{"id":116266,"date":"2026-09-20T00:17:28","date_gmt":"2026-09-19T22:17:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=116266"},"modified":"2026-09-19T09:01:14","modified_gmt":"2026-09-19T07:01:14","slug":"domestikace-al-kaidy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/09\/20\/domestikace-al-kaidy\/","title":{"rendered":"Domestikace Al-K\u00e1idy"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

Al-K\u00e1ida a d\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00e9 organizace, kter\u00e9 se vyno\u0159ily z jej\u00ed ideologick\u00e9 a organiza\u010dn\u00ed sf\u00e9ry, ji\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e \u010dty\u0159i desetilet\u00ed m\u011bn\u00ed rozsah sv\u00fdch boj\u016f, ani\u017e by se nutn\u011b vzdaly ideologie, kter\u00e1 je zrodila.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Hnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se kdysi sna\u017eilo mobilizovat muslimy p\u0159es hranice proti z\u00e1padn\u00edm mocnostem, se st\u00e1le v\u00edce pohlcovalo \u00fazemn\u00edmi v\u00e1lkami, sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi konflikty a boji o kontrolu nad jednotliv\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty. Tuto transformaci lze popsat jako domestikaci al-K\u00e1idy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Domestikace neznamen\u00e1 um\u00edrn\u011bnost, deradikalizaci ani opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed d\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00e9 ideologie. Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee politick\u00e1 funkce n\u00e1sil\u00ed se p\u0159esunula dovnit\u0159, od \u00fatok\u016f na vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1tele ke kontrole \u00fazem\u00ed, por\u00e1\u017ece dom\u00e1c\u00edch rival\u016f, policejn\u00ed kontrole obyvatelstva a zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch rozpor\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Proces nebyl line\u00e1rn\u00ed a samotn\u00e1 al-K\u00e1ida nezmizela. N\u011bkter\u00e9 jej\u00ed odno\u017ee z\u016fstaly odd\u00e1ny nadn\u00e1rodn\u00edmu d\u017eih\u00e1du. V r\u00e1mci nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trajektorie odvozen\u00e9 od al-K\u00e1idy se v\u0161ak boji\u0161t\u011b postupn\u011b p\u0159esunulo z Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu a Z\u00e1padu do Ir\u00e1ku, S\u00fdrie a nakonec k samotn\u00fdm st\u00e1tn\u00edm instituc\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty sehr\u00e1ly v t\u00e9to transformaci v\u00fdznamnou roli prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u00famysln\u00fdch v\u00e1lek, program\u016f zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a protiteroristick\u00fdch kampan\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zm\u011bnily, kter\u00e9 formy d\u017eih\u00e1dismu mohly p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed politika vytvo\u0159ila pro teritori\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u017eih\u00e1disty dal\u0161\u00ed pob\u00eddky k up\u0159ednost\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edho n\u00e1sil\u00ed p\u0159ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmi \u00fatoky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed generace<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Po\u010d\u00e1tky hnut\u00ed jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, proto\u017ee prvn\u00ed generace vypadala velmi odli\u0161n\u011b od militant\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed pozd\u011bji ovl\u00e1dli Ir\u00e1k a S\u00fdrii.<\/span><\/p>\n

Abdullah Azzam, palestinsk\u00fd u\u010denec, kter\u00fd pom\u00e1hal organizovat zahrani\u010dn\u00ed d\u017eih\u00e1d proti Sov\u011btsk\u00e9mu svazu v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu, byl vysoce vzd\u011blan\u00fd a operoval prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch, finan\u010dn\u00edch a politick\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed. Us\u00e1ma bin L\u00e1din poch\u00e1zel z bohat\u00e9 sa\u00fadskoarabsk\u00e9 rodiny bin L\u00e1din\u016f a m\u011bl p\u0159\u00edstup k pen\u011bz\u016fm, cestov\u00e1n\u00ed a elitn\u00edm soci\u00e1ln\u00edm s\u00edt\u00edm. Ajm\u00e1n al-Zawahr\u00ed byl l\u00e9ka\u0159 ze vzd\u011blan\u00e9 a prominentn\u00ed egyptsk\u00e9 rodiny.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Abdullah Azzam. Kliknut\u00edm zobraz\u00edte obr\u00e1zek v pln\u00e9 velikosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Jejich schopnost p\u0159ekra\u010dovat hranice, shroma\u017e\u010fovat pen\u00edze, produkovat ideologickou literaturu a organizovat tajn\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b byla kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 pro budov\u00e1n\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed d\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00e9 organizace.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stejn\u00fd nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed charakter byl patrn\u00fd i u n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk\u016f z 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. Mohamed Atta studoval architektonick\u00e9 in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed v Egypt\u011b a N\u011bmecku. Marwan al-Shehhi studoval v N\u011bmecku, zat\u00edmco Ziad Jarrah poch\u00e1zel z bohat\u00e9 libanonsk\u00e9 rodiny a tak\u00e9 studoval v N\u011bmecku.<\/span><\/p>\n

