora Orb\u00e1na v Ma\u010farsku a viditeln\u00e9 i neviditeln\u00e9 politick\u00e9 machinace na star\u00e9m i nov\u00e9m Balk\u00e1n\u011b. N\u011bmeck\u00fd imperialismus je mocn\u00e1 a nebezpe\u010dn\u00e1 s\u00edla, kter\u00e1 je \u010dasto p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eena kv\u016fli sv\u00e9mu t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neviditeln\u00e9mu zp\u016fsobu fungov\u00e1n\u00ed. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee glob\u00e1ln\u00ed americk\u00e1 hegemonie nen\u00e1vratn\u011b sl\u00e1bne, je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed tomuto fenom\u00e9nu skute\u010dn\u011b porozum\u011bt, proto\u017ee hroz\u00ed, \u017ee se znovu objev\u00ed ve sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed militarizovan\u00e9 podob\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">N\u011bmeck\u00fd imperialismus je dnes \u0161patn\u011b pochopen i v zem\u00edch a regionech, kter\u00e9 byly p\u0159\u00edmo formov\u00e1ny, ne-li vytvo\u0159eny, berl\u00ednskou koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed intervenc\u00ed a doprovodnou hegemonickou expanz\u00ed. Jeho historick\u00fdm vyvrcholen\u00edm byl Brestlitevsk\u00fd m\u00edr z roku 1918. Podm\u00ednky a d\u016fsledky t\u00e9to smlouvy poskytuj\u00ed a\u017e znepokojiv\u011b p\u0159esn\u00fd pl\u00e1n pro modern\u00ed roli EU jako n\u011bmeck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e jin\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky. Navzdory seismick\u00e9mu v\u00fdznamu Brestlitevsk\u00e9ho m\u00edru existuje pom\u011brn\u011b m\u00e1lo mainstreamov\u00fdch studi\u00ed v angli\u010dtin\u011b. M\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00e9 d\u00edlo Adama Toozeho z roku 2014 s n\u00e1zvem \u201ePotopa\u201c v\u0161ak nab\u00edz\u00ed velmi poutavou a informativn\u00ed synt\u00e9zu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Tooze p\u00ed\u0161e o tom, jak \u201eBrest dal vzniknout p\u0159edch\u016fdc\u016fm pobaltsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f v jejich modern\u00ed podob\u011b\u201c a poprv\u00e9 v historii vytvo\u0159il \u201enez\u00e1vislou Ukrajinu\u201c. \u00dazem\u00ed bohat\u00e9 na zdroje, kter\u00e9 v p\u0159edchoz\u00edch stalet\u00edch pat\u0159ilo mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm dynastick\u00fdm pozemn\u00edm \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00edm, bylo rozd\u011bleno na snadno vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 kusy. Nov\u011b vznikl\u00e9 n\u00e1rody a jim odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed nacionalismy, kter\u00e9 se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily po etnicky, jazykov\u011b a n\u00e1bo\u017eensky rozmanit\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy, vytvo\u0159ily impozantn\u00ed pevnost. Sebeur\u010den\u00ed usnadnilo N\u011bmecku neru\u0161en\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd, vojensk\u00fd a politick\u00fd vp\u00e1d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">P\u0159i pohledu na euroasijskou mapu 21. stolet\u00ed Tooze poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee od rozpadu Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu v roce 1991 jsou v\u0161echny \u201ev\u00fdtvory\u201c Brestlitevska \u201epova\u017eov\u00e1ny za legitimn\u00ed \u010dleny rodiny n\u00e1rod\u016f\u201c. Nav\u00edc se \u201est\u00e1ty jako pobaltsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty a Polsko, tehdy stejn\u011b jako nyn\u00ed, obracej\u00ed na ochr\u00e1nce na Z\u00e1pad\u011b\u201c a jsou \u201edychtiv\u00fdmi \u010dleny Ameri\u010dany ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9ho NATO a Evropsk\u00e9 unie, v n\u00ed\u017e je N\u011bmecko dominantn\u00ed silou\u201c. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Brestlitevska \u201ese v\u0161echny tyto st\u00e1tn\u00ed subjekty \u00famysln\u011b dostaly pod \u201aochranu\u2018 c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9ho N\u011bmecka\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Brestlitevsk\u00e1 smlouva<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" title=\"Brestlitevsk\u00e9 smlouvy | Rusko, N\u011bmecko, Rakousko-Uhersko | Britannica\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/%24s_%21gENI%21%2Cw_1456%2Cc_limit%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F76935c68-b965-458f-bced-97120039777b_1600x788.jpeg?resize=656%2C323&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"Brestlitevsk\u00e9 smlouvy | Rusko, N\u011bmecko, Rakousko-Uhersko | Britannica\" \/><\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">Deleg\u00e1ti v Brestlitovsku b\u011bhem jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, za\u010d\u00e1tek roku 1918<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Smlouva byla podeps\u00e1na v b\u0159eznu 1918 mezi Moskvou a Rakousko-Uherskem, Bulharskem, N\u011bmeckem a Osmanskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed \u2013 po m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch napjat\u00fdch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 za\u010dala v prosinci p\u0159edchoz\u00edho roku, kdy revolu\u010dn\u00ed Rusko podepsalo p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed s Berl\u00ednem. V Brestlitovsku ob\u011b strany p\u0159edstavily sv\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o \u201esebeur\u010den\u00ed\u201c pro st\u0159edoevropsk\u00e9 a