{"id":115371,"date":"2026-09-09T00:12:43","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T22:12:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=115371"},"modified":"2026-09-08T12:26:25","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T10:26:25","slug":"iniciativa-peng-agentury-darpa-si-klade-za-cil-kontrolu-proteinu-v-zivych-systemech-v-realnem-case","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/09\/09\/iniciativa-peng-agentury-darpa-si-klade-za-cil-kontrolu-proteinu-v-zivych-systemech-v-realnem-case\/","title":{"rendered":"Iniciativa \u201ePENG\u201c agentury DARPA si klade za c\u00edl kontrolu \u201eprotein\u016f v \u017eiv\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech\u201c v \u201ere\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase\u201c"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb4c2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-content\" data-id=\"1fb4c2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-content.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Pentagon chce, aby um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence podle pot\u0159eby p\u0159eprogramovala \u201estavebn\u00ed kameny \u017eivota\u201c, aby dos\u00e1hla \u2013 jak sama \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u2013 \u201eterapeutick\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f\u201c proti \u00fadajn\u00fdm hrozb\u00e1m \u201ebun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho stresu, toxicity, po\u0161kozen\u00ed nebo patogeneze\u201c.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">V\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 agentura Pentagonu hled\u00e1 technologie, kter\u00e9 by mohly vyu\u017e\u00edvat um\u011blou inteligenci a syntetickou biologii k fyzick\u00e9mu p\u0159episov\u00e1n\u00ed protein\u016f v \u017eiv\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech, sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu p\u0159eprogramov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edce biologick\u00fdch mechanism\u016f a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed fyziologick\u00fdch funkc\u00ed v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Za\u010d\u00e1tkem tohoto m\u011bs\u00edce zve\u0159ejnila Agentura pro pokro\u010dil\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 projekty v oblasti obrany (DARPA)\u00a0prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00e9ho \u00da\u0159adu pro obrann\u00e9 v\u011bdy\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sam.gov\/workspace\/contract\/opp\/be313c6423e841ae9572a0878b3d9bbb\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span dir=\"auto\">v\u00fdzvu k pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1vrh\u016f<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0pro sv\u016fj nov\u00fd program\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.darpa.mil\/research\/programs\/peng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span dir=\"auto\">Protein ENGineering (PENG) .<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">PENG p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 do syst\u00e9mu pro potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed protein\u016f, kter\u00fd ji\u017e byl zdokumentov\u00e1n v programech DARPA PROSE a NODES, t\u0159et\u00ed funkci: PROSE si klade za c\u00edl \u201e\u010d\u00edst\u201c \u201enezn\u00e1m\u00e9\u201c proteiny, NODES \u201ep\u0159edpov\u00eddat\u201c jejich funkci a nyn\u00ed si PENG klade za c\u00edl je fyzicky p\u0159eprogramovat v \u017eiv\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech \u2013 potenci\u00e1ln\u011b tak vytvo\u0159it architekturu zalo\u017eenou na sch\u00e9matu \u201e\u010d\u00edst \u2192 p\u0159edpov\u00eddat \u2192 p\u0159eprogramovat\u201c pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed biologick\u00fdch proces\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">PENG od DARPA se v\u0161ak nezam\u011b\u0159uje pouze na software, kter\u00fd modeluje proteiny, ani na nov\u00fd l\u00e9k, kter\u00fd c\u00edl\u00ed na jedin\u00fd protein.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">C\u00edlem je univerz\u00e1ln\u011b pou\u017eiteln\u00fd syst\u00e9m schopn\u00fd identifikovat proteiny ji\u017e aktivn\u00ed v \u017eiv\u00fdch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch, fyzicky je modifikovat a m\u011bnit jejich funkci.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">A to plat\u00ed pro n\u011bkolik protein\u016f sou\u010dasn\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA popisuje po\u017eadovan\u00fd v\u00fdsledek jako \u201eladiteln\u00e9, reverzibiln\u00ed a na kontextu z\u00e1visl\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed fyziologick\u00fdch funkc\u00ed\u201c a vysv\u011btluje, \u017ee syst\u00e9m by m\u011bl dos\u00e1hnout toho, co agentura charakterizuje jako \u201eterapeutick\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Na nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni se DARPA sna\u017e\u00ed o programov\u00e1n\u00ed biologick\u00fdch funkc\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee DNA obsahuje biologick\u00e9 instrukce, ale proteiny pat\u0159\u00ed mezi molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed stroje, kter\u00e9 tyto instrukce skute\u010dn\u011b prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">M\u00edsto trval\u00e9 zm\u011bny DNA se PENG sna\u017e\u00ed zas\u00e1hnout p\u0159\u00edmo na t\u00e9to \u00farovni prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Projekt si klade za c\u00edl p\u0159eprogramovat proteiny, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e funguj\u00ed v \u017eiv\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech, tak, aby fyziologick\u00e9 reakce mohly b\u00fdt v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase zesilov\u00e1ny nebo zeslabov\u00e1ny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Tato schopnost vy\u017eaduje p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 testov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jde nad r\u00e1mec c\u00edl\u016f stanoven\u00fdch agenturou DARPA.