Byli schopni orientovat se v z\u00e1padn\u00edch spole\u010dnostech, cestovat po sv\u011bt\u011b a z\u00edsk\u00e1vat dovednosti pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro slo\u017eit\u00e9 operace daleko od boji\u0161\u0165, kde se Al-K\u00e1ida p\u016fvodn\u011b objevila.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Mohamed Atta a Ziad Jarrah. Kliknut\u00edm zobraz\u00edte obr\u00e1zek v pln\u00e9 velikosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Spiknut\u00ed z 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed proto odr\u00e1\u017eelo hnut\u00ed, jeho\u017e hlavn\u00ed strategick\u00fd horizont byl sp\u00ed\u0161e glob\u00e1ln\u00ed ne\u017e omezen\u00fd na jednu ob\u010danskou v\u00e1lku nebo \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vzd\u00e1len\u00fd nep\u0159\u00edtel<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Ran\u00fd sv\u011bton\u00e1zor al-K\u00e1idy obsahoval proti\u0161\u00editsk\u00e9 p\u0159edsudky, ale sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 boje je\u0161t\u011b nebyly \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm organiza\u010dn\u00edm principem jej\u00ed strategie. Jej\u00edm prvo\u0159ad\u00fdm politick\u00fdm r\u00e1mcem byla konfrontace s USA, Izraelem a jejich spojenci. Sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed existovalo v r\u00e1mci \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ideologie, ale nenahradilo vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho nep\u0159\u00edtele jako hlavn\u00ed ohnisko n\u00e1sil\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00e1m bin L\u00e1din dokonce zmi\u0148oval utrpen\u00ed \u0161\u00editsk\u00fdch muslim\u016f v Libanonu, kdy\u017e hovo\u0159il o konfliktech zahrnuj\u00edc\u00edch Izrael nebo USA.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed se stalo kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm v Ir\u00e1ku, kde se sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 identita p\u0159esunula z druho\u0159ad\u00e9ho prvku d\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed na \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ir\u00e1ck\u00fd posun<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Posun za\u010dal s Ab\u00fa Mus\u00e1bem az-Zark\u00e1w\u00edm, kter\u00fd p\u0159edstavoval odli\u0161n\u00fd typ militant\u016f. Jeho politick\u00e1 formace byla formov\u00e1na sp\u00ed\u0161e v\u011bzen\u00edm, kriminalitou, pouli\u010dn\u00edmi s\u00edt\u011bmi a zku\u0161enostmi z boji\u0161t\u011b ne\u017e vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edm a profesion\u00e1ln\u00edm sv\u011btem ran\u00e9ho veden\u00ed al-K\u00e1idy. Ir\u00e1k poskytl tomuto modelu prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m se mohl st\u00e1t mocn\u00fdm.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Ab\u00fa Musab al-Zark\u00e1v\u00ed. Kliknut\u00edm zobraz\u00edte obr\u00e1zek v pln\u00e9 velikosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Americk\u00e1 invaze do Ir\u00e1ku v roce 2003 byla \u00famysln\u00fdm aktem americk\u00e9 politiky. Stejn\u011b tak i n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 okupace, syst\u00e9m zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a protiteroristick\u00e1 kampa\u0148.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dopady na d\u017eih\u00e1distickou politiku v\u0161ak nebyly p\u0159edem ur\u010deny. Kolaps st\u00e1tn\u00edch instituc\u00ed, sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 polarizace, \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed zbran\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edliv zahrani\u010dn\u00edch bojovn\u00edk\u016f vytvo\u0159ily prost\u0159ed\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e mohli lok\u00e1ln\u011b zako\u0159en\u011bn\u00ed ozbrojenci z\u00edskat vliv, ani\u017e by reprodukovali sofistikovanou mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed infrastrukturu ran\u00e9 al-K\u00e1idy.<\/span><\/p>\n

