{"id":116928,"date":"2026-09-28T00:24:43","date_gmt":"2026-09-27T22:24:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=116928"},"modified":"2026-09-27T13:31:02","modified_gmt":"2026-09-27T11:31:02","slug":"german-gorraiz-lopez-ukrajina-a-teorie-heartlandu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/09\/28\/german-gorraiz-lopez-ukrajina-a-teorie-heartlandu\/","title":{"rendered":"Germ\u00e1n Gorraiz L\u00f3pez: Ukrajina a teorie Heartlandu"},"content":{"rendered":"
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V\u00e1lku na Ukrajin\u011b do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry vysv\u011btluje teorie Heartlandu, kterou v roce 1904 formuloval britsk\u00fd geograf Halford Mackinder. Tato perspektiva klasick\u00e9 geopolitiky p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee kdokoli ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 \u201est\u0159ed sv\u011bta\u201c neboli Heartland (eurasijskou kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed masu, historicky ovl\u00e1danou Ruskem), bude m\u00edt zdroje nezbytn\u00e9 k ovl\u00e1dnut\u00ed \u201esv\u011btov\u00e9ho ostrova\u201c (Eurasie a Afriky) a nakonec cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Z tohoto pohledu ukrajinsk\u00fd konflikt dokonale ilustruje n\u011bkolik pil\u00ed\u0159\u016f t\u00e9to teorie a tradi\u010dn\u00ed geopolitiky. Mackinderova konfrontace mezi pozemn\u00edmi a n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edmi mocnostmi rozd\u011blila glob\u00e1ln\u00ed strategickou mapu na dv\u011b hlavn\u00ed s\u00edly: N\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed mocnosti (pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed mocnosti), historicky veden\u00e9 Spojen\u00fdm kr\u00e1lovstv\u00edm, pot\u00e9 Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty a NATO, jejich\u017e strategie je zalo\u017eena na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm obchodu, kontrole n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch tras a blokov\u00e1n\u00ed expanze euroasijsk\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed. Pozemn\u00ed mocnost (Heartland): reprezentovan\u00e1 Ruskem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ukrajina, rozlehl\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed bohat\u00e9 na zdroje, ale obklopen\u00e9 nechr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdmi pl\u00e1n\u011bmi, byla v\u017edy posedl\u00e1 hloubkou obrany a p\u0159\u00edstupem k tepl\u00fdm mo\u0159\u00edm. Ukrajina jako strategick\u00fd \u201en\u00e1razn\u00edkov\u00fd st\u00e1t\u201c: Klasick\u00e1 geopolitick\u00e1 teorie p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 existenci p\u0159echodov\u00fdch z\u00f3n nebo t\u0159ec\u00edch z\u00f3n (Rimland Nicholase Spykmana) obklopuj\u00edc\u00edch Heartland a Ukrajina je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za br\u00e1nu do rusk\u00e9ho Heartlandu. Ukrajina tradi\u010dn\u011b hr\u00e1la roli \u201en\u00e1razn\u00edkov\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu\u201c nebo \u201ebezpe\u010dnostn\u00edho st\u00e1tu\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pro Kreml by tedy expanzi NATO a Evropsk\u00e9 unie sm\u011brem k jej\u00edm historick\u00fdm hranic\u00edm (Ukrajina, Gruzie) vn\u00edmal jako pokus n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch mocnost\u00ed obkl\u00ed\u010dit, udusit a proniknout do Srdce zem\u011b. Pro Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty a jejich z\u00e1padn\u00ed spojence br\u00e1n\u00ed udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed suver\u00e9nn\u00ed, demokratick\u00e9 Ukrajiny v souladu se Z\u00e1padem Rusku v obnov\u011b euroasijsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e dostate\u010dn\u011b siln\u00e9 na to, aby zpochybnilo glob\u00e1ln\u00ed hegemonii.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aktualizace Mackinderova axiomu. Mackinder\u016fv nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed axiom zn\u011bl: \u201eKdo ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropu, ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 i Heartland.