{"id":118023,"date":"2026-10-10T00:26:05","date_gmt":"2026-10-09T22:26:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=118023"},"modified":"2026-10-09T16:28:10","modified_gmt":"2026-10-09T14:28:10","slug":"german-gorraiz-lopez-polarizace-a-demokracie-v-zapadnich-spolecnostech","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/10\/10\/german-gorraiz-lopez-polarizace-a-demokracie-v-zapadnich-spolecnostech\/","title":{"rendered":"Germ\u00e1n Gorraiz L\u00f3pez: Polarizace a demokracie v z\u00e1padn\u00edch spole\u010dnostech"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<p><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Antropolog George Bateson zavedl term\u00edn \u201ekomplement\u00e1rn\u00ed schizogeneze\u201c, teorii, kter\u00e1 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee \u201ekulturn\u00ed rozd\u00edly mezi skupinami maj\u00ed tendenci se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu zv\u011bt\u0161ovat v jak\u00e9si eskalaci, kter\u00e1 se sna\u017e\u00ed zd\u016fraznit osobn\u00ed identitu a moc nad opozi\u010dn\u00edmi skupinami\u201c, co\u017e jsou sociologick\u00e9 zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 by byly usnadn\u011bny tzv. procesem \u201epozitivn\u00ed zp\u011btn\u00e9 vazby\u201c, jen\u017e s\u00e1m posiluje osobn\u00ed n\u00e1zor.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Term\u00edn \u201ezp\u011btn\u00e1 vazba\u201c z\u00edskal \u0161irokou popularitu d\u00edky knize Norberta Wienera <\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">Kybernetika: \u0158\u00edzen\u00ed a komunikace u zv\u00ed\u0159at a stroj\u016f<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\"> \u00a0(vydan\u00e9 v roce 1948), kter\u00e1 ji definovala jako \u201emetodu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed syst\u00e9mu op\u011btovn\u00fdm zaveden\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016f jeho v\u00fdkonu\u201c. Pokud tento proces umo\u017e\u0148uje syst\u00e9mu korigovat odchylku v reakci na poruchu, naz\u00fdv\u00e1 se to negativn\u00ed zp\u011btn\u00e1 vazba, kter\u00e1 podporuje stabilitu; naopak, pokud je odchylka zes\u00edlena, zp\u011btn\u00e1 vazba se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 pozitivn\u00ed zp\u011btn\u00e1 vazba a podporuje zm\u011bnu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">To v\u0161e by vysv\u011btlovalo fenom\u00e9n polarizace, ch\u00e1pan\u00fd jako \u201eobrann\u00fd mechanismus, kter\u00fdm jedinec \u010del\u00ed emocion\u00e1ln\u00edm konflikt\u016fm a hrozb\u00e1m vnit\u0159n\u00edho nebo vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho p\u016fvodu t\u00edm, \u017ee vn\u00edm\u00e1 sebe nebo ostatn\u00ed jako bu\u010f zcela dobr\u00e9, nebo zcela \u0161patn\u00e9, ani\u017e by se mu poda\u0159ilo integrovat do souvisl\u00fdch obraz\u016f pozitivn\u00ed nebo negativn\u00ed vlastnosti ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z nich.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">V t\u00e9to souvislosti jsme sv\u011bdky postupn\u00e9ho a z\u00e1ke\u0159n\u00e9ho nahrazov\u00e1n\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie \u201edemokraci\u00ed\u201c \u2013 neologismem vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edm my\u0161lenku, \u017ee vl\u00e1dnou emoce. Podle Fernanda Pessoy \u201espole\u010dnosti \u0159\u00edd\u00ed agit\u00e1to\u0159i cit\u016f neboli demokrat\u00e9, nikoli agit\u00e1to\u0159i idej\u00ed\u201c. Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, jako je X nebo Twitter, se tak staly ide\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1strojem pro sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho demokrata, jak \u0161\u00ed\u0159it manicheismus a kult osobnosti a z\u00e1rove\u0148 \u2013 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm fale\u0161n\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v \u2013 polarizovat ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed v souladu s ideologick\u00fdmi postul\u00e1ty dominantn\u00edch elit, kter\u00e9 se rozhodly pro demokracii jako n\u00e1hradu form\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Demokracie by v\u0161ak p\u0159edstavovala \u017eivnou p\u016fdu pro autokracii \u2013 formu vl\u00e1dy vykon\u00e1vanou jednou osobou, jak\u00e9hosi endogenn\u00edho parazita jin\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f vl\u00e1dy (v\u010detn\u011b tzv. form\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie) \u2013 a mohla by se v z\u00e1padn\u00edch spole\u010dnostech zako\u0159enit b\u011bhem p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho desetilet\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span dir=\"auto\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.observateur-continental.fr\/?module=articles&amp;action=view&amp;id=8204\">Germ\u00e1n Gorraiz L\u00f3pez<\/a> , politick\u00fd analytik<\/span><\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Antropolog George Bateson zavedl term\u00edn \u201ekomplement\u00e1rn\u00ed schizogeneze\u201c, teorii, kter\u00e1 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee \u201ekulturn\u00ed rozd\u00edly mezi skupinami&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":118024,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[169,11809,122],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118023"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=118023"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118023\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/118024"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=118023"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=118023"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=118023"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}