K Zark\u00e1w\u00edho vzestupu p\u0159isp\u011bly i akce USA. Ministr zahrani\u010d\u00ed Colin Powell Zark\u00e1w\u00edho identifikoval b\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho projevu v Rad\u011b bezpe\u010dnosti OSN 5. \u00fanora 2003, co\u017e pomohlo zv\u00fd\u0161it jeho popularitu d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e se Ir\u00e1k stal centrem glob\u00e1ln\u00edho d\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00e9ho boje.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pozd\u011bji se v americk\u00fdch vazebn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, jako je Camp Bucca, shroma\u017e\u010fovali d\u017eih\u00e1disti, zlo\u010dinci a b\u00fdval\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci ir\u00e1ck\u00e9ho re\u017eimu. Zadr\u017eovac\u00edm syst\u00e9mem pro\u0161el Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi a \u0159ada budouc\u00edch osobnost\u00ed Isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu, kte\u0159\u00ed si vytvo\u0159ili vztahy, je\u017e se pozd\u011bji staly d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi pro organizaci vzniklou z ir\u00e1ck\u00e9ho povst\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Ale nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm odkazem Zark\u00e1w\u00edho bylo strategick\u00e9 t\u00e9ma. Prom\u011bnil sekt\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed ve zbra\u0148 k reorganizaci ir\u00e1ck\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00edmi c\u00edli se stali \u0161\u00edit\u0161t\u00ed civilist\u00e9, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 pam\u00e1tky a politick\u00e9 osobnosti. C\u00edlem nebylo jen zab\u00edjet nep\u0159\u00e1tele. Sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u00fatoky mohly vyvolat odvetu, zni\u010dit mo\u017enost sou\u017eit\u00ed, radikalizovat sunnitsk\u00e9 komunity a znefunk\u010dnit vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed ir\u00e1ck\u00fd politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Terorismus se tak dostal do spole\u010dnosti. Hlavn\u00edmi ob\u011b\u0165mi se st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji st\u00e1vali muslimov\u00e9 a \u00fa\u010delem n\u00e1sil\u00ed bylo st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji ur\u010dovat, kdo m\u016f\u017ee \u017e\u00edt spole\u010dn\u011b, kdo ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed a kter\u00e1 komunita dominuje politick\u00e9mu \u0159\u00e1du.<\/span><\/p>\n

To byl z\u00e1sadn\u00ed posun od modelu, kter\u00fd p\u0159edstavovaly \u00fatoky z 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. D\u0159\u00edve se al-K\u00e1ida sna\u017eila za\u00fato\u010dit na vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho nep\u0159\u00edtele. Zark\u00e1w\u00ed se sna\u017eil zm\u011bnit prost\u0159ed\u00ed kolem sebe.<\/span><\/p>\n

Teritori\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u017eih\u00e1d<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Isl\u00e1msk\u00fd st\u00e1t tuto strategii zd\u011bdil a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il ji. ISIS kombinoval sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 masov\u00e9 n\u00e1sil\u00ed s \u00fazemn\u00ed spr\u00e1vou, zdan\u011bn\u00edm, soudy, v\u011bznicemi, vojensk\u00fdmi jednotkami a propagandistick\u00fdmi institucemi. Zavedl projekt \u00fazemn\u00edho st\u00e1tu v Ir\u00e1ku a S\u00fdrii a z\u00e1rove\u0148 prov\u00e1d\u011bl nebo inspiroval \u00fatoky v zahrani\u010d\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toto byla dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1ze domestikace. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed terorismus nezmizel, ale st\u00e1le v\u00edce slou\u017eil \u00fazemn\u00edmu politick\u00e9mu projektu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Extern\u00ed \u00fatoky prok\u00e1zaly sv\u016fj dosah, p\u0159il\u00e1kaly rekruty a sna\u017eily se vyprovokovat zahrani\u010dn\u00ed intervenci, zat\u00edmco hlavn\u00edm bojem organizace z\u016fst\u00e1vala kontrola nad obyvatelstvem a \u00fazem\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Ab\u00fa Bakr al-Bagd\u00e1d\u00ed. Kliknut\u00edm zobraz\u00edte obr\u00e1zek v pln\u00e9 velikosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Kdy\u017e ISIS ztratil sv\u016fj \u00fazemn\u00ed chal\u00edf\u00e1t, organiza\u010dn\u00ed znalosti z\u00edskan\u00e9 b\u011bhem let \u00fazemn\u00ed vl\u00e1dy nezmizely. Tis\u00edce militant\u016f se nau\u010dily, jak spravovat kontroln\u00ed stanovi\u0161t\u011b, vyb\u00edrat dan\u011b, \u0159\u00eddit v\u011bznice, organizovat vojensk\u00e9 formace a \u0159\u00eddit obyvatelstvo. D\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00e9 hnut\u00ed z\u00edskalo zku\u0161enosti, kter\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u00ed generace al-K\u00e1idy nikdy nem\u011bla.<\/span><\/p>\n