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">Mohlo by samotn\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed o vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed obrany proti biologick\u00fdm hrozb\u00e1m vytvo\u0159it takovou hrozbu? Pandemie COVID-19 celosv\u011btov\u011b ost\u0159e upozornila na ot\u00e1zku, zda v\u00fdzkum v oblasti p\u0159ipravenosti na pandemii a biologick\u00e9 obrany mohl s\u00e1m o sob\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bt ke vzniku SARS-CoV-2. PENG p\u0159edem nastoluje stejnou ot\u00e1zku n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti: Mohl by rozvoj schopnosti p\u0159eprogramovat biologick\u00e9 mechanismy pro \u00fadajn\u011b \u201eterapeutick\u00e9\u201c \u00fa\u010dely sou\u010dasn\u011b vytvo\u0159it znalosti a n\u00e1stroje pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k naru\u0161en\u00ed t\u011bchto mechanism\u016f? A mohla by nehoda, zneu\u017eit\u00ed nebo \u00famysln\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed prom\u011bnit \u00fadajn\u00e9 protiopat\u0159en\u00ed ve zdroj biologick\u00e9 hrozby?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">Kdo rozhoduje o tom, kter\u00fd fyziologick\u00fd stav je \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed a m\u011bl by b\u00fdt proto naprogramov\u00e1n do \u017eiv\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu? Pokud lze s proteiny manipulovat tak, aby se potla\u010dila toxicita, po\u0161kozen\u00ed nebo patogeneze, mohl by b\u00fdt tent\u00fd\u017e mechanismus n\u00e1sledn\u011b zneu\u017eit jako zbra\u0148 k naru\u0161en\u00ed norm\u00e1ln\u00ed fyziologie nebo zp\u016fsoben\u00ed \u00fajmy? Jak by mohla osoba podstupuj\u00edc\u00ed budouc\u00ed intervenci zalo\u017eenou na PENG nez\u00e1visle ur\u010dit, kter\u00e9 proteiny v jej\u00edm t\u011ble se skute\u010dn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">Co by vy\u017eadoval smyslupln\u00fd informovan\u00fd souhlas pro technologii schopnou simult\u00e1nn\u011b p\u0159eprogramovat v\u00edce \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed biologick\u00e9ho mechanismu \u010dlov\u011bka? Mohl by b\u00fdt intervence zkreslena, pokud jde o jej\u00ed c\u00edle, trv\u00e1n\u00ed, ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky nebo fyziologick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky? Mohly by b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 biomarkery generov\u00e1ny bez zdravotn\u00edch p\u0159\u00ednos\u016f, kter\u00e9 intervenci ospravedl\u0148uj\u00ed?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">A kdo v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku tuto technologii ovl\u00e1d\u00e1? Pentagon, dodavatel\u00e9, farmaceutick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti nebo jin\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00ed dr\u017eitel\u00e9 licenc\u00ed? Kdo z n\u00ed m\u00e1 prosp\u011bch? Kdo nez\u00e1visle rozhoduje o jej\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti? Co se stane, kdy\u017e po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd syst\u00e9m navrhuj\u00edc\u00ed biologick\u00fd z\u00e1sah sel\u017ee? A jak m\u016f\u017ee ve\u0159ejnost tyto ot\u00e1zky nez\u00e1visle posoudit, pokud informace o technologii mohou b\u00fdt zatajeny z d\u016fvod\u016f n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">V\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed PENG nedokazuje, \u017ee k takov\u00e9mu zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed dojde.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Kritick\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed technologie s tak dalekos\u00e1hl\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky by se v\u0161ak nem\u011blo omezovat na pozitivn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely, kter\u00e9 si instituce, je\u017e ji chce vyv\u00edjet, n\u00e1rokuje.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Je nutn\u00e9 si polo\u017eit ot\u00e1zku, co by tato technologie umo\u017enila, kdyby fungovala.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">A zda jsou bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, transparentnost a ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 odpov\u011bdnost poskytovan\u00e1 DARPA \u00fam\u011brn\u00e9 moci, kterou se sna\u017e\u00ed vytvo\u0159it.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!50By!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ed95d79-5f57-4939-a172-75a1c2571576_686x879.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"601\" height=\"770\" \/><\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jonfleetwood.substack.com\/api\/v1\/file\/8d38e111-c333-4ecf-b15c-daea57d7d811.