{"id":11983,"date":"2022-06-30T03:25:32","date_gmt":"2022-06-30T01:25:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=11983"},"modified":"2022-06-30T03:25:32","modified_gmt":"2022-06-30T01:25:32","slug":"nebezpeci-eskalace-na-dalnem-severu-norska-pozemni-blokada-ruske-osady-na-spicberkach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2022\/06\/30\/nebezpeci-eskalace-na-dalnem-severu-norska-pozemni-blokada-ruske-osady-na-spicberkach\/","title":{"rendered":"Nebezpe\u010d\u00ed eskalace na daln\u00e9m severu: norsk\u00e1 pozemn\u00ed blok\u00e1da rusk\u00e9 osady na \u0160picberk\u00e1ch"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Krom\u011b nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pozemn\u00ed blok\u00e1dy Kaliningradu ze strany st\u00e1tu NATO Litvy ji\u017e m\u011bs\u00edce prob\u00edh\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed blok\u00e1da – a to Norska proti Rus\u016fm \u017eij\u00edc\u00edm a pracuj\u00edc\u00edm na Svalbardu. T\u0159enice o Svalbard maj\u00ed svou historii a jsou nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Norsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da zavedla blok\u00e1du proti Rus\u016fm \u017eij\u00edc\u00edm na ostrov\u011b Z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u0160picberky.\u00a0Souostrov\u00ed \u0160picberky je ofici\u00e1ln\u011b kontrolov\u00e1no Norskem, ale podle mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va m\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed postaven\u00ed.\u00a0Jeho \u00fazem\u00ed a pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed vody jsou smluvn\u00ed demilitarizovanou z\u00f3nou.\u00a0Rusko m\u00e1 na Svalbardu t\u0159i osady: aktivn\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>Barentsburg<\/span><\/a>\u00a0a dv\u011b nepou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 osady, Pyramiden (\u00a0<\/span>Piramida<\/span><\/a>\u00a0) a\u00a0<\/span>Grumant<\/span><\/a> , na kter\u00fdch se p\u0159ed a b\u011bhem sov\u011btsk\u00e9 \u00e9ry t\u011b\u017eilo uhl\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Krom\u011b geologick\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u00e1 Barentsburg tak\u00e9 d\u016fl, tepelnou elektr\u00e1rnu a p\u0159\u00edstav, stejn\u011b jako nemocnici, \u0161kolku, \u0161kolu a muzeum.\u00a0Pracuje a \u017eije zde asi p\u016fl tis\u00edce lid\u00ed: horn\u00edci, u\u010ditel\u00e9, mnoho v\u011bdc\u016f \u2013 geofyzici, geologov\u00e9, archeologov\u00e9, biologov\u00e9, pol\u00e1rn\u00ed badatel\u00e9, geografov\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sedm tun potravin pro rusk\u00e9 obyvatele z\u00e1padn\u00edch \u0160picberk v sou\u010dasnosti uv\u00edzlo na rusko-norsk\u00e9 hranici, na jedin\u00e9m kontroln\u00edm stanovi\u0161ti ve\u00a0<\/span>Storskogu<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0Celkem je tam ji\u017e naskl\u00e1d\u00e1no 20 tun zbo\u017e\u00ed.\u00a0Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b n\u00e1hradn\u00ed d\u00edly pro pozemn\u00ed vozidla a lod\u011b, ale ani j\u00eddlo a l\u00e9ky se nesm\u00ed dov\u00e1\u017eet na m\u00edsto ur\u010den\u00ed.\u00a0Norsko nepust\u00ed kamiony a c\u00edlen\u011b blokuje pozemn\u00ed koridory.\u00a0Jedinou v\u00fdjimkou jsou p\u0159\u00edstavy a silnice na samotn\u00fdch \u0160picberk\u00e1ch, ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed Oslo blok\u00e1du zd\u016fvod\u0148uje \u00fadajn\u00fdm dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm protirusk\u00fdch sankc\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 unie – nap\u0159\u00edklad podle\u00a0<\/span>p\u00e1t\u00e9ho unijn\u00edho sank\u010dn\u00edho bal\u00ed\u010dku<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dod\u00e1vky z Ruska na Svalbard prob\u00edhaj\u00ed po desetilet\u00ed relativn\u011b hladce: Overland z Murmansku do Troms\u00f8 v Norsku.\u00a0A odtud to \u0161lo po mo\u0159i na souostrov\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Norsko v\u0161ak 4. kv\u011btna ozn\u00e1milo, \u017ee od 7. kv\u011btna uzav\u0159e sv\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edstavy (krom\u011b p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f a \u200b\u200bsilnic na samotn\u00fdch Svalbardu) pro tranzit rusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1kladu.