v\u00fdchodoevropsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti zhroucen\u00e9 carsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Vladimir Lenin doufal, \u017ee nov\u011b nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 st\u00e1ty v regionu se budou moci svobodn\u011b st\u00e1t bol\u0161evick\u00fdmi. C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 N\u011bmecko to v\u0161ak nem\u011blo v \u00famyslu dovolit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">M\u00edsto toho si \u201einteligentn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed strategi\u010dt\u00ed myslitel\u00e9\u201c zem\u011b uv\u011bdomili, \u017ee \u201eneexistuje lep\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak rozb\u00edt carskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, ne\u017e aby Berl\u00edn podpo\u0159il po\u017eadavek na sebeur\u010den\u00ed v Brestlitovsku\u201c. Tato \u201emanipulativn\u00ed lest\u201c by N\u011bmecku umo\u017enila nepost\u0159ehnuteln\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it jeho hegemonii na nesm\u00edrn\u011b lukrativn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed. Byla to \u201evize vyjednan\u00e9 suverenity, v n\u00ed\u017e byla ekonomick\u00e1 a vojensk\u00e1 nez\u00e1vislost men\u0161\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f kombinov\u00e1na s nez\u00e1vislost\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f\u201c. Tooze l\u00ed\u010d\u00ed, jak n\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed imperialist\u00e9 argumentovali, \u017ee \u201epln\u00e1, neomezen\u00e1 suverenita\u201c je \u201ev\u017edy chim\u00e9ra\u201c \u2013 \u201eskute\u010dn\u00e1 volba byla mezi hegemony\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eN\u011bmecko by si zajistilo moc v kontinent\u00e1ln\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku \u2013 ne anex\u00ed, ale vytvo\u0159en\u00edm ekonomick\u00e9ho a vojensk\u00e9ho bloku men\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdchodoevropsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f\u2026 Autonomn\u00ed polsk\u00fd celek, kter\u00fd N\u011bmecko a Rakousko na podzim roku 1916 vy\u010dlenily z rusk\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, byl za\u010d\u00e1tkem. Nov\u00e9 Polsko by sice bylo s N\u011bmeckem \u00fazce a neodvolateln\u011b spjato ekonomicky i vojensky, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 by mu byla d\u00e1na svoboda \u201an\u00e1rodn\u00edho vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed\u2018 v soci\u00e1ln\u00ed a kulturn\u00ed sf\u00e9\u0159e.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eVojensk\u00e1 ochrana\u201c<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Z pohledu \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edch mocnost\u00ed byl koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed zisk sebeur\u010den\u00ed obrovsk\u00fd. \u00dazemn\u011b Moskva ztratila kontrolu nad \u00fazem\u00edm dne\u0161n\u00edho B\u011bloruska, Estonska, Loty\u0161ska, Litvy, Polska a Ukrajiny. Toto prvot\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00e9 carsk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed tvo\u0159ilo 34 procent populace padl\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, 54 procent jej\u00ed industrializovan\u00e9 p\u016fdy, 89 procent jej\u00edch uheln\u00fdch rev\u00edr\u016f a 26 procent jej\u00edch \u017eeleznic. Berl\u00edn si byl dob\u0159e v\u011bdom toho, \u017ee o tento region\u00e1ln\u00ed poklad se bude tvrd\u011b bojovat a mohl by snadno spadnout \u201edo ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy jin\u00e9 velmoci\u201c \u2013 \u201epokud ne N\u011bmecka nebo Ruska, pak Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Brestlitevsk\u00e9 podm\u00ednky proto povolovaly pouze \u201enez\u00e1vislost\u201c pod form\u00e1ln\u00ed \u201en\u011bmeckou vojenskou ochranou\u201c. To prom\u011bnilo miliony lid\u00ed v cel\u00e9m regionu v potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1stupn\u00e9 v\u016fdce, postaven\u00e9 proti Rusku nebo jin\u00fdm velk\u00fdm mocnostem, kter\u00e9 ohro\u017eovaly m\u00edstn\u00ed hegemonii Berl\u00edna \u2013 podobn\u011b jako dnes NATO. Vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz, kter\u00fd se rychle propadal do ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky a \u010delil francouzsko-britsk\u00e9 intervenci s c\u00edlem zvr\u00e1tit revoluci, se pod\u0159\u00eddil tvrd\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m smlouvy. Lenin v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee bol\u0161evici nakonec znovu z\u00edskaj\u00ed ztracen\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed pouhou silou radikalismu.