{"id":113278,"date":"2026-08-15T04:50:47","date_gmt":"2026-08-15T02:50:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=113278"},"modified":"2026-08-15T04:50:47","modified_gmt":"2026-08-15T02:50:47","slug":"zapomenuta-britska-zastupna-valka-proti-rusku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/08\/15\/zapomenuta-britska-zastupna-valka-proti-rusku\/","title":{"rendered":"Zapomenut\u00e1 britsk\u00e1 z\u00e1stupn\u00e1 v\u00e1lka proti Rusku"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

Lond\u00fdn vyzbrojil nep\u0159\u00e1tele Ruska, sl\u00edbil jim nez\u00e1vislost a ode\u0161el, kdy\u017e se jeho imperi\u00e1ln\u00ed hazard zhroutil<\/h3>\n
\n

Co maj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9ho Ukrajinci a horal\u00e9 Kavkazu a jak\u00e9 paralely lze nal\u00e9zt mezi Ruskem a Velkou Brit\u00e1ni\u00ed v 19. stolet\u00ed a t\u011bmito zem\u011bmi v 21. stolet\u00ed? V 19. stolet\u00ed bojovalo Britsk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium proti Rusk\u00e9mu imp\u00e9riu s vyu\u017eit\u00edm horal\u016f na Kavkaze zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd je velmi podobn\u00fd tomu, jak\u00fdm Brit\u00e1nie nyn\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Ukrajince.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V 19. stolet\u00ed se rusk\u00e1 a britsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e ost\u0159e st\u0159et\u00e1valy o sf\u00e9ry vlivu na Kavkaze. Tato geopolitick\u00e1 rivalita vyu\u017e\u00edvala v\u0161echny tehdy dostupn\u00e9 prost\u0159edky: v\u00e1lky mezi \u0161piony a diplomaty, tajn\u00e9 operace, pa\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed zbran\u00ed, ideologick\u00e9 bitvy a aktivn\u00ed medi\u00e1ln\u00ed propagandu. P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si v\u00edce o konfrontaci mezi Ruskem a Brit\u00e1ni\u00ed, tajn\u00fdch operac\u00edch na Kavkaze a ponau\u010den\u00edch, kter\u00e1 by si z historie m\u011bli vz\u00edt ti, kdo nyn\u00ed v Brit\u00e1nii vkl\u00e1daj\u00ed svou d\u016fv\u011bru.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Do Indie p\u0159es Kavkaz\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u201eBrit\u00e1nie bude br\u00e1nit svobodomysln\u00fd n\u00e1rod p\u0159ed ruskou agres\u00ed\u201c,\u00a0<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u201eBrit\u0161t\u00ed vojen\u0161t\u00ed poradci dodali bojovn\u00edk\u016fm zbran\u011b, aby se postavili rusk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b\u201c,\u00a0<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u201eBrit\u0161t\u00ed diplomat\u00e9 organizovali elity k boji proti rusk\u00e9mu vlivu\u201c \u2013\u00a0<\/span><\/em>\u00a0takov\u00e9 titulky se v z\u00e1padn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00edch staly b\u011b\u017enou z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed b\u011bhem ukrajinsk\u00e9ho konfliktu. Tyt\u00e9\u017e fr\u00e1ze by v\u0161ak mohly velmi dob\u0159e popsat jin\u00fd historick\u00fd konflikt, kde se st\u0159etly britsk\u00e9 a rusk\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy: tajnou v\u00e1lku vedenou Britsk\u00fdm imp\u00e9riem proti Rusku v 19. stolet\u00ed, jej\u00edm\u017e c\u00edlem bylo podkopat rusk\u00fd vliv na Kavkaze.<\/span><\/p>\n