Syrsk\u00e1 adaptace<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

S\u00fdrie poskytla dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1zi. Kdy\u017e Ab\u00fa Bakr al-Bagd\u00e1d\u00ed vyslal Ab\u00fa Muhammada al-D\u017eul\u00e1n\u00edho do S\u00fdrie, mise byla zpo\u010d\u00e1tku sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b al-K\u00e1ida.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Ab\u00fa Muhammad al-D\u017eul\u00e1n\u00ed. Kliknut\u00edm zobraz\u00edte obr\u00e1zek v pln\u00e9 velikosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

D\u017eabhat an-Nusr\u00e1 byla explicitn\u011b napojena na al-K\u00e1idu a z\u016fstala d\u017eih\u00e1distickou organizac\u00ed. Fragmentovan\u00e1 syrsk\u00e1 ob\u010dansk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka v\u0161ak odm\u011bnila organizace, kter\u00e9 se dok\u00e1zaly etablovat v m\u00edstn\u00edch komunit\u00e1ch, ovl\u00e1dat \u00fazem\u00ed, porazit soupe\u0159\u00edc\u00ed frakce a vybudovat trval\u00e9 instituce.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1rove\u0148 USA za\u010daly likvidovat nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed d\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00e9 veden\u00ed v S\u00fdrii. Americk\u00e9 \u00fadery se zam\u011b\u0159ily na vysoce postaven\u00e9 osobnosti al-K\u00e1idy a m\u00edsta setk\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b \u00fatoku v \u00fanoru 2017, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m byl zabit vysoce postaven\u00fd velitel al-K\u00e1idy Ab\u00fa H\u00e1n\u00ed al-Masr\u00ed. Ajm\u00e1n Zavahr\u00ed byl pozd\u011bji zabit p\u0159i americk\u00e9m \u00fatoku v K\u00e1bulu v roce 2022.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jednalo se o \u00famysln\u00e9 protiteroristick\u00e9 operace zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na zni\u010den\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed teroristick\u00e9 hrozby. Jejich \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinkem bylo tak\u00e9 vytvo\u0159en\u00ed selek\u010dn\u00edho procesu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Organizace a jednotlivci, kte\u0159\u00ed se zav\u00e1zali k udr\u017een\u00ed viditeln\u00e9 nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed struktury al-K\u00e1idy, \u010delili neust\u00e1l\u00e9mu \u00fatoku. Skupiny, kter\u00e9 se zapojily do lok\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00e1lek, sn\u00ed\u017eily sv\u016fj mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed profil a soust\u0159edily se na \u00fazemn\u00ed moc, m\u011bly v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u0161anci na p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed. To sice neodstranilo danou ideologii, ale zm\u011bnilo to motivaci, kter\u00e1 ji obklopovala.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dom\u00e1c\u00ed obrat<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

D\u017eul\u00e1n\u00ed se nakonec v roce 2016 form\u00e1ln\u011b odtrhl od al-K\u00e1idy a vytvo\u0159il organizaci D\u017eabhat Fatah a\u0161-\u0160\u00e1m, po n\u00ed\u017e v roce 2017 n\u00e1sledovalo vytvo\u0159en\u00ed organizace Haj\u00e1t Tahr\u00edr a\u0161-\u0160\u00e1m (HTS).<\/span><\/p>\n

