{"id":119674,"date":"2026-10-29T04:32:23","date_gmt":"2026-10-29T03:32:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=119674"},"modified":"2026-10-29T04:32:23","modified_gmt":"2026-10-29T03:32:23","slug":"uriel-araujo-ukrajina-rozsiruje-prava-mensin-pod-tlakem-eu-rusove-vsak-zustavaji-vylouceni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/10\/29\/uriel-araujo-ukrajina-rozsiruje-prava-mensin-pod-tlakem-eu-rusove-vsak-zustavaji-vylouceni\/","title":{"rendered":"Uriel Araujo: Ukrajina roz\u0161i\u0159uje pr\u00e1va men\u0161in pod tlakem EU, Rusov\u00e9 v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed vylou\u010deni"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Zelensk\u00e9ho nov\u00fd \u0161kolsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon roz\u0161i\u0159uje pr\u00e1va men\u0161in, zat\u00edmco Ukrajina usiluje o \u010dlenstv\u00ed v EU. Rusky mluv\u00edc\u00ed osoby v\u0161ak \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 srovnateln\u00e9 \u00fastupky nedost\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u2013 ot\u00e1zka ob\u010dansk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a probl\u00e9m krajn\u00ed pravice v Kyjev\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed zdrojem nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prezident Volodymyr Zelenskyj ned\u00e1vno <\/span>podepsal<\/span><\/a> z\u00e1kon \u010d. 16119, kter\u00fd roz\u0161i\u0159uje <\/span>vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed pr\u00e1va n\u00e1rodnostn\u00edch men\u0161in<\/span><\/a> a domorod\u00fdch obyvatel. Ukrajina tak selektivn\u011b upravuje, nikoli ru\u0161\u00ed, svou ukrajiniza\u010dn\u00ed politiku po roce 2014.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toto opat\u0159en\u00ed bylo prezentov\u00e1no jako pokrok v oblasti pr\u00e1v men\u0161in a krok, kter\u00fd by mohl pomoci otev\u0159\u00edt dal\u0161\u00ed klastrov\u00e9 oblasti pro p\u0159istoupen\u00ed k EU. Rumunsk\u00fd prezident Nicusor Dan legislativu <\/span>uv\u00edtal a poznamenal, \u017ee vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v mate\u0159sk\u00e9m jazyce pro etnick\u00e9 Rumuny nen\u00ed pro rodiny \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed na Ukrajin\u011b \u201e <\/span><\/a>\u017e\u00e1dnou abstraktn\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed<\/span><\/a> \u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kon roz\u0161i\u0159uje pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zp\u016fsobil\u00fdch men\u0161inov\u00fdch jazyk\u016f ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch, uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed status \u0161kol s v\u00fdukou v men\u0161inov\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch a posiluje kontinuitu vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee dodate\u010dn\u00e1 ochrana se vztahuje pouze na \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyky Evropsk\u00e9 unie a na domorod\u00e9 jazyky, jako je krymsk\u00e1 tatar\u0161tina. Ma\u010far\u0161tina, rumun\u0161tina, pol\u0161tina, bulhar\u0161tina a sloven\u0161tina se na ni kvalifikuj\u00ed. Ru\u0161tina nikoli. Ukrajinsk\u00e9 ministerstvo \u0161kolstv\u00ed <\/span>objasnilo<\/span><\/a> , \u017ee dodate\u010dn\u00e1 pr\u00e1va \u201ese nevztahuj\u00ed na rusk\u00fd jazyk\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ru\u0161tina je i nad\u00e1le \u0161iroce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e <\/span>28 %<\/span><\/a> nebo i v\u00edce Ukrajinc\u016f st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 doma ru\u0161tinu i ukrajin\u0161tinu, a to i p\u0159es roky ukrajinizace a v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch omezen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ben\u00e1tsk\u00e1 komise Rady Evropy na tento probl\u00e9m upozornila ji\u017e p\u0159ed lety: ve sv\u00e9m stanovisku z roku 2017 shledala m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s jazyky mimo EU, zejm\u00e9na s ru\u0161tinou, obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b od\u016fvodniteln\u00fdm a vyj\u00e1d\u0159ila obavy z diskriminace. Ve sv\u00e9m <\/span>stanovisku<\/span><\/a> k legislativ\u011b o n\u00e1rodnostn\u00edch men\u0161in\u00e1ch z roku 2023 zopakovala, \u017ee prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed ukrajin\u0161tiny jako st\u00e1tn\u00edho jazyka neospravedl\u0148uje odep\u0159en\u00ed rovnocenn\u00e9 ochrany rusky mluv\u00edc\u00edm osob\u00e1m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ukrajinsk\u00fd \u00dastavn\u00ed soud zaujal v roce 2021 jin\u00fd n\u00e1zor a rozhodl, \u017ee preferen\u010dn\u00ed zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s jazyky EU je p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 \u2013 kritika evropsk\u00e9ho poradn\u00edho org\u00e1nu a dom\u00e1c\u00ed postoj Kyjeva se nikdy pln\u011b neshodovaly.<\/span><\/p>\n

Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 z\u00e1ruky pro etnick\u00e9 <\/span>Ma\u010fary<\/span><\/a> a Rumuny mohou odr\u00e1\u017eet schopnost Budape\u0161ti a Bukure\u0161ti blokovat nebo odd\u00e1lit proces p\u0159istoupen\u00ed Ukrajiny k EU.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodou, \u017ee za\u010dle\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed Rom\u016f se ub\u00edr\u00e1 samostatnou cestou: n\u00e1rodn\u00ed strategie <\/span>do roku 2030<\/span><\/a> se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm, bydlen\u00edm a diskriminac\u00ed. Tato opat\u0159en\u00ed se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed integrace <\/span>marginalizovan\u00fdch romsk\u00fdch komunit<\/span><\/a> , sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e zvr\u00e1cen\u00ed ukrajinizace.<\/span><\/p>\n

Podobn\u011b rusky mluv\u00edc\u00ed lid\u00e9 a etni\u010dt\u00ed Rusov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed nemohou v r\u00e1mci procesu EU uplat\u0148ovat srovnateln\u00fd vliv, z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed <\/span>mimo<\/span><\/a> nov\u00fd r\u00e1mec.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, a\u010dkoliv prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00e1lka situaci komplikuje, Rusko form\u00e1ln\u011b uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 etnick\u00e9 Ukrajince, zat\u00edmco jeho <\/span>\u00fastava<\/span><\/a> a <\/span>z\u00e1kony<\/span><\/a> zaru\u010duj\u00ed zachov\u00e1n\u00ed a studium men\u0161inov\u00fdch jazyk\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kyjev ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b explicitn\u011b rozli\u0161uje mezi ru\u0161tinou a men\u0161inov\u00fdmi jazyky EU, zat\u00edmco Moskva m\u00e1 form\u00e1ln\u011b inkluzivn\u00ed r\u00e1mec.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kontroverze ohledn\u011b pr\u00e1v men\u0161in na Ukrajin\u011b s Ruskem <\/span>p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed<\/span><\/a> invazi v roce 2022: <\/span>rozd\u00edln\u00e9 zach\u00e1zen\u00ed<\/span><\/a> bylo sp\u00ed\u0161e struktur\u00e1ln\u00edm prvkem politiky po Majdanu ne\u017e jen do\u010dasn\u00fdm v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdm opat\u0159en\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Po roce 2014 jazykov\u00e1, medi\u00e1ln\u00ed a men\u0161inov\u00e1 legislativa neust\u00e1le povy\u0161ovala v\u00fdznam ukrajin\u0161tiny a z\u00e1rove\u0148 zu\u017eovala ve\u0159ejn\u00fd prostor pro ru\u0161tinu. Americk\u00fd politolog Nicolai N. Petro <\/span>v \u010dl\u00e1nku pro Foreign Policy<\/span><\/a> koncem roku 2023 popsal <\/span>politiku<\/span><\/a> , kter\u00e1 d\u00e1le degradovala rusky mluv\u00edc\u00ed osoby na trval\u00fd status druho\u0159ad\u00fdch \u2013 a varoval, \u017ee takov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy riskuj\u00ed odcizen\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti populace i po skon\u010den\u00ed boj\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ukrajin\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 ob\u010das prohla\u0161uj\u00ed, \u017ee jednodu\u0161e \u201e <\/span>neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 rusk\u00e1 men\u0161ina<\/span><\/a> \u201c, co\u017e je tvrzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je, m\u00edrn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, v rozporu s \u00fadaji ze s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed lidu a ka\u017edodenn\u00ed dvojjazy\u010dnou realitou.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mezit\u00edm p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed nacionalistick\u00e9 historick\u00e9 narativy: lvovsk\u00e9 muzeum v\u011bnovan\u00e9 <\/span>nacistick\u00e9mu kolaborantovi<\/span><\/a> Romanu \u0160uchevi\u010dovi bylo <\/span>p\u0159estav\u011bno<\/span><\/a> jen n\u011bkolik t\u00fddn\u016f p\u0159ed podpisem z\u00e1kona o vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. \u0160uchevi\u010d v roce 1930 podn\u011bcoval <\/span>protipolsk\u00e9<\/span><\/a> pogromy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 slu\u010dit s jak\u00fdmkoli tvrzen\u00edm o komplexn\u00edm ideologick\u00e9m \u00fastupu od budov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1roda