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/jonfleetwood.substack.com\/api\/v1\/file\/8d38e111-c333-4ecf-b15c-daea57d7d811.pdf\"><span dir=\"auto\">St\u00e1hnout soubor Darpa PS 26 129, 365 KB \u2219 PDF<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA si klade za c\u00edl u\u010dinit proteinov\u00e9 in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed \u201euniverz\u00e1ln\u00edm\u201c a \u201esoftwarov\u011b definovan\u00fdm\u201c<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA popisuje PENG jako n\u011bco, co jde daleko za r\u00e1mec dal\u0161\u00edho biomedic\u00ednsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho projektu:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eAgentura pro pokro\u010dil\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 projekty ministerstva obrany (DARPA) prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00e9ho programu Protein Engineering (PENG) hled\u00e1 inovativn\u00ed n\u00e1vrhy na v\u00fdvoj multifunk\u010dn\u00ed, c\u00edlov\u011b agnostick\u00e9 platformy pro p\u0159esnou a programovatelnou manipulaci s endogenn\u00edmi proteiny. Program PENG si klade za c\u00edl transformovat proteomov\u00e9 in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed ze souboru izolovan\u00fdch, na m\u00edru \u0161it\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f na univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed, softwarov\u011b definovanou discipl\u00ednu.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eNez\u00e1visl\u00fd na c\u00edli\u201c je v t\u00e9to souvislosti d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd pojem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA nepo\u017eaduje, aby dodavatel\u00e9 vyvinuli jedin\u00fd z\u00e1sah proti p\u0159edem ur\u010den\u00e9mu proteinu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Chce opakovan\u011b pou\u017eitelnou technologickou platformu, kterou lze naprogramovat pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 c\u00edlov\u00e9 struktury protein\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed povy\u0161uje PENG na zcela novou \u00farove\u0148 abstrakce: Produkt, o kter\u00fd DARPA usiluje, nen\u00ed pouh\u00fd z\u00e1sah.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Je to schopnost generovat r\u016fzn\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 intervence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Kdokoli by nakonec takovou platformu ovl\u00e1dl, mohl by tedy potenci\u00e1ln\u011b ovl\u00e1dat nejen p\u0159edem ur\u010denou biologickou modifikaci, ale mechanismus ur\u010den\u00fd k p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed na jin\u00e9 molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edle.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA si klade za c\u00edl \u201ep\u0159epsat endogenn\u00ed proteiny\u201c a \u0159\u00eddit fyziologii \u201ena po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA vysv\u011btluje, \u010deho je tato platforma konkr\u00e9tn\u011b zam\u00fd\u0161lena:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eProgram PENG vytvo\u0159\u00ed komplexn\u00ed, integrovanou platformu sest\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed z modul\u00e1rn\u00edho rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f, zobecniteln\u00fdch efektorov\u00fdch chemi\u00ed a multiplexn\u00edch \u0159\u00eddic\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f. M\u00edsto v\u00fdvoje izolovan\u00fdch, c\u00edlov\u011b specifick\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f budou \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci projektu integrovat nov\u00e9 techniky sest\u0159ihu, ligace a kotranslace pro p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, modifikaci a p\u0159episov\u00e1n\u00ed endogenn\u00edch protein\u016f v r\u00e1mci komplexn\u00edch biologick\u00fdch architektur. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci mohou prozkoumat v\u00edce technick\u00fdch cest a postupn\u011b rozv\u00edjet sv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy od z\u00e1kladn\u00ed validace a\u017e po robustn\u00ed studie \u00fa\u010dinnosti. Tato integrovan\u00e1 platforma bude nakonec validov\u00e1na na vysoce p\u0159esn\u00fdch bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch modelech (nap\u0159. organoidech), aby poskytla integrovan\u00fd d\u016fkaz konceptu na \u00farovni tk\u00e1n\u00ed.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eDo konce 42m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho programu DARPA o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci projektu dodaj\u00ed pln\u011b integrovan\u00fd prototyp platformy pro editaci gen\u016f, kter\u00fd bude schopen prov\u00e1d\u011bt multiplexn\u00ed modifikace endogenn\u00edch protein\u016f na vy\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Fin\u00e1ln\u00ed prototyp bude validovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd umo\u017en\u00ed laditeln\u00e9, reverzibiln\u00ed a kontextov\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed fyziologick\u00fdch funkc\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se dos\u00e1hne do\u010dasn\u00fdch, na mechanismu zalo\u017een\u00fdch terapeutick\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f bez nutnosti trval\u00fdch genomick\u00fdch zm\u011bn nebo spol\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed se na farmakologick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy. O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee prototypov\u00e1 platforma prok\u00e1\u017ee robustn\u00ed adaptabilitu a rychlou programovatelnost pro \u0159adu d\u0159\u00edve neohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch proteinov\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f a dos\u00e1hne v\u00edce bodov\u00fdch, m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdch a funk\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f v komplexn\u00edch tk\u00e1\u0148ov\u00fdch a zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch modelech.