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/%24s_%21YuH5%21%2Cw_1456%2Cc_limit%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48a4e58b-6c26-4e69-a9dd-a373ce317407_1050x1296.png?resize=637%2C786&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"516\" height=\"637\" \/><\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 mapa st\u00e1t\u016f st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 Brestlitevskou smlouvou<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Brestlitevsk\u00fd m\u00edr byl v \u010dervnu 1919 roztr\u017een Versailleskou smlouvou, kter\u00e1 donutila Berl\u00edn ud\u011blit nez\u00e1vislost \u0159ad\u011b protektor\u00e1t\u016f dobyt\u00fdch N\u011bmeckem, kter\u00e9 se v regionu usadily. B\u011bhem n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch t\u0159\u00ed let vypukly chaotick\u00e9 a n\u00e1siln\u00e9 boje mezi m\u00edstn\u00edmi revolu\u010dn\u00edmi \u017eivly podporovan\u00fdmi Rudou arm\u00e1dou a \u201enez\u00e1visl\u00fdmi\u201c st\u00e1ty veden\u00fdmi kolabora\u010dn\u00edmi loutkami. B\u011blorusko a Ukrajina byly \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b za\u010dlen\u011bny jako republiky, zat\u00edmco pobaltsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty a Polsko z\u016fstaly autonomn\u00ed. Mezit\u00edm byla v cel\u00e9 st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b rozhodn\u011b zaseta semena n\u011bmeck\u00e9 hegemonie prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sebeur\u010den\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Po Brestlitovsku zanechal n\u011bmeck\u00fd kolonialismus stopy p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vzniku nacionalismu a odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch zakl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch m\u00fdt\u016f v cel\u00e9m regionu, kter\u00e9 byly ze sv\u00e9 podstaty nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 a hn\u011bviv\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di Moskv\u011b. V Polsku v roce 1916 se berl\u00ednsk\u00e9 invazn\u00ed s\u00edly \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b prezentovaly jako osvoboditel\u00e9. V pobaltsk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech tvo\u0159ili Rusov\u00e9 velkou \u010d\u00e1st m\u011bstsk\u00e9, statk\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 elity. N\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed propagandist\u00e9 \u200b\u200b\u2013 a v ultranacionalistick\u00fdch narativech \u2013 je snadno zobrazovali jako parazitick\u00e9 vl\u00e1dce p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b negramotn\u00e9ho etnick\u00e9ho estonsk\u00e9ho, loty\u0161sk\u00e9ho a litevsk\u00e9ho rolnictva, kter\u00e9 \u017eilo v\u011bt\u0161inou na venkovsk\u00fdch step\u00edch.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">P\u0159im\u011bt multietnick\u00e9 obyvatelstvo Ukrajiny k p\u0159ijet\u00ed protirusk\u00e9 \u201enez\u00e1vislosti\u201c bylo podstatn\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 vzhledem k jejich podobn\u00e9mu p\u016fvodu, zvyk\u016fm a jazyk\u016fm, stejn\u011b jako k v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9mu kulturn\u00edmu vlivu v obou sm\u011brech od spojen\u00ed Kyjeva s Moskvou v roce 1654. Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 \u00facta ke genocidn\u00edm fa\u0161ist\u016fm na Ukrajin\u011b a prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1stupn\u00e1 v\u00e1lka jsou p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky snah n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho imperialistick\u00e9ho re\u017eimu o rozdm\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed a antagonismu mezi Rusy a Ukrajinci. Tuto strategii po celou dobu studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky udr\u017eovaly CIA a MI6 s pomoc\u00ed nacisty infiltrovan\u00e9ho Z\u00e1padn\u00edho Berl\u00edna.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eCiviliza\u010dn\u00ed mise\u201c<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Dal\u0161\u00edm trval\u00fdm odkazem Brestlitovska byla transformace \u201esebeur\u010den\u00ed\u201c z liber\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00e9 imperialistick\u00e9 k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy v z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip angloamerick\u00fdch mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch vztah\u016f. Tuto ot\u00e1zku dychtiv\u011b a cynicky p\u0159ijal nejprve britsk\u00fd premi\u00e9r Lloyd George a pot\u00e9 americk\u00fd prezident Woodrow Wilson. Pr\u00e1vo na sebeur\u010den\u00ed men\u0161in na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b se stalo absolutn\u00edm \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm bodem Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9 m\u00edrov\u00e9 konference v roce 1919. Protikoloni\u00e1ln\u00ed a nacionalistick\u00e1 hnut\u00ed po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b v n\u011bm vid\u011bla p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost k dosa\u017een\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti na zahrani\u010dn\u00ed nadvl\u00e1d\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Na konferenci se Rakousko-Uhersko brut\u00e1ln\u011b stalo ob\u011bt\u00ed tohoto \u00fasil\u00ed o sebeur\u010den\u00ed, jeliko\u017e Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b na\u0159\u00eddila \u201eosvobozen\u00ed\u201c sv\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u00fapln\u00e9 demont\u00e1\u017ee \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Vznikly tak nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 st\u00e1ty Rakousko, Ma\u010farsko, \u010ceskoslovensko a Jugosl\u00e1vie. Posledn\u00ed dva byly zcela nov\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e Jugosl\u00e1vie vznikla z jihoslovansk\u00fdch oblast\u00ed Rakouska-Uherska \u2013 Bosny a Hercegoviny, Chorvatska a Slovinska \u2013 a tak\u00e9 z revolu\u010dn\u00edch kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed Srbska a \u010cern\u00e9 Hory. Ho\u0159kou ironi\u00ed je, \u017ee samotn\u00e9 Rakousko-Uhersko ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve prosazovalo region\u00e1ln\u00ed sebeur\u010den\u00ed ve stylu Brestlitevsk\u00e9ho, aby upevnilo svou imperi\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1du.