{"id":119477,"date":"2026-10-27T00:21:51","date_gmt":"2026-10-26T23:21:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=119477"},"modified":"2026-10-26T14:42:21","modified_gmt":"2026-10-26T13:42:21","slug":"andrew-p-napolitano-kultura-smrti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/10\/27\/andrew-p-napolitano-kultura-smrti\/","title":{"rendered":"Andrew P. Napolitano: Kultura smrti"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u201eJe zak\u00e1z\u00e1no zab\u00edjet; proto jsou v\u0161ichni vrazi potrest\u00e1ni, pokud nezab\u00edjej\u00ed ve velk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku a s fanf\u00e1rami trumpet.\u201c \u2014 Voltaire (1694\u20131778)<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Vl\u00e1da, kter\u00e1 si n\u00e1rokuje pr\u00e1vo zab\u00edjet lidi pot\u00e9, co byli p\u0159emo\u017eeni, odzbrojeni, souzeni, odsouzeni a uv\u011bzn\u011bni, \u010din\u00ed pozoruhodn\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed o povaze politick\u00e9 moci. N\u00e1rokuje si nejen pravomoc chr\u00e1nit nevinn\u00e9 lidi p\u0159ed n\u00e1sil\u00edm, ale tak\u00e9 pravomoc pou\u017e\u00edt n\u00e1sil\u00ed samotn\u00e9, kdy\u017e ji\u017e neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed hrozba.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee zabit\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 bytosti \u2013 kter\u00e9 pr\u00e1vem odsuzuje, pokud je sp\u00e1ch\u00e1no soukrom\u00fdmi osobami \u2013 se z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u011b st\u00e1v\u00e1 mor\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00fdm, jakmile je provedeno st\u00e1tn\u00edmi \u010diniteli. To je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rozpor trestu smrti: st\u00e1t zab\u00edj\u00ed bezbrann\u00e9 lidi, aby ochr\u00e1nil \u017eiv\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Deklarace nez\u00e1vislosti nab\u00edz\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9 ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed vl\u00e1dy. V\u0161ichni lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e1 pr\u00e1va a vl\u00e1dy jsou z\u0159\u00edzeny k ochran\u011b t\u011bchto pr\u00e1v. Legitimn\u00ed moc vl\u00e1dy vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00fdhradn\u011b ze souhlasu ovl\u00e1dan\u00fdch. Vl\u00e1da nen\u00ed vlastn\u00edkem na\u0161ich \u017eivot\u016f. Je to subjekt, kter\u00fd jsme si vytvo\u0159ili k ochran\u011b pr\u00e1v, kter\u00e1 existovala p\u0159ed jej\u00ed existenc\u00ed. Jej\u00ed pravomoci jsou omezen\u00e9; nem\u016f\u017ee si z\u00e1konn\u011b n\u00e1rokovat \u017e\u00e1dnou moc, nad kterou by lid\u00e9, kter\u00fdm vl\u00e1dne, sami nevlastnili.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jednotlivci maj\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo br\u00e1nit se proti nez\u00e1konn\u00e9mu \u00fatoku. Mohou pou\u017e\u00edt nezbytnou a p\u0159im\u011b\u0159enou s\u00edlu k odrazen\u00ed agresora. Proto\u017ee lid\u00e9 toto pr\u00e1vo maj\u00ed, mohou jej delegovat na vl\u00e1du \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad na arm\u00e1du pro obrann\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely. Legitimn\u00ed pravomoc vl\u00e1dy v\u00e9st obrannou v\u00e1lku je mor\u00e1ln\u011b a pr\u00e1vn\u011b odvozena z ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00edho pr\u00e1va jednotlivc\u016f na sebez\u00e1chovu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ale jak\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo by m\u011bl jednotlivec zab\u00edt pora\u017een\u00e9ho nep\u0159\u00edtele, kter\u00fd se vzdal, je odzbrojen a nach\u00e1z\u00ed se ve v\u011bze\u0148sk\u00e9 cele? Jak\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo by m\u011bl soukrom\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk popravit v\u011bzn\u011b, kter\u00fd ji\u017e nep\u0159edstavuje bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed hrozbu? \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9. Pr\u00e1vo na sebeobranu nezahrnuje pr\u00e1vo zab\u00edt bezbrann\u00e9ho v\u011bzn\u011b jako odvetu za minul\u00fd \u010din. Pokud takov\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo nemaj\u00ed, jak by ho pak mohli p\u0159en\u00e9st na vl\u00e1du? Princip je jednoduch\u00fd: Vl\u00e1da nem\u016f\u017ee se souhlasem