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Ontologie je zde d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">St\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed proteiny v \u017eiv\u00fdch biologick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech by byly fyzicky zm\u011bn\u011bny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Tyto pozm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 proteiny by fungovaly odli\u0161n\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA chce, aby bylo na vy\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed k dispozici n\u011bkolik takov\u00fdch \u00faprav, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 fyziologick\u00e9 funkce ovl\u00e1dat autonomn\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA d\u00e1le po\u017eaduje \u201erychlou programovatelnost\u201c ve vztahu k c\u00edl\u016fm, kter\u00e9 nebyly d\u0159\u00edve ani ozn\u00e1meny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">To vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 jinou ot\u00e1zku ne\u017e to, zda experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dba funguje:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">Co v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku omezuje, kterou biologickou funkci by mohl c\u00edlov\u011b nez\u00e1visl\u00fd syst\u00e9m naprogramovat ke zm\u011bn\u011b?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">A pokud se DARPA poda\u0159\u00ed vyvinout opakovan\u011b pou\u017eitelnou platformu nam\u00edsto jednor\u00e1zov\u00e9ho z\u00e1sahu, jak\u00e9 z\u00e1ruky se na tuto technologii vztahuj\u00ed, kdy\u017e bude znovu pou\u017eita pro jin\u00fd protein, jinou fyziologickou funkci nebo jin\u00e9ho z\u00e1kazn\u00edka?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Posilov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo oslabov\u00e1n\u00ed fyziologick\u00fdch reakc\u00ed v \u201ere\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase\u201c<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 PENG s \u00fadajn\u00fdm genetick\u00fdm in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00edm:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eKomunita obrany a \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeckov\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 komunita pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed agiln\u00ed biologick\u00e9 technologie, aby se mohly neust\u00e1le p\u0159izp\u016fsobovat m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edmu se prost\u0159ed\u00ed a pot\u0159eb\u00e1m. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se pokro\u010dil\u00e9 intervence spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na nep\u0159\u00edmou farmakologii nebo permanentn\u00ed editaci genomu (nap\u0159. CRISPR). I kdy\u017e je editace genomu \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1, funguje jako permanentn\u00ed bin\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010d. Modifikace genu tak, aby p\u0159e\u017eil akutn\u00ed stres, zanech\u00e1v\u00e1 trval\u00e9 zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 mohou potenci\u00e1ln\u011b v\u00e9st k trval\u00fdm fyziologick\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m nebo nezam\u00fd\u0161len\u00fdm ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edm \u00fa\u010dink\u016fm.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">M\u00edsto toho, aby DARPA m\u011bnila tyto \u00fadajn\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed genetick\u00e9 instrukce, chce z\u00edskat p\u0159\u00edstup k tomu, co naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201e\u00farove\u0148 funk\u010dn\u00edho proveden\u00ed\u201c:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">\u201ePro dosa\u017een\u00ed dynamick\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 odolnosti je ide\u00e1ln\u00edm bodem intervence funk\u010dn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 proveden\u00ed: zral\u00fd protein. P\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 editace protein\u016f nab\u00edz\u00ed do\u010dasn\u00fd a ned\u011bdi\u010dn\u00fd, laditeln\u00fd regul\u00e1tor. Umo\u017e\u0148uje do\u010dasnou modifikaci struktury, aktivity nebo lokalizace proteinu v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zvy\u0161uje nebo sni\u017euje fyziologick\u00e9 reakce p\u0159esn\u011b tak dlouho, jak je nutn\u00e9 k omezen\u00ed akutn\u00edho bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho stresu, toxicity, po\u0161kozen\u00ed nebo patogeneze. Proteiny pak mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159irozen\u011b degradov\u00e1ny a obnovov\u00e1ny, nebo lze jejich dynamiku polo\u010dasu selektivn\u011b m\u011bnit pomoc\u00ed multiplexn\u00ed editace.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA proto usiluje o n\u011bco jako programovatelnou \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed vrstvu mezi biologick\u00fdmi instrukcemi a biologick\u00fdmi v\u00fdsledky.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u00da\u0159ad charakterizuje tuto kontrolu jako prost\u0159edek k omezen\u00ed \u201eakutn\u00edho po\u0161kozen\u00ed\u201c, toxicity, zran\u011bn\u00ed nebo patogeneze.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed schopnost je v\u0161ak komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e vysv\u011btlen\u00ed: zm\u011bna struktury, aktivity nebo lokalizace proteinu \u2192 zes\u00edlen\u00ed nebo zeslaben\u00ed fyziologick\u00fdch reakc\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Z novin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho hlediska je proto ot\u00e1zka dvoj\u00ed pou\u017eitelnosti nevyhnuteln\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">Pokud tent\u00fd\u017e molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed regul\u00e1tor dok\u00e1\u017ee downregulovat fyziologick\u00fd proces, m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 selektivn\u011b potla\u010dit nezbytnou funkci?