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">V \u010dervnu 1878 byl svol\u00e1n m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00fd Berl\u00ednsk\u00fd kongres. Hlavn\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 mocnosti se pokusily reorganizovat Balk\u00e1n po v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed Ruska nad Osmanskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed o t\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce d\u0159\u00edve. Konflikt skon\u010dil tak, \u017ee Moskva prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm spojeneck\u00e9ho Velk\u00e9ho Bulharska a nov\u011b vznikl\u00fdch nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f \u010cern\u00e9 Hory, Rumunska a Srbska prosadila hegemonii nad zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edmi \u00fazem\u00edmi Konstantinopole v jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Rakousko-Uhersko, Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie, Francie, rychle se rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed hostitelsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e N\u011bmecko a It\u00e1lie si v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00e1ly revizi t\u011bchto podm\u00ednek.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" title=\"Mapa Balk\u00e1nu pro ilustraci Berl\u00ednsk\u00e9 smlouvy z roku 1878.\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/%24s_%21f53H%21%2Cw_1456%2Cc_limit%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d909c9d-1d2d-444d-b886-2e9daded6afc_554x554.jpeg?resize=554%2C554&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"Mapa Balk\u00e1nu pro ilustraci Berl\u00ednsk\u00e9 smlouvy z roku 1878.\" width=\"446\" height=\"446\" \/><\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Zat\u00edmco Kongres uznal nez\u00e1vislost t\u0159\u00ed nov\u00fdch balk\u00e1nsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci po\u017eadovali, aby se Bosna a Hercegovina stala rakousko-uhersk\u00fdm protektor\u00e1tem \u2013 k velk\u00e9mu zklam\u00e1n\u00ed Srbska. N\u00e1sledn\u00e1 anexe Sarajeva V\u00eddn\u00ed zp\u016fsobila \u00fat\u011bk des\u00edtek tis\u00edc muslimsk\u00fdch obyvatel do Turecka. Tento exodus se zintenzivnil v roce 1881 po zaveden\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 brann\u00e9 povinnosti. Tento krok byl inspirov\u00e1n Srbskem a \u010cernou Horou, kter\u00e9 podporovaly m\u00edstn\u00ed protiimperi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017eivly. Byla to pouze rakousko-uhersk\u00e1 machinace, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla prom\u011bnit harmonicky multietnickou a multin\u00e1bo\u017eenskou Bosnu a Hercegovinu v sud s prachem rozpadu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch tohoto c\u00edle aktivn\u011b p\u011bstovaly sarajevsk\u00e9 rakousko-uhersk\u00e9 okupa\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ady n\u00e1rodnost zalo\u017eenou v\u00fdhradn\u011b na bosensko-muslimsk\u00e9 identit\u011b. M\u00edstn\u00ed srbochorvatsk\u00fd dialekt byl prohl\u00e1\u0161en za samostatn\u00fd bosensk\u00fd jazyk, texty psan\u00e9 cyrilic\u00ed byly potla\u010deny a srbsk\u00e9 knihy a noviny byly zak\u00e1z\u00e1ny. V\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e1 intervence nedok\u00e1zala vyvolat n\u00e1siln\u00fd, separatistick\u00fd rozkol mezi r\u016fznorod\u00fdmi n\u00e1rody Bosny. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b vytvo\u0159ila obrovskou arm\u00e1du branc\u016f pro jakoukoli budouc\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00e1lku a zajistila Rakousko-Uhersku v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed v imperi\u00e1ln\u00edch PR vztaz\u00edch. Podle historika Maximili\u00e1na Georga:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eC\u00edlem [V\u00eddn\u011b] bylo v\u0161t\u00edpit obyvatelstvu jejich \u00fadajnou bosenskou, prohabsburskou identitu, legitimizovat rakousko-uhersk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dce jako nov\u00e9 \u0158\u00edmany a demonstrovat Evrop\u011b a sv\u011btu \u00fasp\u011bch \u201aciviliza\u010dn\u00ed mise\u2018 Rakouska-Uherska v \u201aorient\u00e1ln\u00ed\u2018 zemi. Tato \u201aciviliza\u010dn\u00ed mise\u2018 za vojensk\u00e9 okupace byla nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm projevem rakousko-uhersk\u00e9ho kolonialismu.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eJugosl\u00e1vsk\u00fd nacionalista\u201c<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Rakousko-Uhersko i N\u011bmecko vn\u00edmaly pouhou existenci nez\u00e1visl\u00e9ho Srbska jako neust\u00e1lou hrozbu pro svou dominanci ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b, kterou bylo nakonec nutn\u00e9 neutralizovat. Nap\u011bt\u00ed se po p\u0159elomu stolet\u00ed neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161ovalo a vyvrcholilo form\u00e1ln\u00ed anex\u00ed Bosny V\u00eddn\u00ed v roce 1908. Imperialist\u00e9 v Berl\u00edn\u011b sledovali po cel\u00e9 toto obdob\u00ed s intenzivn\u00edm z\u00e1jmem koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed machinace Rakouska-Uherska. V roce 1888 kancl\u00e9\u0159 Otto von Bismarck prorocky p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee \u201en\u011bjak\u00e1 zatracen\u00e1 hloupost na Balk\u00e1n\u011b\u201c naru\u0161\u00ed k\u0159ehkou rovnov\u00e1hu sil v Evrop\u011b a spust\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed konflikt.