{"id":117832,"date":"2026-10-08T00:42:31","date_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:42:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=117832"},"modified":"2026-10-07T19:26:07","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T17:26:07","slug":"mattias-forsgren-kognitivni-disonance-jako-kontrolni-mechanismus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/10\/08\/mattias-forsgren-kognitivni-disonance-jako-kontrolni-mechanismus\/","title":{"rendered":"Mattias Forsgren: Kognitivn\u00ed disonance jako kontroln\u00ed mechanismus"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

Kdy\u017e se p\u0159edpov\u011bzen\u00e1 katastrofa nenapln\u00ed, stane se s lidsk\u00fdm p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00edm n\u011bco neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9ho. P\u0159esn\u011b to zjistil americk\u00fd soci\u00e1ln\u00ed psycholog Leon Festinger a jeho kolegov\u00e9 v roce 1954, kdy\u017e infiltrovali mal\u00fd apokalyptick\u00fd kult v Minnesot\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Skupina v\u011b\u0159ila, \u017ee 21. prosince Zemi zpusto\u0161\u00ed masivn\u00ed potopa a \u017ee mimozem\u0161\u0165an\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed zachr\u00e1n\u00ed. Kdy\u017e se nic nestalo, \u010dlenov\u00e9 nebyli zklam\u00e1ni \u2013 byli je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. S obnovenou energi\u00ed za\u010dali verbovat nov\u00e9 stoupence a vym\u00fd\u0161leli nov\u00e1 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, pro\u010d se proroctv\u00ed nenaplnilo.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ve sv\u00e9m z\u00e1sadn\u00edm d\u00edle * <\/span>Kdy\u017e sel\u017ee proroctv\u00ed*<\/span><\/em> (1956) Festinger uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee kognitivn\u00ed disonance \u2013 psychologick\u00e9 nepohodl\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vznik\u00e1, kdy\u017e se realita st\u0159etne s hluboce zako\u0159en\u011bn\u00fdm p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00edm \u2013 se \u010dasto nevy\u0159e\u0161\u00ed opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm tohoto p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed. Lid\u00e9 se s t\u00edmto nepohodl\u00edm vyrovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee sv\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed posiluj\u00ed, racionalizuj\u00ed selh\u00e1n\u00ed a zvy\u0161uj\u00ed sv\u00e9 odhodl\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento mechanismus se n\u00e1sledn\u011b uk\u00e1zal jako mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd daleko za hranicemi mal\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch sekt. Ji\u017e ve 20. letech 20. stolet\u00ed teoretici propagandy jako Harold Lasswell a Edward Bernays vysv\u011btlovali, jak vyu\u017e\u00edt vnit\u0159n\u00ed psychick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed, ambivalenci a pot\u0159ebu du\u0161evn\u00ed harmonie u jednotlivc\u016f k ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed v takzvan\u00fdch demokratick\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lasswell definoval propagandu jako <\/span>\u201e\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed kolektivn\u00edch postoj\u016f prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm manipulace se smyslupln\u00fdmi symboly<\/span><\/em> \u201c. Bernays \u0161el je\u0161t\u011b d\u00e1le a popsal <\/span>\u201eneviditelnou vl\u00e1du\u201c<\/span><\/em> , kter\u00e1 formuje souhlas vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm nev\u011bdom\u00fdch motivac\u00ed a emoc\u00ed. Steven Hassan pozd\u011bji uk\u00e1zal, jak se <\/span>gaslighting<\/span><\/em> (*) vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm kognitivn\u00ed disonance stal \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed technikou jak v kultech, tak v operac\u00edch politick\u00e9ho masov\u00e9ho vlivu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dnes vid\u00edme tuto techniku \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200buplat\u0148ovanou s Vladimirem Putinem v hlavn\u00ed roli. Z\u00e1padn\u00ed m\u00e9dia a tv\u016frci ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed prezentuj\u00ed protich\u016fdn\u00fd narativ, kter\u00fd nese v\u0161echny znaky produktu z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b sestaven\u00e9ho z metod vyvinut\u00fdch k \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u201edemokracie\u201c. Na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b je Putin um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed mu\u017e: rakovina, Parkinsonova choroba, mrtvice, zdvojen\u00ed t\u011bla a \u201eu\u017e jen p\u00e1r m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f \u017eivota\u201c se pravideln\u011b objevuj\u00ed na tituln\u00edch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch novin ji\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e deset let. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b je Putin apokalyptick\u00e1 hrozba, kter\u00e1 \u00fadajn\u011b v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b dob\u00fdv\u00e1 Evropu, manipuluje s z\u00e1padn\u00edmi volbami a p\u0159edstavuje nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hrozbu pro civilizaci od 30. let 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se Putin znovu objev\u00ed \u017eiv\u00fd a promluv\u00ed po posledn\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011bdi sv\u00e9 smrti, narativ nezmiz\u00ed. Je okam\u017eit\u011b p\u0159eformulov\u00e1n: \u201eJe slab\u00fd, ale pr\u00e1v\u011b proto je nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kdy d\u0159\u00edve.\u201c Rozsudek smrti nen\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako d\u016fkaz chybn\u00e9ho medi\u00e1ln\u00edho pokryt\u00ed, ale jako dal\u0161\u00ed ospravedln\u011bn\u00ed pro okam\u017eit\u00fd z\u00e1sah. Disonance mezi \u201eslab\u00fdm a dekadentn\u00edm dikt\u00e1torem\u201c a \u201ev\u0161emocnou glob\u00e1ln\u00ed hrozbou\u201c je p\u0159ekon\u00e1na je\u0161t\u011b pevn\u011bji v\u00e1zanou ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed na zast\u0159e\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed sd\u011blen\u00ed: Rusko je existen\u010dn\u00ed hrozbou, kter\u00e1 vy\u017eaduje sankce, dod\u00e1vky zbran\u00ed, velk\u00e9 obrann\u00e9 rozpo\u010dty a ned\u016fv\u011bru k jak\u00e9mukoli kritick\u00e9mu hlasu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jedn\u00e1 se o sofistikovanou formu kolektivn\u00edho <\/span>gaslightingu<\/span><\/em> . \u010cten\u00e1\u0159 si mus\u00ed tento rozpor n\u00e9st v sob\u011b a nau\u010dit se zvl\u00e1dat nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159ijet\u00edm v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 politick\u00e9 linie. Stejn\u011b jako v kultu, kter\u00fd studoval Festinger, se investice do narativu \u2013 v \u010dase, identit\u011b a mor\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed \u2013 st\u00e1v\u00e1 tak v\u00fdznamnou, \u017ee jej\u00ed opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je psychologicky n\u00e1kladn\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Techniky popsan\u00e9 Lasswellem, Bernaysem a pozd\u011bji Hassanem jsou zde systematizov\u00e1ny: vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed disonance, prezentov\u00e1n\u00ed politick\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed jako jedin\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 cesty ven a stigmatizace t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed odm\u00edtaj\u00ed hr\u00e1t hru.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toto proroctv\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se Putina je flexibiln\u00ed a v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9: nikdy jej nelze zcela vyvr\u00e1tit. Zat\u00edmco \u010dek\u00e1me na dal\u0161\u00ed titulek oznamuj\u00edc\u00ed jeho smrt nebo dal\u0161\u00ed \u201einvazi\u201c, mechanismus nad\u00e1le pln\u00ed svou funkci: udr\u017euje n\u00e1s v kontaktu, v obav\u00e1ch a loajalit\u011b v\u016f\u010di r\u00e1mci zaveden\u00e9mu pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed modern\u00ed \u201edemokracie\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1 je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u010das, abychom se sami sebe zeptali: kdo skute\u010dn\u011b prosp\u00edv\u00e1 z toho, \u017ee n\u00e1m nikdy nen\u00ed dovoleno opustit apokalyptickou sektu?<\/span><\/p>\n