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">Pokud dok\u00e1\u017ee proces zv\u00fd\u0161it, m\u016f\u017ee ho pak uv\u00e9st do \u0161kodliv\u00e9ho stavu?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">Pokud technologie dok\u00e1\u017ee zm\u011bnit lokalizaci protein\u016f, jejich interakce a bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 mechanismy, co br\u00e1n\u00ed tomu, aby se schv\u00e1len\u00e1 terapeutick\u00e1 konfigurace prom\u011bnila ve \u0161kodlivou?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Dokument definuje zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed ze strany DARPA. Nestanov\u00ed v\u0161ak, \u017ee dan\u00e1 schopnost m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u017eita pouze k tomuto \u00fa\u010delu.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA: Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence a syntetick\u00e1 biologie to umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Podle DARPA je program mo\u017en\u00fd d\u00edky slu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed dvou technologick\u00fdch sektor\u016f:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eNed\u00e1vn\u00e1 konvergence generativn\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence a syntetick\u00e9 biologie za\u010dala tato omezen\u00ed p\u0159ekon\u00e1vat. Struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed modely um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence nyn\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed n\u00e1vrh a in silico modelov\u00e1n\u00ed mechanism\u016f zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed prakticky jak\u00e9hokoli zral\u00e9ho c\u00edle s t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 atom\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159esnost\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 pr\u016flomy vedly k sekven\u010dn\u011b tolerantn\u00edm, programovateln\u00fdm intein\u016fm, logicky \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdm bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdm \u0161asi a kotransla\u010dn\u00edm technik\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 zachycuj\u00ed vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed peptidov\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce p\u0159ed jejich slo\u017een\u00edm.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence jde nad r\u00e1mec pouh\u00e9ho pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo klasifikace biologie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Pl\u00e1novan\u00e1 sekvence je n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">specifikovat intervenci s vyu\u017eit\u00edm po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u011b podporovan\u00fdch metod \u2192 navrhnout molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed stroje \u2192 zam\u011b\u0159it se na existuj\u00edc\u00ed proteiny \u2192 fyzicky modifikovat biologick\u00e9 stroje \u2192 zm\u011bnit biologickou funkci.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">V\u00fdstupem softwaru se proto m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t fyzick\u00fd z\u00e1sah do \u017eiv\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">To vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed probl\u00e9m sledovatelnosti:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">Kdy\u017e se po\u010d\u00edta\u010dem podporovan\u00e9 predikce a n\u00e1vrhy stanou instrukcemi pro manipulaci s biologi\u00ed, jak\u00e9 nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 d\u016fkazy dokazuj\u00ed, \u017ee po\u010d\u00edta\u010dem podporovan\u00fd z\u00e1sah vedl p\u0159esn\u011b k tomu, co v\u011bdci tvrd\u00ed, a nic jin\u00e9ho?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Laboratorn\u00ed testy jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed PENG, ale \u010d\u00edm programovateln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a na c\u00edlech nez\u00e1visl\u00fd syst\u00e9m se st\u00e1v\u00e1, t\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pro ka\u017ed\u00fd nov\u00fd c\u00edl.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA chce, aby se \u201estavebn\u00ed kameny \u017eivota\u201c staly \u201ereprogramovateln\u00fdmi\u201c<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Samotn\u00e1 DARPA popisuje sv\u016fj hlavn\u00ed c\u00edl takto:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eProgram PENG vyu\u017eije tento zlomov\u00fd bod k posunu od izolovan\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f a vytvo\u0159en\u00ed univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed platformy pro proteomov\u00e9 in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 na c\u00edli. P\u0159esn\u00e1 kontrola nad proteomem prom\u011bn\u00ed biochemii v reprogramovatelnou in\u017een\u00fdrskou discipl\u00ednu, kter\u00e1 umo\u017en\u00ed programovatelnou a c\u00edlenou manipulaci s funk\u010dn\u00edmi stavebn\u00edmi bloky \u017eivota. \u00dasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 dokon\u010den\u00ed tohoto programu polo\u017e\u00ed nov\u00fd z\u00e1klad pro pokro\u010dil\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje pro biologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum a urychl\u00ed v\u00fdvoj laditeln\u00fdch, na mechanismech zalo\u017een\u00fdch terapeutik, pokro\u010dil\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a udr\u017eiteln\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Toto zn\u011bn\u00ed objas\u0148uje nad\u0159azen\u00fd v\u00fdznam programu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA si klade za c\u00edl dos\u00e1hnout \u201ep\u0159esn\u00e9 kontroly\u201c nad t\u00edm, co naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201efunk\u010dn\u00edmi stavebn\u00edmi kameny \u017eivota\u201c, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 \u201ep\u0159eprogramovat\u201c biochemii.