\u201c Ztr\u00e1ta politick\u00e9ho a vojensk\u00e9ho vlivu na Kyjev by proto u\u010dinila Rusko zraniteln\u00fdm na jeho z\u00e1padn\u00edm k\u0159\u00eddle a zp\u016fsobila by ztr\u00e1tu kontroly nad energetick\u00fdmi toky a severoevropsk\u00fdmi n\u00ed\u017einami, kter\u00e9 historicky spojovaly jeho \u00fazem\u00ed se zbytkem kontinentu. Teorie Heartlandu p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1, \u017ee konflikt na Ukrajin\u011b bude chronick\u00fd, vlekl\u00fd a extr\u00e9mn\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b \u0159e\u0161iteln\u00fd. Z klasick\u00e9ho geopolitick\u00e9ho hlediska se nejedn\u00e1 pouze o hrani\u010dn\u00ed spor, kter\u00fd lze urovnat podpisem smlouvy, ale o z\u00e1sadn\u00ed konfrontaci o glob\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hu sil.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je Ukrajina z\u00e1sadn\u00ed strategickou ot\u00e1zkou? Pro Rusko znamen\u00e1 dovolit Ukrajin\u011b trvale upevnit si svou pozici v z\u00e1padn\u00edm bloku (Rimland) trvalou ztr\u00e1tu hloubky obrany a statusu glob\u00e1ln\u00ed supervelmoci. Pro Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty a NATO by dovolit Rusku absorbovat Ukrajinu vytvo\u0159ilo neudr\u017eitelnou trhlinu v evropsk\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed architektu\u0159e a vydl\u00e1\u017edilo cestu rusk\u00e9 hegemonii nad Heartlandem. V d\u016fsledku toho je to pro ob\u011b strany strategick\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka \u017eivota a smrti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nav\u00edc se tento konflikt, kter\u00fd nep\u0159\u00edmo stav\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 a finan\u010dn\u00ed kapacity nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1padn\u00edch ekonomik proti obrovsk\u00fdm \u00fazemn\u00edm a energetick\u00fdm zdroj\u016fm Ruska, transformuje ve v\u00e1lku na vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed. Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm faktorem bude po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed kolaps jedn\u00e9 z t\u011bchto ekonomik. Mo\u017en\u00fd v\u00fdvoj konfliktu: Zmrazen\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch akc\u00ed: Velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fdm sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159em je, \u017ee konflikt neskon\u010d\u00ed m\u00edrovou smlouvou, ale p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00edm nebo technick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00edm, kter\u00e9 by stanovilo militarizovanou demarka\u010dn\u00ed linii. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed politick\u00fd konflikt by p\u0159etrv\u00e1val (jako mezi ob\u011bma Korejemi), ale rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 boje by ustaly kv\u016fli vojensk\u00e9mu vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed obou arm\u00e1d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00danava nebo politick\u00e1 zm\u011bna na Z\u00e1pad\u011b: N\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed mocnosti z\u00e1vis\u00ed na politick\u00e9 v\u016fli sv\u00fdch demokraci\u00ed a jejich ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch rozpo\u010dtech. Radik\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bna v americk\u00e9 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice nebo rozpory v r\u00e1mci Evropsk\u00e9 unie by mohly Ukrajinu donutit akceptovat \u00fazemn\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty v\u00fdm\u011bnou za sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed z\u00e1ruky.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Germ\u00e1n Gorraiz L\u00f3pez <\/a>, politick\u00fd analytik<\/span><\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00e1lku na Ukrajin\u011b do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry vysv\u011btluje teorie Heartlandu, kterou v roce 1904 formuloval britsk\u00fd…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":116929,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[11729,276,3783,26,40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/116928"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=116928"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/116928\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/116929"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=116928"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=116928"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=116928"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}