ovl\u00e1dan\u00fdch z\u00edskat moc, kterou sami ovl\u00e1dan\u00ed nemaj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed chr\u00e1n\u00ed spole\u010dnost. Poprava na druhou stranu odhaluje n\u00e1rok st\u00e1tu na absolutn\u00ed moc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pl\u00e1ny ministra obrany Peta Hegsetha ve\u0159ejn\u011b popravit odsouzen\u00e9ho v\u011bzn\u011b a vys\u00edlat tuto ud\u00e1lost \u017eiv\u011b demonstruj\u00ed hluboce odpudiv\u00e9 ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed moci. Pokud by se takov\u00e1 pod\u00edvan\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u011b odehr\u00e1la, nebyla by d\u016fkazem s\u00edly americk\u00e9 civilizace \u2013 naopak, byla by d\u016fkazem jej\u00edho mor\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fapadku. \u00damysln\u00e9 zni\u010den\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 bytosti by se prom\u011bnilo v formu politick\u00e9 z\u00e1bavy, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e st\u00e1tn\u00ed apar\u00e1t by fungoval jako producent i organiz\u00e1tor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je hluboce znepokojiv\u00e9, kdy\u017e se ve\u0159ejn\u00ed \u010dinitel\u00e9 sna\u017e\u00ed prom\u011bnit smrt \u010dlov\u011bka ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 divadlo. Jak\u00e9 ponau\u010den\u00ed lze z takov\u00e9ho \u017eiv\u00e9ho p\u0159enosu vyvodit? \u017de st\u00e1t m\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo zab\u00edjet, \u017ee jeho n\u00e1sil\u00ed si zaslou\u017e\u00ed publikum a \u017ee dosp\u011bl\u00ed i d\u011bti by m\u011bli sledovat a schvalovat uha\u0161en\u00ed \u017eivota bezbrann\u00e9ho, \u200b\u200binvalidn\u00edho v\u011bzn\u011b vojensk\u00fdmi odst\u0159elova\u010di? \u017de vhodnou reakc\u00ed na zlo\u010din nen\u00ed omezit moc, ale oslavovat jej\u00ed nejsmrteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed projev?<\/span><\/p>\n

Toto je krut\u00fd a bezprecedentn\u00ed sestup do barbarstv\u00ed \u2013 oslava st\u00e1tem schv\u00e1len\u00e9ho zab\u00edjen\u00ed a v\u00fdzva k nastolen\u00ed kultury strachu a smrti. Civilizace se vyv\u00edj\u00ed omezov\u00e1n\u00edm n\u00e1sil\u00ed \u2013 a to i v reakci na hr\u016fzn\u00e9 zlo\u010diny. Barbarstv\u00ed se naopak \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed, kdy\u017e se n\u00e1sil\u00ed st\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u00e1strojem ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho divadla a kolektivn\u00edho uspokojen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zapojen\u00ed arm\u00e1dy \u010din\u00ed tento n\u00e1vrh o to groteskn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm. Ministerstvo obrany je tu proto, aby br\u00e1nilo zemi p\u0159ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi hrozbami \u2013 ne aby z poprav v\u011bz\u0148\u016f d\u011blalo propagandistickou pod\u00edvanou. Ozbrojen\u00e9 s\u00edly by nem\u011bly b\u00fdt redukov\u00e1ny na pouh\u00e9 divadeln\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edky v politick\u00e9 moralit\u011b, v n\u00ed\u017e vl\u00e1da oslavuje svou moc nad \u017eivotem v\u011bzn\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Svobodn\u00e1 spole\u010dnost by m\u011bla b\u00fdt obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ostra\u017eit\u00e1, kdy\u017e se st\u00e1t pokou\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u011b projevit svou moc zab\u00edjet. Otcov\u00e9 zakladatel\u00e9 americk\u00e9 \u00fastavy v\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee st\u00e1tn\u00ed moc mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u017edy omezen\u00e1 a zdr\u017eenliv\u00e1 \u2013 nikdy nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt uct\u00edv\u00e1na. Ve\u0159ejn\u011b oslavovan\u00e9 popravy by podporovaly opak: \u00factu ke schopnosti st\u00e1tu ni\u010dit, sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e respekt k povinnosti st\u00e1tu chr\u00e1nit.