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Z\u0159ejmou ot\u00e1zkou ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m z\u00e1jmu tedy nen\u00ed jen to, zda by v\u011bdci m\u011bli m\u00edt mo\u017enost studovat proteiny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Skute\u010dnou ot\u00e1zkou je, kdo by m\u011bl kontrolovat univerz\u00e1ln\u011b pou\u017eitelnou technologii pro programov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto protein\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Tato ot\u00e1zka se st\u00e1v\u00e1 obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eitou, kdy\u017e samotn\u00e1 DARPA identifikuje terapeutika jako jeden z aplika\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f t\u00e9to technologie, a t\u00edm potenci\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159esouv\u00e1 programovatelnou biologickou kontrolu z laboratorn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu k intervenc\u00edm u lid\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA si klade za c\u00edl spojit t\u0159i funkce do jednoho syst\u00e9mu<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Podle DARPA mus\u00ed dodavatel\u00e9 integrovat t\u0159i funkce:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eAby se realizovala vize do\u010dasn\u00e9ho, \u200b\u200bprogramovateln\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed proteomu, c\u00edlem programu PENG je vyvinout prototypovou platformu, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ekon\u00e1 st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed biofyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed a biochemick\u00e1 omezen\u00ed. Aby toho bylo dosa\u017eeno, mus\u00ed navrhovan\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed integrovat t\u0159i kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 technologick\u00e9 kompetence do jednoho sjednocen\u00e9ho procesu:\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eProgramovateln\u00e9 c\u00edlen\u00ed: obch\u00e1zen\u00ed p\u0159edchoz\u00ed neschopnosti c\u00edlit na specifick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00e9 dom\u00e9ny pomoc\u00ed generativn\u00edch model\u016f hlubok\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed a strukturn\u00ed chemie zalo\u017een\u00e9 na n\u00e1stroj\u00edch. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup umo\u017e\u0148uje po\u010d\u00edta\u010dem podporovan\u00fd n\u00e1vrh de novo proteinov\u00fdch vazebn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek schopn\u00fdch p\u0159ipojit procesn\u00ed mechanismy k prakticky jak\u00e9mukoli epitopu zral\u00e9ho, nativn\u00edho c\u00edlov\u00e9ho proteinu.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eZobecniteln\u00e1 chemie: p\u0159echod od jednor\u00e1zov\u00e9 chemie bodov\u00e9ho roztoku k univerz\u00e1ln\u00edm mechanism\u016fm modifikace protein\u016f. Vysoce inovativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy mohou mimo jin\u00e9 zahrnovat:\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">&#8222;V\u00fdvoj zobecn\u011bn\u00fdch inteinov\u00fdch \u0161asi, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed logicky \u0159\u00edzenou chemii spou\u0161t\u011bnou specifick\u00fdm bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdm prost\u0159ed\u00edm.&#8220;<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">&#8222;Vyu\u017eit\u00ed kotransla\u010dn\u00ed editace k zachycen\u00ed a modifikaci vznikaj\u00edc\u00edch peptidov\u00fdch \u0159et\u011bzc\u016f ve v\u00fdstupn\u00edm tunelu ribozomu, obch\u00e1zen\u00ed termodynamick\u00fdch a sterick\u00fdch bari\u00e9r pln\u011b slo\u017een\u00fdch protein\u016f.&#8220;<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eMultiplexn\u00ed funkce: Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed v\u00edce ortogon\u00e1ln\u00edch, neinterferuj\u00edc\u00edch edita\u010dn\u00edch modul\u016f. Tato funkce mus\u00ed umo\u017enit p\u0159esn\u00e9, v\u00edcem\u00edstn\u00e9 p\u0159eprogramov\u00e1n\u00ed biologick\u00fdch stroj\u016f v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase bez destabilizace struktury zral\u00e9ho proteinu nebo vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 toxicity.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Tento posledn\u00ed po\u017eadavek je t\u0159eba br\u00e1t doslovn\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA vol\u00e1 po \u201ep\u0159eprogramov\u00e1n\u00ed biologick\u00fdch stroj\u016f v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase na v\u00edce m\u00edstech\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 simulovan\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 stroje.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 DNA, kter\u00e1 by mohla v ur\u010dit\u00e9m okam\u017eiku potenci\u00e1ln\u011b produkovat jin\u00e9 proteiny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Samotn\u00fd biologick\u00fd mechanismus.