\u00a0A to zahrnuje i pozemn\u00ed tranzit ve sm\u011bru na \u0160picberky, i kdy\u017e ozn\u00e1men\u00ed norsk\u00e9 ministryn\u011b zahrani\u010d\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>Anniken Huitfeldt<\/span><\/a> z 29. dubna, \u017ee hranice s Ruskem budou uzav\u0159eny pro n\u00e1kladn\u00ed auta a lod\u011b, tak\u00e9 \u0159\u00edkalo: \u0160picberky, kde plat\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed dohoda, budou\u00a0 osvobozeny od t\u011bchto omezen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edstup k port\u016fm je vlastn\u011b prozat\u00edm st\u00e1le otev\u0159en\u00fd.\u00a0Blok\u00e1da by byla tak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00edm hrub\u00fdm poru\u0161en\u00edm \u00damluvy OSN o mo\u0159sk\u00e9m pr\u00e1vu.\u00a0Pos\u00edlat lod\u011b p\u0159\u00edmo z Murmansku na \u0160picberky je v\u0161ak pochopiteln\u011b vysoce nerentabiln\u00ed a zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed takov\u00e9ho p\u0159esunu zbo\u017e\u00ed by mohlo v\u00e9st ke stavu nouze a k nouzov\u00fdm situac\u00edm.\u00a0Sergej Gu\u0161\u010din, rusk\u00fd gener\u00e1ln\u00ed konzul na \u0160picberk\u00e1ch, uvedl v p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m p\u0159enosu na rusk\u00e9m televizn\u00edm kan\u00e1lu\u00a0<\/span>Rossija 24<\/span><\/em>\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n

„Dod\u00e1vky [\u010dist\u011b po mo\u0159i] jsou velmi drah\u00e9 a – \u0159ekn\u011bme to tak – obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b realizovateln\u00e9 a neefektivn\u00ed. Uheln\u00fd trust ‚\u00a0<\/span>Artikugol<\/span><\/a> ‚ musel sv\u016fj logistick\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec vyv\u00edjet a dola\u010fovat des\u00edtky let. A v\u0161e fungovalo, jak m\u011blo- dokud to nebylo uzav\u0159eno \u00fazem\u00ed Norska.“<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Proto 18. kv\u011btna rusk\u00e1 strana po\u017e\u00e1dala Norsko, aby u\u010dinilo v\u00fdjimky z tohoto zp\u016fsobu uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed sankc\u00ed a otev\u0159elo tranzit n\u00e1kladu z Ruska do Barentsburgu vlastn\u011bn\u00e9ho Ruskem, informoval Gushchin:<\/span><\/p>\n

„Veden\u00ed trustu ‚Arktikugol‘ napsalo 25. kv\u011btna v\u00fdzvu guvern\u00e9rovi \u0160picberk, ve kter\u00e9m po\u017e\u00e1dalo o v\u00fdjimku ze z\u00e1kazu tranzitu rusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1kladn\u00edho auta speci\u00e1ln\u011b pro dod\u00e1vky do Barentsburgu a osady Piramida na \u0160picberk\u00e1ch.“<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Rusk\u00e1 ambas\u00e1da p\u0159ipojila n\u00f3tu norsk\u00e9mu ministerstvu zahrani\u010dn\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed, v n\u00ed\u017e \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 ministerstvo zahrani\u010dn\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed o ud\u011blen\u00ed takov\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dodnes nep\u0159i\u0161la \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f, a pokud bude tato situace p\u0159etrv\u00e1vat, hroz\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 500 lid\u00ed v rusk\u00e9 osad\u011b Barentsburg bude pot\u0159ebovat j\u00eddlo a zdravotnick\u00fd materi\u00e1l.\u00a0Rozhodnut\u00ed \u010dlena NATO Norska se v\u0161ak jev\u00ed jako politick\u00e1 demonstrace \u2013 pr\u00e1v\u011b s c\u00edlem vyost\u0159it situaci.\u00a0A\u010dkoli sankce Evropsk\u00e9 unie (EU) v\u016f\u010di Norsku jsou zd\u00e1nliv\u011b ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm d\u016fvodem t\u00e9to blok\u00e1dy, zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee Oslo u\u017e n\u011bjakou dobu usilovalo o to, aby Rus\u016fm na Svalbardu co nejv\u00edce zt\u00ed\u017eilo \u017eivot.\u00a0Za\u010dalo to, jakmile rusk\u00e9 aktivity na Svalbardu vzrostly.