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Invaze Srbska a \u010cern\u00e9 Hory do Alb\u00e1nie v \u0159\u00edjnu 1912 po vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti na Osmansk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i se uk\u00e1zala jako t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u201ezatracen\u011b hloup\u00fd \u00fakon\u201c. Srbsk\u00e9 a \u010dernohorsk\u00e9 s\u00edly se pokusily trvale obsadit \u00fazem\u00ed, ale o rok pozd\u011bji se st\u00e1hly pod hrozbou rakousko-uhersk\u00e9 intervence. V d\u016fsledku toho nav\u0161t\u00edvil V\u00edde\u0148 c\u00edsa\u0159 Vil\u00e9m II. a prohl\u00e1sil koloni\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016fm, \u017ee \u201ev\u00e1lka mezi V\u00fdchodem a Z\u00e1padem je z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska nevyhnuteln\u00e1\u201c. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee Slovan\u00e9 se \u201enenarodili k vl\u00e1dnut\u00ed, ale k poslu\u0161nosti\u201c, jejich protiimperi\u00e1ln\u00ed tendence nemohly b\u00fdt d\u00e9le tolerov\u00e1ny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Vil\u00e9m II. se d\u00e1le zav\u00e1zal \u201epodporovat\u201c Rakousko-Uhersko v jak\u00e9mkoli budouc\u00edm konfliktu ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b a ujistil sv\u00e9 v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 prot\u011bj\u0161ky, \u017ee Berl\u00edn je \u201ep\u0159ipraven kdykoli tasit \u0161avli, pokud by to va\u0161e \u010diny vy\u017eadovaly\u201c. Atent\u00e1t na arciv\u00e9vodu Ferdinanda, kter\u00fd provedla Gavrilo Princip v Sarajevu v \u010dervnu 1914, poskytl ide\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1minku pro konfrontaci mezi Slovany a Germ\u00e1ny, po kter\u00e9 si c\u00edsa\u0159 dlouho p\u0159\u00e1l. Pod tlakem rakousko-uhersk\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f, aby b\u011bhem soudn\u00edho procesu B\u011blehrad p\u0159\u00edmo obvinily z jeho \u010dinu, Princip m\u00edsto toho trval na tom, \u017ee byl ideologicky motivov\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eJsem jugosl\u00e1vsk\u00fd nacionalista, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem je sjednocen\u00ed v\u0161ech Jugosl\u00e1vc\u016f, a je mi jedno, jakou formu vl\u00e1dy zaujme, ale mus\u00ed b\u00fdt osvobozena od Rakouska\u2026 Pl\u00e1nem bylo sjednotit v\u0161echny ji\u017en\u00ed Slovany. Bylo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee Srbsko, jako svobodn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st ji\u017en\u00edch Slovan\u016f, m\u00e1 mor\u00e1ln\u00ed povinnost pom\u00e1hat se sjednocen\u00edm, b\u00fdt pro ji\u017en\u00ed Slovany t\u00edm, \u010d\u00edm byl Piemont pro It\u00e1lii\u2026 Podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru by ka\u017ed\u00fd Srb, Chorvat a Slovinec m\u011bl b\u00fdt nep\u0159\u00edtelem Rakouska.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">V pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 Jugosl\u00e1vii byl Princip pov\u00fd\u0161en na n\u00e1rodn\u00edho hrdinu. Za\u010d\u00e1tkem roku 1930 byla na m\u00edst\u011b Ferdinandova atent\u00e1tu vzty\u010dena pam\u011btn\u00ed deska oslavuj\u00edc\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00ed nov\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. Byla to jedin\u00e1 trofej, kterou si nacist\u00e9 n\u00e1rokovali po invazi Osy do Jugosl\u00e1vie \u2013 byla p\u0159ed\u00e1na Adolfu Hitlerovi na slavnostn\u00edm ceremoni\u00e1lu k jeho 52. narozenin\u00e1m v dubnu 1941, dva dny po kapitulaci B\u011blehradu. S vymazan\u00fdm siln\u00fdm totemem n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho z\u00e1rmutku nastal \u010das Jugosl\u00e1vii trvale vyhladit.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eZ\u00e1kladn\u00ed pod\u0159\u00edzenost\u201c<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/%24s_%21j187%21%2Cw_1456%2Cc_limit%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3023b637-878e-4ef1-a937-5853c2a9a284_1200x834.jpeg?resize=630%2C438&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"567\" height=\"394\" \/><\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">Adolf Hitler si prohl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed pam\u011btn\u00ed desku p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed atent\u00e1t na arciv\u00e9vodu Ferdinanda, kterou vyplenil Gavrilo Princip.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Rozpad zem\u011b se do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry op\u00edral o vznik genocidn\u00edch, etnonacionalistick\u00fdch loutkov\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Bolestn\u00e9 vzpom\u00ednky na tyto pokusy o hegemonii na Balk\u00e1n\u011b pod heslem \u201esebeur\u010den\u00ed\u201c byly pro mnoho Jugosl\u00e1vc\u016f v prosinci 1991 st\u00e1le \u017eiv\u00e9. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b nov\u011b sjednocen\u00e9 N\u011bmecko jednostrann\u011b uznalo \u010dleny federace Chorvatsko a Slovinsko za \u201enez\u00e1visl\u00e9\u201c st\u00e1ty a povzbudilo dal\u0161\u00ed republiky rozpadaj\u00edc\u00ed se zem\u011b, aby n\u00e1sledovaly separatistick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad obou stran. V\u0161eobecn\u011b se p\u0159edpov\u00eddalo, \u017ee z\u00e1nik Jugosl\u00e1vie vyvol\u00e1 rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 krveprolit\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">O \u0161est m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f d\u0159\u00edve vedla Jugosl\u00e1vie v\u00e1lku proti chorvatsk\u00fdm a slovinsk\u00fdm separatist\u016fm. Druh\u00fd zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd konflikt trval pouh\u00fdch deset dn\u00ed, ale prvn\u00ed st\u00e1le doutnal. Evropsk\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed a OSN se po celou tuto dobu marn\u011b sna\u017eily naj\u00edt m\u00edrov\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed rychle se zhor\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed krize v Jugosl\u00e1vii, a\u010dkoli se form\u00e1ln\u011b zav\u00e1zaly k zachov\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011b v n\u011bjak\u00e9 form\u011b. Berl\u00ednsk\u00e9 uzn\u00e1n\u00ed tyto snahy fakticky sabotovalo, proto\u017ee odstranilo jakoukoli motivaci jugosl\u00e1vsk\u00fdch republik k vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed o sv\u00e9 budoucnosti s B\u011blehradem a z\u00e1rove\u0148 povzbudilo nacionalisty v ka\u017ed\u00e9 republice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Obavy z o\u017eivuj\u00edc\u00edho se berl\u00ednsk\u00e9ho imperialismu se neomezovaly pouze na Jugosl\u00e1vii. Jak tehdy poznamenal den\u00edk TIME, \u201ev evropsk\u00e9m politick\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b se d\u0159\u00edve pova\u017eovalo za samoz\u0159ejmost, \u017ee N\u011bmecko&#8230; nebude hr\u00e1t vedouc\u00ed ani kontroverzn\u00ed roli ve sv\u011btov\u00e9 politice\u201c \u2013 s \u010d\u00edm\u017e \u201ejeho soused\u00e9 byli docela spokojeni\u201c. Zat\u00edmco okupovan\u00e9 Z\u00e1padn\u00ed N\u011bmecko b\u011bhem studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky fungovalo jako \u201eekonomick\u00fd gigant a politick\u00fd trpasl\u00edk\u201c, berl\u00ednsk\u00e1 \u201eneo\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e1 demonstrace moci v diplomacii\u201c uzn\u00e1n\u00edm Chorvatska a Slovinska za \u201enez\u00e1visl\u00e9\u201c zem\u011b nyn\u00ed vyvol\u00e1vala \u201enepokoj\u201c v z\u00e1padn\u00edch hlavn\u00edch m\u011bstech.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">V britsk\u00e9m parlamentu tehdej\u0161\u00ed ministr zahrani\u010d\u00ed Douglas Hurd v\u00fdslovn\u011b citoval sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky jako znepokojiv\u00e9 precedenty pro modern\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fd tlak na \u201esebeur\u010den\u00ed\u201c v brzy b\u00fdval\u00e9 Jugosl\u00e1vii. \u201eMezi hlavn\u00edmi st\u00e1ty z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy existuje tradice, \u017ee se kv\u016fli rivalit\u011b ohledn\u011b t\u011bchto balk\u00e1nsk\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek rozd\u011bluj\u00ed a v\u0161e kon\u010d\u00ed na boji\u0161ti. Nemysl\u00edm si, \u017ee tato tradice je dobr\u00e1,\u201c varoval Hurd. Washington, nesm\u00edrn\u011b podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fd t\u00edm, \u017ee Berl\u00edn \u201ep\u0159edb\u00edh\u00e1 USA\u201c, poslu\u0161n\u011b p\u0159evzal kontrolu nad jugosl\u00e1vskou kriz\u00ed \u2013 s katastrof\u00e1ln\u00edmi n\u00e1sledky.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Bratrovra\u017eedn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1sledn\u011b su\u017eovaly Jugosl\u00e1vii, vytvo\u0159ily vysoce invazivn\u00ed p\u0159edmost\u00ed, jeho\u017e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm se n\u011bmeck\u00e1 ekonomick\u00e1 a politick\u00e1 hegemonie \u0161\u00ed\u0159ila po cel\u00e9m regionu \u2013 bez p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho zapojen\u00ed. Zat\u00edmco Berl\u00edn prezentoval svou podporu chorvatsk\u00e9 a slovinsk\u00e9 \u201enez\u00e1vislosti\u201c z hlediska lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, bohat\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed odm\u011bny plynouc\u00ed z demont\u00e1\u017ee federace byly z\u0159ejm\u00e9. Jako zdaleka dv\u011b nejbohat\u0161\u00ed republiky si N\u011bmecko fakticky zajistilo p\u0159\u00edstup k \u201enejlep\u0161\u00edm produktivn\u00edm aktiv\u016fm\u201c brzy b\u00fdval\u00e9 zem\u011b t\u00edm, \u017ee vyvolalo jej\u00ed praktick\u00fd a fyzick\u00fd kolaps, jak poznamenal jeden badatel v akademick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci z roku 2008.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Auto\u0159i p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee \u201ehegemonick\u00fd vztah\u201c Berl\u00edna s n\u00e1stupnick\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty Jugosl\u00e1vie byl podstatn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e i n\u011bmeck\u00e1 imperi\u00e1ln\u00ed infiltrace \u201emen\u0161\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f\u201c jinde ve st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. To je d\u00e1no \u201especifickou z\u00e1vislost\u00ed\u201c balk\u00e1nsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed na \u201estruktur\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edle\u201c Berl\u00edna. Z ekonomick\u00e9ho hlediska se to prom\u00edt\u00e1 do obrovsk\u00fdch deficit\u016f n\u00e1rodn\u00edho obchodu s N\u011bmeckem v cel\u00e9m regionu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e