Rozkol byl kontroverzn\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, \u017ee p\u0159edstavoval strategick\u00fd spor o rozsah d\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00e9 politiky. Lojalist\u00e9 al-K\u00e1idy pova\u017eovali S\u00fdrii za sou\u010d\u00e1st \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho glob\u00e1ln\u00edho d\u017eih\u00e1du. D\u017eul\u00e1n\u00edho frakce st\u00e1le v\u00edce pova\u017eovala kontrolu nad S\u00fdri\u00ed za sv\u016fj prim\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edl.<\/span><\/p>\n

HTS z\u016fstala d\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00e1 organizace s histori\u00ed n\u00e1tlaku a n\u00e1sil\u00ed. Jej\u00ed transformace nespo\u010d\u00edvala v ideologick\u00e9 rehabilitaci, ale v organiza\u010dn\u00ed adaptaci. N\u00e1sil\u00ed se st\u00e1le v\u00edce zam\u011b\u0159ovalo na eliminaci soupe\u0159\u00edc\u00edch frakc\u00ed, kontrolu \u00fazem\u00ed, regulaci populace, kontrolu hrani\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159echod\u016f a budov\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9mu politick\u00e9 moci v severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed S\u00fdrii.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento proces dos\u00e1hl sv\u00e9 nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1ze, kdy\u017e se \u0160ar\u00edova frakce po p\u00e1du Ba\u0161\u00e1ra Asada p\u0159esunula od \u00fazemn\u00ed vl\u00e1dy k n\u00e1rodn\u00ed moci. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed charakter n\u00e1sil\u00ed, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1sledovalo, je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd pro pochopen\u00ed konce procesu domestikace.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1sil\u00ed<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

V b\u0159eznu 2025 vypuklo pod\u00e9l syrsk\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zpusto\u0161ilo alavitsk\u00e9 komunity. Sd\u011blen\u00ed OSN o zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch postupech citovalo zpr\u00e1vy o rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch a systematick\u00fdch poprav\u00e1ch a dal\u0161\u00edm zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ze strany \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f z\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch HTS.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e1sil\u00ed neskon\u010dilo vra\u017edami na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed. Pozd\u011bji v \u010dervenci t\u00e9ho\u017e roku se v Suwejd\u011b bojovalo za \u00fa\u010dasti bedu\u00ednsk\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch skupin, dr\u00fazsk\u00fdch sil a sil napojen\u00fdch na syrskou vl\u00e1du. Zpr\u00e1vy OSN popisuj\u00ed stovky \u00famrt\u00ed, vys\u00eddlen\u00ed a \u00fadajn\u00e9 zabit\u00ed a popravy osob napojen\u00fdch na novou vl\u00e1du.<\/span><\/p>\n

Povaha tohoto n\u00e1sil\u00ed ilustruje transformaci. Sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 identita se stala vnitropolitickou a bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed kategori\u00ed. N\u00e1sil\u00ed uvnit\u0159 S\u00fdrie bylo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no k ur\u010den\u00ed kontroly nad komunitami a \u00fazem\u00edm, sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e aby bylo zam\u011b\u0159eno prim\u00e1rn\u011b na vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 z\u00e1padn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1padn\u00ed tolerance<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Navzdory b\u0159eznov\u00fdm vra\u017ed\u00e1m na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed a sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9mu n\u00e1sil\u00ed, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1sledovalo v \u010dervenci v Suwejd\u011b, USA a zbytek Z\u00e1padu pokra\u010dovaly ve spolupr\u00e1ci s vl\u00e1dou \u0160ar\u00e1a a pokra\u010dovaly v uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed sankc\u00ed a odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed teroristick\u00fdch ozna\u010den\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Abu Muhammad al-D\u017eul\u00e1n\u00ed (Ahmad a\u0161-\u0160araa) s americk\u00fdm prezidentem Donaldem Trumpem. Kliknut\u00edm zobraz\u00edte obr\u00e1zek v pln\u00e9 velikosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Tato posloupnost je v\u00fdznamn\u00e1, proto\u017ee n\u00e1sil\u00ed nezastavilo \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed proces normalizace. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1sil\u00ed bylo pova\u017eov\u00e1no sp\u00ed\u0161e za zvl\u00e1dnuteln\u00fd vnit\u0159n\u00ed probl\u00e9m ne\u017e za d\u016fvod k opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce s d\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00fdmi \u00fa\u0159ady.<\/span><\/p>\n