\u00a0Konstantin Zaykov, prorektor pro mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci na Federal Arctic University,<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eJen z hlediska ochrany \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed za\u010dalo Norsko vyd\u00e1vat st\u00e1le v\u00edce r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159edpis\u016f a norem, kter\u00e9 neumo\u017e\u0148ovaly v\u00fdstavbu nov\u00fdch dom\u016f, pak i t\u011bch pro pou\u017eit\u00ed letadel, kter\u00e1 podle norsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed palivo kter\u00fd nen\u00ed \u0161etrn\u00fd k \u017eivotn\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed, a tud\u00ed\u017e po\u0161kozuje \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed. To v\u0161e vedlo k omezen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vrtuln\u00edk\u016f rusk\u00fdmi v\u011bdeck\u00fdmi organizacemi, co\u017e jim fakticky br\u00e1nilo prov\u00e1d\u011bt mobiln\u00ed ter\u00e9nn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Rusko prov\u00e1d\u00ed intenzivn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 aktivity na \u0160picberk\u00e1ch a jejich okol\u00ed.\u00a0Zinaida Pop\u00f3wa, fyzi\u010dka z hydrometeorologick\u00e9 observato\u0159e v Barentsburgu, vyjmenov\u00e1v\u00e1 probl\u00e9my, kter\u00fdm ona a jej\u00ed kolegov\u00e9 \u010del\u00ed, nemluv\u011b o blok\u00e1d\u011b zbo\u017e\u00ed:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eGeologov\u00e9, archeologov\u00e9, glaciologov\u00e9 \u2013 z Moskvy, Petrohradu, pot\u00e9 z Geografick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Rusk\u00e9 akademie v\u011bd, v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci rostlin, biologov\u00e9 \u2013 zde prov\u00e1d\u011bli velmi aktivn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumnou \u010dinnost. A nyn\u00ed maj\u00ed probl\u00e9my jak s v\u00edzy, tak s pohybem a hranicemi. p\u0159ejezd, stejn\u011b jako povolen\u00ed. Norsko prohla\u0161uje spoustu oblast\u00ed za p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rezervace a u\u017e n\u00e1m nedovoluje nikde pracovat.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Bod s v\u00edzy je obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 bolav\u00fd, proto\u017ee ru\u0161t\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 b\u011b\u017en\u011b nepot\u0159ebuj\u00ed podle platn\u00fdch mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch smluv na ostrovy souostrov\u00ed \u0160picberky povolen\u00ed ke vstupu.<\/span><\/p>\n

V roce 2002 Norsko p\u0159ijalo z\u00e1kon o \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00fd stanov\u00ed, \u017ee norsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady mus\u00ed vydat zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed povolen\u00ed k prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed jak\u00e9koli \u010dinnosti na Svalbardu, zat\u00edmco d\u0159\u00edve bylo pro p\u0159\u00edstup na souostrov\u00ed pot\u0159eba pouze ozn\u00e1men\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 65 procent \u00fazem\u00ed souostrov\u00ed nyn\u00ed Norsko ozna\u010dilo za p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rezervaci.\u00a0Rusko se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee \u201eum\u011bl\u00e9 roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed\u201c omezuje ekonomickou aktivitu na souostrov\u00ed.\u00a0Rusko nap\u0159\u00edklad pouk\u00e1zalo na tato zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ji\u017e v roce 2020 a\u00a0<\/span>kritizovalo<\/span><\/a>\u00a0neochotu Osla mluvit.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mus\u00ed b\u00fdt jasn\u00e9, \u017ee takto zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed suverenity Norska nad souostrov\u00edm, kter\u00e9 mu bylo kdysi ud\u011bleno, na z\u00e1klad\u011b <\/span>\u0160picbersk\u00e9 smlouvy z Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee.<\/span><\/a>je v rozporu s t\u00edm, co vede k tomuto suver\u00e9nn\u00edmu pr\u00e1vu: Tato smlouva (nebo norsk\u00e9 Svalbardsk\u00e9 trakt\u00e1ty) uzav\u0159en\u00e1 v roce 1920 uznala suverenitu Norska nad arktick\u00fdm souostrov\u00edm \u0160picberky a definovala je jako demilitarizovanou z\u00f3nu.