do Berl\u00edna proud\u00ed \u201ebalk\u00e1nsk\u00e9 meziprodukty a suroviny\u201c v neust\u00e1l\u00e9m, masivn\u00edm proudu, zat\u00edmco n\u011bmeck\u00e9 korporace a produkty dominuj\u00ed mnoha m\u00edstn\u00edm obchodn\u00edm, finan\u010dn\u00edm a pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdm sektor\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Z\u00e1kladem t\u00e9to mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 kolonizace bylo zaveden\u00ed \u201enez\u00e1visl\u00fdch\u201c m\u011bn n\u00e1stupnick\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty Jugosl\u00e1vie, p\u016fvodn\u011b v\u00e1zan\u00fdch na b\u00fdvalou n\u011bmeckou marku a nyn\u00ed na euro. To se uk\u00e1zalo jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro \u201ez\u00e1sadn\u00ed pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed politick\u00fdch ekonomik regionu ideologick\u00fdm a provozn\u00edm norm\u00e1m\u201c EU \u2013 nebo jin\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky N\u011bmeck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Nov\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed a soukrom\u00e9 bankovn\u00ed syst\u00e9my postjugosl\u00e1vsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed byly specificky strukturov\u00e1ny podle berl\u00ednsk\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edho modelu, s n\u011bmeck\u00fdmi bankami v pop\u0159ed\u00ed \u2013 stejn\u011b jako jinde ve st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. A to nen\u00ed v\u0161e:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u201e[Pevn\u00fd kurz n\u011bmeck\u00e9 marky k euru] byl nezbytn\u00fdm p\u0159edpokladem pro formov\u00e1n\u00ed makroekonomick\u00e9 politiky t\u011bchto (a dal\u0161\u00edch transformuj\u00edc\u00edch se) st\u00e1t\u016f, pro jejich zahrani\u010dn\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 vztahy, pro dal\u0161\u00ed rozvoj jejich kapit\u00e1lov\u00fdch trh\u016f a v\u00fdsledn\u00fdch program\u016f liberalizace, deregulace a privatizace.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eEvropsk\u00fd kontinent\u201c<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Berl\u00ednsk\u00e9 p\u0159evzet\u00ed bank na Balk\u00e1n\u011b \u201ez\u00e1sadn\u011b usnad\u0148uje pronik\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech n\u011bmeck\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed do obchodn\u00edho \u017eivota balk\u00e1nsk\u00fdch ekonomik\u201c. Od t\u00e9 doby Berl\u00edn chamtiv\u011b drancuje m\u00edstn\u00ed zdroje i pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed a jeho region\u00e1ln\u00ed investice \u201ese vyzna\u010duj\u00ed akvizicemi\u201c. Nap\u0159\u00edklad n\u011bmeck\u00e9 supermarkety maj\u00ed ve st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 monopol, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ceny jsou \u010dasto vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e doma, a to i p\u0159es n\u00edzkou m\u00edstn\u00ed kupn\u00ed s\u00edlu. N\u00edzk\u00e9 mzdy, masivn\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed nezam\u011bstnanost a masivn\u00ed odliv mozk\u016f jsou vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojen\u00e9 a ni\u010div\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u201etranzice\u201c na Balk\u00e1n\u011b byla mnohem ni\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e dokonce i zv\u011brstva, kter\u00e1 postihla b\u00fdvalou Var\u0161avskou smlouvu v 90. letech. Brusel, siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fd \u201epreskriptivn\u00edmi programy vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edmi z EU a Sv\u011btov\u00e9 banky\u201c, se od roku 1999 tak\u00e9 \u201eaktivn\u011b zapojuje\u201c do poradenstv\u00ed a veden\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 zem\u011b v regionu sm\u011brem k \u010dlenstv\u00ed v bloku. Po tolika vnucen\u00e9m o\u017eebra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed zcela jasn\u00e9, jak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 v\u00fdhody balk\u00e1nsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty nebo obyvatelstvo z\u00edskaj\u00ed ze sv\u00e9ho vazalstv\u00ed pod formalizuj\u00edc\u00edm se n\u011bmeck\u00fdm imperialismem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Koncem roku 2019 balk\u00e1nsk\u00fd liber\u00e1l, kter\u00fd kdysi vehementn\u011b prosazoval \u010dlenstv\u00ed sv\u00e9 zem\u011b v EU, napsal truchlivou elegii o \u201eprocesu takzvan\u00e9 integrace\u201c, kter\u00fdm utrp\u011bly n\u00e1stupnick\u00e9 st\u00e1ty Jugosl\u00e1vie v d\u016fsledku p\u0159ijet\u00ed \u201eopat\u0159en\u00ed\u201c, \u201en\u00e1stroj\u016f\u201c a \u201ereform\u201c diktovan\u00fdch \u201ez\u00e1padn\u00edmi technokraty\u201c. Od nov\u011b \u201enez\u00e1visl\u00fdch\u201c zem\u00ed \u201ese o\u010dek\u00e1valo, \u017ee od z\u00e1klad\u016f vybuduj\u00ed pln\u011b rozvinutou z\u00e1padn\u00ed liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracii&#8230; na trosk\u00e1ch jin\u00e9ho, \u200b\u200bale pln\u011b rozvinut\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu&#8230; zat\u00edmco my za sebou t\u00e1hneme b\u0159emeno prohlubuj\u00edc\u00ed se chudoby a traumatu.