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vl\u00e1da, kter\u00e1 chce prok\u00e1zat mor\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00e1\u017enost, by m\u011bla chr\u00e1nit nevinn\u00e9, spravedliv\u011b st\u00edhat zlo\u010diny, zajistit \u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd proces a bezpe\u010dn\u011b zadr\u017eovat nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pachatele. Do\u017eivotn\u00ed trest \u010din\u00ed vraha ne\u0161kodn\u00fdm, ani\u017e by spole\u010dnost musela p\u0159edst\u00edrat, \u017ee zabit\u00ed je aktem uzdraven\u00ed. Nav\u00edc zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 mo\u017enost n\u00e1pravy nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho odsouzen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nic z toho nezleh\u010duje utrpen\u00ed ob\u011bt\u00ed vra\u017ed ani jejich rodin. Jejich ztr\u00e1ta je hlubok\u00e1 a jejich nekone\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1rmutek si zaslou\u017e\u00ed soucit \u2013 nikoli politick\u00e9 vyko\u0159is\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed. St\u00e1t v\u0161ak nect\u00ed ob\u011bti napodobov\u00e1n\u00edm n\u00e1sil\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je zni\u010dilo. Sp\u00ed\u0161e je ct\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm syst\u00e9mu spravedlnosti, kter\u00fd odm\u00edt\u00e1 zam\u011b\u0148ovat pomstu za ctnost.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hodnoty, kter\u00e9 jsou z\u00e1kladem Deklarace nez\u00e1vislosti i \u00dastavy, odm\u00edtaj\u00ed vl\u00e1du s neomezenou moc\u00ed. Otcov\u00e9 zakladatel\u00e9 vytvo\u0159ili vl\u00e1du s omezenou pravomoc\u00ed, jej\u00ed\u017e legitimita z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tom, s \u010d\u00edm vl\u00e1dnut\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b souhlasili. Souhlas nen\u00ed bianko \u0161ek a demokratick\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina nem\u016f\u017ee mor\u00e1ln\u011b legitimizovat vl\u00e1dn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed pouh\u00fdm financov\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trest smrti prom\u011b\u0148uje st\u00e1t z ochr\u00e1nce \u017eivota v jeho \u00famysln\u00e9ho ni\u010ditele \u2013 a pot\u00e9 vy\u017eaduje, aby ve\u0159ejnost toto ni\u010den\u00ed ozna\u010dila za \u201espravedlnost\u201c. Ve\u0159ejn\u011b vys\u00edlan\u00e1 poprava by tento rozpor dovedla do extr\u00e9mu: prom\u011bnila by smrt v pod\u00edvanou a st\u00e1tn\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed v pornografickou z\u00e1bavu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Svobodn\u00ed lid\u00e9 by m\u011bli odm\u00edtnout tuto kulturu smrti.<\/span><\/p>\n

To, co odli\u0161uje civilizovanou vl\u00e1du, nen\u00ed to, jak efektivn\u011b zab\u00edj\u00ed bezbrann\u00e9ho v\u011bzn\u011b, ani kolik div\u00e1k\u016f dok\u00e1\u017ee shrom\u00e1\u017edit. Sp\u00ed\u0161e je to d\u016fslednost, s jakou omezuje svou vlastn\u00ed moc \u2013 i kdy\u017e hn\u011bv, strach a vol\u00e1n\u00ed po pomst\u011b \u010din\u00ed takov\u00e9 omezen\u00ed politicky nepraktick\u00fdm.<\/span><\/p>\n

St\u00e1t existuje proto, aby chr\u00e1nil na\u0161e p\u0159irozen\u00e1 pr\u00e1va \u2013 ne proto, aby byl kone\u010dnou, nenapadnutelnou autoritou rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed o tom, kdo m\u016f\u017ee \u017e\u00edt. Pokud st\u00e1t tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee jeho pr\u00e1vo zab\u00edjet je inherentn\u00ed a mor\u00e1ln\u011b opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9, pak po\u017eaduje pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd svobodn\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk nem\u011bl uznat.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Zdroj<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201eJe zak\u00e1z\u00e1no zab\u00edjet; proto jsou v\u0161ichni vrazi potrest\u00e1ni, pokud nezab\u00edjej\u00ed ve velk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku a s…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":119478,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[169,940,1975,387],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119477"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=119477"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119477\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/119478"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=119477"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=119477"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=119477"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}