To je \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed d\u016fkaz argumentu o z\u00e1padn\u00ed toleranci. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1sil\u00ed se nestalo dostate\u010dnou podm\u00ednkou k ukon\u010den\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho procesu anga\u017eovanosti a normalizace s autoritami, kter\u00e9 vze\u0161ly z politick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du veden\u00e9ho HTS.<\/span><\/p>\n

Na tomto rozd\u00edlu z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed terorismus nam\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd proti z\u00e1padn\u00edmu civiln\u00edmu obyvatelstvu vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u011b odli\u0161nou reakci, proto\u017ee p\u0159\u00edmo ohro\u017euje vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed z\u00e1jmy z\u00e1padn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f. N\u00e1sil\u00ed omezen\u00e9 prim\u00e1rn\u011b v r\u00e1mci dan\u00e9 zem\u011b se m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t n\u011b\u010d\u00edm, co se vl\u00e1dy sna\u017e\u00ed \u0159e\u0161it a z\u00e1rove\u0148 si udr\u017eovat vztahy s org\u00e1ny, kter\u00e9 danou zemi ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

To vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed siln\u00fd stimul pro domestikaci. D\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00e1 organizace, kter\u00e1 se vzd\u00e1 strategick\u00e9 priority \u00fatoku na Z\u00e1pad, soust\u0159ed\u00ed se na dom\u00e1c\u00ed sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1sil\u00ed a nab\u00edz\u00ed potla\u010den\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch nadn\u00e1rodn\u00edch d\u017eih\u00e1dist\u016f, se m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t snesiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mocnosti, ani\u017e by nutn\u011b opustila ideologii, z n\u00ed\u017e vze\u0161la. V\u00fdsledkem je domestikace al-K\u00e1idy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed cyklus<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Azzam pomohl internacionalizovat d\u017eih\u00e1d. Bin L\u00e1din a Zawahir\u00ed z n\u011bj ud\u011blali glob\u00e1ln\u00ed tajnou v\u00e1lku. Zark\u00e1w\u00ed p\u0159esm\u011broval velkou \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9ho n\u00e1sil\u00ed do sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho konfliktu v Ir\u00e1ku. ISIS tento model transformoval do \u00fazemn\u00ed vl\u00e1dy. S\u00fdrie pot\u00e9 vytvo\u0159ila organizaci, jej\u00ed\u017e hlavn\u00ed boj se stal sp\u00ed\u0161e sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm ne\u017e exportem \u00fatok\u016f proti Z\u00e1padu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ideologie na konci tohoto procesu nezmizela. DNA glob\u00e1ln\u00edho d\u017eih\u00e1du z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1. Domestikace tedy neznamen\u00e1 konec d\u017eih\u00e1dismu. Je to mutace, v n\u00ed\u017e se n\u00e1sil\u00ed p\u0159esouv\u00e1 dovnit\u0159 a st\u00e1v\u00e1 se st\u00e1le u\u017eite\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pro sekt\u00e1\u0159skou kontrolu a politickou konsolidaci.<\/span><\/p>\n

A pokud vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mocnosti toto n\u00e1sil\u00ed toleruj\u00ed, proto\u017ee z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 dom\u00e1c\u00edm, riskuj\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00ed podm\u00ednek pro dal\u0161\u00ed cyklus. P\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed generace m\u016f\u017ee zd\u011bdit stejnou ideologii s v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi zku\u0161enostmi na boji\u0161ti, v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi organiza\u010dn\u00edmi znalostmi a podstatn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi zdroji.<\/span><\/p>\n

Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00fd projekt tak m\u016f\u017ee zmizet z tituln\u00edch str\u00e1nek novin, ani\u017e by zmizel ze syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd ho produkuje.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Al-K\u00e1ida a d\u017eih\u00e1distick\u00e9 organizace, kter\u00e9 se vyno\u0159ily z jej\u00ed ideologick\u00e9 a organiza\u010dn\u00ed sf\u00e9ry, ji\u017e v\u00edce…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":116267,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[2944,1042,2703,365],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/116266"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=116266"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/116266\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/116267"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=116266"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=116266"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=116266"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}