\u201c N\u011bkolik z nich bylo a z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 hluboce poznamen\u00e1no \u201ev\u00e1lkami za nez\u00e1vislost\u201c podporovan\u00fdmi Berl\u00ednem a Bruselem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Nicm\u00e9n\u011b \u201etento mu\u010div\u00fd proces ni\u010den\u00ed a obnovy cel\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu\u2026 nebyl pro novou n\u011bmeckou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i ani dostate\u010dn\u011b rychl\u00fd, ani dostate\u010dn\u011b \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd\u201c. Nav\u00edc \u201ekonkurence nebyla spravedliv\u00e1\u201c \u2013 \u201eotev\u0159en\u00ed na\u0161ich trh\u016f z\u00e1padn\u00edmu rozvinut\u00e9mu kapitalismu a zaveden\u00ed neoliber\u00e1ln\u00edch reforem vy\u010derpalo na\u0161e lidsk\u00e9 a ekonomick\u00e9 zdroje, kdy\u017e jsme se sna\u017eili dr\u017eet krok.\u201c Zbytky socialismu byly smeteny, st\u00e1tn\u00ed pr\u016fmysl rozprod\u00e1n a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fddaje drasticky sn\u00ed\u017eeny. Esej z\u00e1hadn\u011b opomn\u011bla zm\u00ednit, \u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00fd n\u011bmeck\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd \u00fatok na Balk\u00e1n m\u00e1 \u201esiln\u00fd bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed rozm\u011br\u201c.<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/%24s_%21TSlb%21%2Cw_1456%2Cc_limit%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_lossy\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff206a8e0-9ddf-4c4b-8c3c-cdc6f32588d6_600x450.gif?resize=600%2C450&amp;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!TSlb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff206a8e0-9ddf-4c4b-8c3c-cdc6f32588d6_600x450.gif 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!TSlb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff206a8e0-9ddf-4c4b-8c3c-cdc6f32588d6_600x450.gif 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!TSlb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff206a8e0-9ddf-4c4b-8c3c-cdc6f32588d6_600x450.gif 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!TSlb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff206a8e0-9ddf-4c4b-8c3c-cdc6f32588d6_600x450.gif 1456w\" alt=\"18. 6. 1999: Sektory KFOR\" width=\"627\" height=\"470\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">P\u016fvodn\u00ed mapa okupace KFOR pro Kosovo, \u010derven 1999<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Esej z roku 2008 uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee Berl\u00edn vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmou kontrolu v cel\u00e9m regionu v koloni\u00e1ln\u00edm stylu, nap\u0159\u00edklad prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vysok\u00e9ho p\u0159edstavitele v Bosn\u011b a Hercegovin\u011b jmenovan\u00e9ho EU, kter\u00fd tradi\u010dn\u011b slou\u017e\u00ed jako n\u011bmeck\u00fd c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fd m\u00edstokr\u00e1l v Sarajevu. Berl\u00edn nav\u00edc trvale v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k m\u00edrov\u00fdm sil\u00e1m NATO v Kosovu, KFOR, kter\u00e9 udr\u017euj\u00ed vojenskou okupaci, pod n\u00ed\u017e Pri\u0161tina v \u00fanoru 2008 kontroverzn\u011b vyhl\u00e1sila nez\u00e1vislost na Srbsku. Letos v l\u00e9t\u011b se washingtonsk\u00fd kontingent KFOR po 27 letech za\u010dal stahovat z Kosova.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 mezit\u00edm otev\u0159en\u011b signalizuj\u00ed, \u017ee se Bosny vzd\u00e1vaj\u00ed, co\u017e vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 potenci\u00e1ln\u011b nal\u00e9hav\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky ohledn\u011b budoucnosti sjednocen\u00e9 zem\u011b. V dubnu p\u0159edsedkyn\u011b Evropsk\u00e9 komise Ursula von der Leyenov\u00e1 s v\u00fdslovn\u00fdm odkazem na b\u00fdvalou Jugosl\u00e1vii jasn\u011b uvedla, \u017ee EU i ona osobn\u011b hodlaj\u00ed \u201edokon\u010dit evropsk\u00fd kontinent tak, aby nespadl pod rusk\u00fd, tureck\u00fd ani \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd vliv\u201c. Historie n\u00e1m ukazuje, \u017ee takov\u00e1 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fdch imperialist\u016f \u010dasto vedou ke katastrof\u00e1m ohro\u017euj\u00edc\u00edm sv\u011bt. Mezit\u00edm by \u201en\u011bjak\u00e1 zatracen\u00e1 hloupost na Balk\u00e1n\u011b\u201c mohla dnes o\u010dividn\u011b znovu spustit v\u00e1lku.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kitklarenberg.com\/p\/german-imperialism-an-urgent-explainer?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;publication_id=552010&amp;post_id=223032672&amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;r=flp3u&amp;triedRedirect=true&amp;utm_medium=email\"><em><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Kit Klarenberg<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Osud st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy po p\u00e1du lidov\u00fdch demokraci\u00ed po roce 1989 nelze pln\u011b pochopit,&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":120630,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[2153,398,12010,84],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120629"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=120629"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120629\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/120630"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=120629"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=120629"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=120629"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}