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">A ne nutn\u011b jednu slo\u017eku po druh\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA explicitn\u011b vy\u017eaduje multiplexov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">D\u00edky tomu jsou interakce mezi simult\u00e1nn\u00edmi zm\u011bnami z\u0159ejm\u00fdm bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, zda ka\u017ed\u00fd jednotliv\u00fd pozm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fd protein z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 funk\u010dn\u00ed, samo o sob\u011b neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 na ot\u00e1zku, co se stane s v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm biologick\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem, kdy\u017e je n\u011bkolik interaguj\u00edc\u00edch slo\u017eek z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b pozm\u011bn\u011bno sou\u010dasn\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Schopnosti, kter\u00e9 jsou \u201enep\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9\u201c sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu genetick\u00e9mu in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA vysv\u011btluje, \u017ee PENG se v\u00fdslovn\u011b sna\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010dit mo\u017enosti st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho genetick\u00e9ho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">\u201eC\u00edlem programu je z\u00e1sadn\u011b zm\u011bnit zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm jsou manipulov\u00e1ny funkce protein\u016f, a to p\u0159esunem zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed oboru od statick\u00fdch intervenc\u00ed na \u00farovni genomu k p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9, reverzibiln\u00ed a p\u0159esn\u00e9 kontrole samotn\u00e9ho proteomu. Umo\u017en\u011bn\u00edm v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016fm c\u00edlit, chemicky modifikovat a sou\u010dasn\u011b p\u0159eprogramovat v\u00edce m\u00edst na existuj\u00edc\u00edch proteinech v \u017eiv\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech se PENG sna\u017e\u00ed odemknout mo\u017enosti, kter\u00e9 jsou se sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edstupy genetick\u00e9ho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed nedosa\u017eiteln\u00e9. Mezi n\u011b m\u016f\u017ee pat\u0159it do\u010dasn\u00e1 korekce chybn\u00e9ho skl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed nebo dysfunkce protein\u016f, modulace interakc\u00ed protein-protein v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase a dynamick\u00e1 kontrola bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch mechanism\u016f bez trval\u00fdch genomov\u00fdch zm\u011bn. \u00dasp\u011bch tohoto programu by vytvo\u0159il zobecnitelnou, opakovan\u011b pou\u017eitelnou edita\u010dn\u00ed platformu pou\u017eitelnou pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 proteinov\u00e9 rodiny a biologick\u00e9 kontexty, \u010d\u00edm\u017e by se polo\u017eil technologick\u00fd z\u00e1klad pro budouc\u00ed terapeutick\u00e9, diagnostick\u00e9 a biotechnologick\u00e9 aplikace zalo\u017een\u00e9 na p\u0159esn\u00e9m proteomov\u00e9m in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed na vy\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Tato sekce dokon\u010duje \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dek abstrakce.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA si klade za c\u00edl p\u0159ej\u00edt od manipulace s genetick\u00fdmi instrukcemi k p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 kontrole v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase nad biologick\u00fdmi mechanismy, kter\u00e9 tyto instrukce prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">A autorita v\u00fdslovn\u011b uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee \u00fasp\u011bch by polo\u017eil z\u00e1klad pro budouc\u00ed takzvan\u00e9 \u201eterapeutick\u00e9\u201c aplikace.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Samotn\u00fd PENG vylu\u010duje v\u00fdzkum na lidech a povoluje testov\u00e1n\u00ed na zv\u00ed\u0159atech.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Jakmile v\u0161ak DARPA identifikuje budouc\u00ed terapeutika jako c\u00edle, informovan\u00fd souhlas se st\u00e1v\u00e1 legitimn\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou, a to bude platit p\u0159ed t\u00edmto p\u0159echodem, nikoli po n\u011bm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Pokud bude technologie vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z tohoto v\u00fdzkumu nakonec aplikov\u00e1na na lidi, co p\u0159esn\u011b mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edjemci sd\u011bleno o ka\u017ed\u00e9 zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9 modifikaci proteinu, ka\u017ed\u00e9m zn\u00e1m\u00e9m efektu mimo c\u00edl, o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9m trv\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00fdsledn\u00fdch fyziologick\u00fdch d\u016fsledc\u00edch, ne\u017e lze souhlas rozumn\u011b pova\u017eovat za \u201einformovan\u00fd\u201c?