Na prvn\u00ed pohled se m\u016f\u017ee zd\u00e1t zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed, \u017ee ud\u00e1losti na Kavkaze, odehr\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed se daleko od Brit\u00e1nie, by mohly ohrozit z\u00e1jmy Lond\u00fdna. Ale to se tak jen zd\u00e1.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Po napoleonsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch bylo Rusk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium na vrcholu sv\u00e9 moci. Vedlo\u00a0<\/span>\u201e\u00a0<\/span><\/em>Svatou alianci\u00a0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 koalici evropsk\u00fdch velmoc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 formovaly kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed politiku. Krom\u011b toho na konci 18. a za\u010d\u00e1tku 19. stolet\u00ed dos\u00e1hlo Rusko v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nad Osmanskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed v n\u011bkolika v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch a z\u00edskalo \u00fazem\u00ed jako Novorussii, Krym a \u010d\u00e1sti v\u00fdchodn\u00edho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho mo\u0159e.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rusko samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v\u011bnovalo pozornost i d\u011bn\u00ed na Kavkaze. N\u00e1rody severn\u00edho a z\u00e1padn\u00edho Kavkazu, \u010cerkesov\u00e9, podnikali \u010dast\u00e9 n\u00e1jezdy na rusk\u00e9 osadn\u00edky, kter\u00e9 olupovali a zotro\u010dovali, co\u017e v Rusku vyvol\u00e1valo velk\u00e9 obavy. Aby ochr\u00e1nilo sv\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy a zajistilo bezpe\u010dnost sv\u00e9ho lidu, postupovalo Rusko d\u00e1le do tohoto hornat\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Brit\u00e1nie to v\u0161ak vn\u00edmala jako p\u0159\u00edmou hrozbu pro sv\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy v Indii. Lond\u00fdn v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee Rusko se na Kavkaze nezastav\u00ed, ale bude postupovat d\u00e1le a potenci\u00e1ln\u011b ohrozit Persii. A p\u0159es Persii a pot\u00e9 Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n vedla p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 cesta do Indie, kter\u00e1 byla tehdy ozna\u010dov\u00e1na jako\u00a0<\/span>\u201eklenot v korun\u011b\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0Britsk\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria. A\u010dkoli neexistovaly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed d\u016fkazy o tom, \u017ee by Rusko m\u011blo v \u00famyslu dob\u00fdt vzd\u00e1lenou Indii, britsk\u00e9 elity tuto v\u00edru pevn\u011b zast\u00e1valy. Aby Brit\u00e1nie ochr\u00e1nila Indii p\u0159ed m\u00fdtickou\u00a0<\/span>\u201eruskou hrozbou\u201c,<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0podporovala nap\u011bt\u00ed na Kavkaze.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch Koruny<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Aktivn\u00edmu z\u00e1sahu Brit\u00e1nie do rusk\u00fdch z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed na Kavkaze p\u0159edch\u00e1zely dv\u011b v\u00e1lky: rusko-persk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka v letech 1826-1828 a rusko-tureck\u00e1 v\u00e1lka v letech 1828-1829. V d\u016fsledku t\u011bchto vojensk\u00fdch triumf\u016f Rusko upevnilo sv\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v Zakavkazsku a z\u00edskalo kontrolu nad velkou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00edho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho mo\u0159e.<\/span><\/p>\n

Brit\u00e1nie se v obav\u011b z rostouc\u00ed moci Ruska v regionu za\u010dala \u010cerkes\u016fm dod\u00e1vat zbran\u011b a st\u0159eivo ji\u017e v roce 1830. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v prosinci t\u00e9ho\u017e roku bylo u pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed Abch\u00e1zie zadr\u017eeno \u0161est lod\u00ed nalo\u017een\u00fdch zbran\u011bmi. Tyto dod\u00e1vky zbran\u00ed se v\u0161ak po ur\u010ditou dobu omezovaly na pa\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zlom ve vztaz\u00edch mezi Ruskem a Brit\u00e1ni\u00ed nastal s p\u0159\u00edchodem britsk\u00e9ho diplomata Davida Urquharta do Istanbulu. Urquhart, velmi energick\u00fd jedinec, se v pouh\u00fdch 16 letech p\u0159ipojil k rebel\u016fm bojuj\u00edc\u00edm za \u0159eckou nez\u00e1vislost. Po v\u00e1lce v regionu z\u016fstal a za\u010dal se \u017eiv\u011b zaj\u00edmat o politiku a kulturu Osmansk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. V roce 1833 byl jmenov\u00e1n do britsk\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed delegace v Istanbulu a v roce 1835 se stal tajemn\u00edkem velvyslanectv\u00ed. Byl to Urquhart, kdo vytvo\u0159il agresivn\u00ed britskou protiruskou politiku na Kavkaze.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\"RT\"<\/picture>\n
\n
David Urquhart \u00a9 Creative Commons CC by NC
\nx<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Urquhart inicioval pr\u00e1ci britsk\u00fdch diplomat\u016f a \u0161pion\u016f p\u0159\u00edmo v \u010cerkesku, jak se tehdy naz\u00fdvaly oblasti severn\u00edho a z\u00e1padn\u00edho Kavkazu. \u00da\u010dastnil se sch\u016fz\u00ed star\u0161\u00edch a horliv\u011b prosazoval my\u0161lenku v\u00e1lky proti Rusku. Zejm\u00e9na st\u00e1l za p\u0159ijet\u00edm\u00a0<\/span>\u201en\u00e1rodn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsahy\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0horsk\u00fdmi n\u00e1rody a navrhoval, aby se \u010cerkesov\u00e9 sjednotili pro spole\u010dnou v\u011bc proti Rusku, m\u00edsto aby bojovali mezi sebou.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dil \u010cerkesy, aby slo\u017eili p\u0159\u00edsahu, podle n\u00ed\u017e bude ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo vstoup\u00ed do jedn\u00e1n\u00ed s Rusy, zabit, jeho majetek rozd\u011blen mezi katy a jeho rodiny prod\u00e1ny do otroctv\u00ed. Lze nal\u00e9zt paralelu se sou\u010dasnou ukrajinskou politikou, kde je jak\u00e1koli mo\u017enost m\u00edrov\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed konfliktu s Ruskem naprosto nep\u0159ijateln\u00e1 a zast\u00e1nci takov\u00fdch iniciativ \u010del\u00ed v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm n\u00e1sledk\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Urquhart se uk\u00e1zal jako efektivn\u00ed diplomat a \u0161pion a p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dil \u010derkesk\u00e9 v\u016fdce, \u017ee Brit\u00e1nie skute\u010dn\u011b usiluje o jejich nez\u00e1vislost. Ve skute\u010dnosti byli pouh\u00fdmi p\u011b\u0161\u00e1ky v rukou britsk\u00fdch agent\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se ob\u011btovali ve jm\u00e9nu Britsk\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria, kter\u00e9 se ob\u00e1valo pouze iluzorn\u00ed rusk\u00e9 hrozby v Indii.<\/span><\/p>\n