po Majdanu. Ukrajin\u0161t\u00ed ultranacionalist\u00e9 nav\u00edc budou reformy vn\u00edmat jako ne\u00fasp\u011bch vynucen\u00fd evropsk\u00fdmi partnery \u2013 a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vyvolaj\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00ed odpor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Na druhou stranu mohou tak\u00e9 podpo\u0159it dal\u0161\u00ed po\u017eadavky men\u0161inov\u00fdch komunit, v\u010detn\u011b po\u017eadavk\u016f na glorifikaci kontroverzn\u00edch postav z v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed \u2013 co\u017e je probl\u00e9m, kter\u00fd st\u00e1le <\/span>nap\u00edn\u00e1 vztahy s Polskem<\/span><\/a> . Nen\u00ed divu, \u017ee <\/span>nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi Ukrajinou a sousedy<\/span><\/a> je opakuj\u00edc\u00edm se <\/span>rysem <\/span><\/a>region\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/span><\/a> krajiny \u2013 <\/span>Ma\u010farsko<\/span><\/a> je toho <\/span>p\u0159\u00edkladem<\/span><\/a> .<\/span><\/p>\n

V r\u00e1mci sv\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u016f na p\u0159istoupen\u00ed k EU Kyjev p\u0159ehodnocuje \u0161ovinistickou politiku t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se n\u011bkter\u00fdch men\u0161in \u2013 zat\u00edmco nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed jazykovou komunitu ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 stranou od nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u00fastupk\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eMakro\u201c rozm\u011br konfliktu zahrnuje rivalitu velmoc\u00ed, dynamiku z\u00e1stupn\u00fdch subjekt\u016f a dlouhou trajektorii <\/span>expanze NATO<\/span><\/a> . Mikro, \u010di sp\u00ed\u0161e \u201emezo\u201c rozm\u011br z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nevy\u0159e\u0161enou ot\u00e1zkou postsov\u011btsk\u00fdch hranic a etnopolitiky postsov\u011btsk\u00e9 republiky, kter\u00e1 st\u00e1le konsoliduje sv\u016fj projekt budov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1roda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Slovy Kristin Henrardov\u00e9 (profesorky mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va na Bruselsk\u00e9 \u0161kole spr\u00e1vy v\u011bc\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch): \u201eUkrajina bude muset uznat <\/span>,<\/span><\/a> \u017ee rusk\u00e1 men\u0161ina, jako jedna z n\u011bkolika men\u0161in s p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty na jej\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed, je v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e1 kv\u016fli sv\u00e9 po\u010detn\u00ed velikosti a tradi\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnosti.\u201c To by bylo \u201ev souladu s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmi z\u00e1vazky Ukrajiny,\u201c p\u00ed\u0161e.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tolik k my\u0161lence, \u017ee probl\u00e9my s pr\u00e1vy men\u0161in byly v\u017edycky jen \u201eruskou propagandou\u201c. Pro Ma\u010fary a Rumuny byly natolik re\u00e1ln\u00e9, \u017ee Kyjev musel p\u0159ijmout z\u00e1kony; pro rusky mluv\u00edc\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed re\u00e1ln\u00e9. Ot\u00e1zka ob\u010dansk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uriel Araujo, PhD.<\/a> v oboru antropologie, je soci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bdec specializuj\u00edc\u00ed se na etnick\u00e9 a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 konflikty s rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumem geopolitick\u00e9 dynamiky a kulturn\u00edch interakc\u00ed.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

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Zelensk\u00e9ho nov\u00fd \u0161kolsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon roz\u0161i\u0159uje pr\u00e1va men\u0161in, zat\u00edmco Ukrajina usiluje o \u010dlenstv\u00ed v EU. Rusky…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":119675,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[6279,26,609],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119674"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=119674"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119674\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/119675"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=119674"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=119674"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=119674"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}