<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA se nezab\u00fdv\u00e1 pouze v\u00fdvojem dal\u0161\u00edho l\u00e9ku, techniky genov\u00e9 editace nebo modelu um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed Pentagonu se pokou\u0161\u00ed vytvo\u0159it univerz\u00e1ln\u011b pou\u017eiteln\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed pro programovatelnou biologickou kontrolu: softwarov\u00e9 stroje schopn\u00e9 fyzicky p\u0159episovat proteiny, kter\u00e9 jsou ji\u017e aktivn\u00ed v \u017eiv\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech, modifikovat v\u00edce c\u00edl\u016f sou\u010dasn\u011b a m\u011bnit fyziologick\u00e9 funkce v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA popisuje po\u017eadovan\u00fd v\u00fdsledek jako \u201eterapeutick\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky\u201c a vysv\u011btluje, \u017ee fyziologick\u00e9 reakce b\u011bhem tzv. bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch stresov\u00fdch stav\u016f, toxicity, po\u0161kozen\u00ed nebo patogeneze by mohly b\u00fdt zes\u00edleny nebo zeslabeny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Tyto deklarovan\u00e9 z\u00e1m\u011bry v\u0161ak nedefinuj\u00ed limity mo\u017enost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 budou vytvo\u0159eny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Pokud bude PENG \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd, ot\u00e1zka kontroly se dostane do centra z\u00e1jmu ve\u0159ejnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky zn\u00ed: Kdo z\u00edsk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edstup k syst\u00e9mu, kdo vyb\u00edr\u00e1 proteiny, na kter\u00e9 c\u00edl\u00ed, kdo ur\u010duje, co je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed fyziologii, a zda lze schopnost ur\u010denou k modifikaci biologick\u00fdch funkc\u00ed znovu vyu\u017e\u00edt k jejich zhor\u0161en\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Pokud by se technologie odvozen\u00e1 z PENG nakonec stala terapeutick\u00fdm produktem, ot\u00e1zka se to\u010d\u00ed kolem d\u016fv\u011bry a souhlasu: zda si p\u0159\u00edjemci mohou nez\u00e1visle ov\u011b\u0159it, co se v jejich t\u011ble m\u011bn\u00ed, zda \u201edo\u010dasn\u00e9\u201c \u00fapravy mohou m\u00edt trval\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky, zda jsou rizika a ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky pln\u011b zve\u0159ejn\u011bny a zda lze prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed o nebezpe\u010d\u00edch, p\u0159\u00ednosech a bezpe\u010dnosti nez\u00e1visle ov\u011b\u0159it, a ne je jednodu\u0161e p\u0159ijmout instituce, kter\u00e9 intervenci vyv\u00edjej\u00ed a distribuuj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Jde tak\u00e9 o moc a zodpov\u011bdnost.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">DARPA vy\u017eaduje, aby dodavatel\u00e9 zv\u00e1\u017eili komercializaci, v\u010detn\u011b obchodn\u00edch model\u016f, du\u0161evn\u00edho vlastnictv\u00ed, licencov\u00e1n\u00ed, trh\u016f, z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f a partnerstv\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 agentura zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy PENG by mohly odhalit schopnosti, kter\u00e9 jsou \u201ejedine\u010dn\u00e9 a kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro obranu\u201c, a p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 omezen\u00ed, podle kter\u00fdch m\u016f\u017ee zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch informac\u00ed nebo v\u00fdsledk\u016f vy\u017eadovat schv\u00e1len\u00ed DARPA.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Tato kombinace si zaslou\u017e\u00ed pe\u010dliv\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed: technologie financovan\u00e1 Pentagonem pro programovateln\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u017eiv\u00fdch biologick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, ur\u010den\u00e1 pro pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u201eterapeutick\u00e9\u201c a komer\u010dn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed, zat\u00edmco ur\u010dit\u00e9 informace o tom, \u010deho je tato z\u00e1kladn\u00ed funkce schopna, mohou z\u016fstat z d\u016fvod\u016f n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti utajen\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Ot\u00e1zkou nen\u00ed jen to, zda DARPA dok\u00e1\u017ee \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b p\u0159eprogramovat \u201efunk\u010dn\u00ed stavebn\u00ed kameny \u017eivota\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\">Ot\u00e1zkou je, zda bude m\u00edt ve\u0159ejnost informace, nez\u00e1visl\u00fd dohled a svobodu nezbytnou k tomu, aby volala k odpov\u011bdnosti toho, kdo v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 stroj.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><span dir=\"auto\">Od Jona Fleetwooda<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c57238 quelle dc-has-condition dc-condition-empty elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8c57238\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jonfleetwood.substack.com\/p\/darpas-peng-initiative-wants-real\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><span dir=\"auto\">Zdroj<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pentagon chce, aby um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence podle pot\u0159eby p\u0159eprogramovala \u201estavebn\u00ed kameny \u017eivota\u201c, aby dos\u00e1hla \u2013 jak&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":115372,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,8341,21],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/115371"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=115371"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/115371\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/115372"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=115371"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=115371"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=115371"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}