Dovolte mi v t\u00e9to souvislosti p\u0159ipomenout vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed <\/span>\u010dl\u00e1nek Kamala El Salima,<\/span><\/a> kter\u00fd byl publikov\u00e1n ve \u010dtvrt\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle \u010dasopisu <\/span>Parabol<\/span><\/em> v roce 2024:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201e- Po prozkoum\u00e1n\u00ed 671 tituln\u00edch str\u00e1nek \u2013 jak t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u201eetta\u201c, tj. hlavn\u00ed informace na str\u00e1nce, tak i t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u201epuff\u201c, tedy titulky \u2013 je v\u00fdsledek jasn\u00fd. Na 586 z nich, tedy v nejm\u00e9n\u011b 87 %, je zm\u00edn\u011bn rusk\u00fd prezident Vladimir Putin.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

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\n\u2013 174 titulk\u016f tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee Putin v\u00e1lku prohraje. Zde je n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f: \u201eT\u0159i experti na Rusko: Tohle by mohl b\u00fdt Putin\u016fv konec\u201c, \u201eMagnus Falkehed: Tohle je za\u010d\u00e1tek Putinova konce\u201c, \u201eMats Larsson: NOV\u00dd Z\u00c1KON UKAZUJE PUTINOVO ZOUFALEN\u00cd\u201c a \u201eExpert: PUTIN M\u016e\u017dE PADNOUT KDYKOLIV\u201c.<\/span><\/em><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\u2013 Tyto p\u0159edpov\u011bdi se d\u011blaly po celou dobu v\u00e1lky, ale \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 z nich se nenaplnila.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u2013 23 titulk\u016f tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee Putin trp\u00ed v\u00e1\u017enou nemoc\u00ed nebo du\u0161evn\u00ed poruchou.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u2013 121 titulk\u016f prezentuje Putina jako hrozbu pro \u0160v\u00e9dsko a \u010dasto tuto hrozbu spojuje s NATO v roli spasitele.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Nikdo se titulk\u016fm nevyhne!<\/span><\/p>\n

\"M\u016f\u017ee<\/p>\n

(*) Gaslighting je \u00famysln\u00e1 a systematick\u00e1 manipulace s jinou osobou, jej\u00edm\u017e c\u00edlem je vyvolat zmatek a nejistotu za \u00fa\u010delem uplatn\u011bn\u00ed kontroly. Term\u00edn poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze slavn\u00e9ho filmu <\/span>Plynov\u00e9 sv\u011btlo<\/span><\/em> z roku 1944. V tomto filmu man\u017eel manipuluje svou \u017eenou, zejm\u00e9na t\u00edm, \u017ee ztlum\u00ed plynov\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed v jejich dom\u011b a pot\u00e9 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee si jen p\u0159edstavuje, kdy\u017e ona pouk\u00e1\u017ee na to, \u017ee sv\u011btlo sl\u00e1bne.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mattias Forsgren<\/span><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

\"Avatar<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kdy\u017e se p\u0159edpov\u011bzen\u00e1 katastrofa nenapln\u00ed, stane se s lidsk\u00fdm p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00edm n\u011bco neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9ho. P\u0159esn\u011b to zjistil…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":117833,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[607,158,2812,1051,4447,114],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117832"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=117832"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117832\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/117833"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=117832"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=117832"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=117832"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}