\u00a0V\u0161em st\u00e1t\u016fm, kter\u00e9 dokument podepsaly, bylo ud\u011bleno pr\u00e1vo provozovat obchodn\u00ed a v\u011bdeck\u00e9 aktivity na ostrovech Svalbard a v tamn\u00edch teritori\u00e1ln\u00edch vod\u00e1ch.\u00a0P\u016fvodn\u011b to byly D\u00e1nsko, Francie, It\u00e1lie, Japonsko, Nizozemsko, Norsko, \u0160v\u00e9dsko, Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, ale seznam signat\u00e1\u0159\u016f se od t\u00e9 doby roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il na v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 zem\u00ed.\u00a0Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b i Rusko, kter\u00e9 nav\u00edc jako n\u00e1stupnick\u00fd st\u00e1t Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu uznalo Norsko v prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed z 15.\u00a0\u00fanora 1947 uzn\u00e1na zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va na ostrov\u011b zd\u011bd\u011bn\u00e1.\u00a0Norsko proto tak\u00e9 poru\u0161uje toto prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nelze vylou\u010dit, \u017ee p\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00e9 p\u0159ehl\u00eddce jak\u00fdchkoli blok\u00e1d proti Rusku slou\u017e\u00ed litevsk\u00e9 blokov\u00e1n\u00ed tranzitn\u00ed cesty z Ruska do jeho Kaliningradsk\u00e9 enkl\u00e1vy pouze druhotn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm: za prv\u00e9 m\u00e1 odvr\u00e1tit pozornost od pl\u00ed\u017eiv\u00e9ho poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0160picbersk\u00e9 smlouvy ze strany Osla a za druh\u00e9, abychom prozkoumali reakci Ruska na takovou akci, ne\u017e se pust\u00edme do obchodu se Svalbardem.\u00a0Jakmile Oslo poru\u0161\u00ed \u0160picberskou smlouvu, ostrovy ji\u017e nebudou demilitarizovanou z\u00f3nou a v bl\u00edzk\u00e9 budoucnosti tam bude pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b rozm\u00edst\u011bna\u00a0<\/span>vojensk\u00e1 infrastruktura zem\u00ed NATO, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm USA.<\/span><\/a>\u00a0To by v\u0161ak bylo nebezpe\u010dn\u011b bl\u00edzko k rusk\u00e9 Arktid\u011b obecn\u011b, a zejm\u00e9na k z\u00e1kladn\u00e1m rusk\u00fdch jadern\u00fdch ponorek \u2013 ponork\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 jsou d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed rusk\u00e9 jadern\u00e9 odstra\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed schopnosti.\u00a0Krom\u011b toho by pak NATO m\u011blo neomezenou kontrolu nad z\u00e1padn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupem k Severn\u00edmu ledov\u00e9mu oce\u00e1nu, co\u017e\u00a0by Rusko po\u0161kodilo vojensky i\u00a0<\/span>ekonomicky .<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Je v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 jasn\u00e9, \u017ee Rusko nebude\u00a0akceptovat kone\u010dnou a \u00faplnou ztr\u00e1tu \u2013 zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b kdy\u017e je to <\/span>p\u016fvodn\u011b rusk\u00e9 souostrov\u00ed. <\/span><\/a>Na to jsou souvisej\u00edc\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed rizika prost\u011b p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velk\u00e1.\u00a0Uvid\u00ed se, zda rusk\u00e1 reakce p\u0159ijde nejd\u0159\u00edve\u00a0<\/span>v oblasti Baltsk\u00e9ho mo\u0159e<\/span><\/a> nebo na d\u00e1ln\u00e9m severu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Joe Bessemer<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Krom\u011b nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pozemn\u00ed blok\u00e1dy Kaliningradu ze strany st\u00e1tu NATO Litvy ji\u017e m\u011bs\u00edce prob\u00edh\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11984,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[569,853,22,2704],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11983"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11983"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11983\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11984"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11983"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11983"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11983"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}