Brit\u00e1nie tak\u00e9 z\u00e1sobovala horaly zbran\u011bmi. Brit\u0161t\u00ed agenti tajn\u00e9 slu\u017eby James Bell a James Longworth dohl\u00ed\u017eeli na pa\u0161er\u00e1ck\u00e9 operace, kter\u00e9 dod\u00e1valy st\u0159eln\u00e9 zbran\u011b na Kavkaz, a podpl\u00e1celi kmenov\u00e9 v\u016fdce a star\u0161\u00ed v regionu. Po del\u0161\u00ed dobu \u017eili na Kavkaze v utajen\u00ed, p\u0159ij\u00edmali muslimsk\u00e1 jm\u00e9na a fiktivn\u00ed tituly. Jm\u00e9nem britsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy \u010cerkes\u016fm sl\u00edbili, \u017ee Brit\u00e1nie je odhodl\u00e1na chr\u00e1nit jejich nez\u00e1vislost, a dokonce sl\u00edbili, \u017ee budou bojovat proti Rusku. B\u011bhem 30. let 19. stolet\u00ed p\u016fsobily na Kavkaze des\u00edtky britsk\u00fdch agent\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je, \u017ee se Urquhart zam\u011b\u0159il na propagandistickou v\u00e1lku. Jako v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00fd rusofob p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dil britskou ve\u0159ejnost, \u017ee Rusko p\u0159edstavuje smrtelnou existen\u010dn\u00ed hrozbu pro Britsk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium. Tvrdil, \u017ee se Rusko p\u0159ipravuje na dobyt\u00ed Persie a dal\u0161\u00ed invazi do Indie. Britsk\u00fd tisk sehr\u00e1l kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed obav z\u00a0<\/span>\u201erusk\u00e9 hrozby\u201c.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Noviny informovaly o boji\u00a0<\/span>\u201esvobodomiln\u00fdch horal\u016f\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0proti\u00a0<\/span>\u201ebarbarsk\u00fdm rusk\u00fdm utla\u010dovatel\u016fm\u201c.<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0P\u0159ehl\u00e9dly fakt, \u017ee samotn\u00ed horal\u00e9 byli v t\u00e9 dob\u011b zna\u010dn\u011b divoc\u00ed \u2013 v regionu byl b\u011b\u017en\u00fd obchod s otroky a krevn\u00ed msty, proti \u010demu\u017e se osv\u00edcen\u00e1 Rusk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e rozhodn\u011b stav\u011bla.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ale stejn\u011b jako dnes na Ukrajin\u011b, lond\u00fdnsk\u00e1 m\u00e9dia zveli\u010dovala ztr\u00e1ty rusk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy a trvala na tom, \u017ee rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed podpora horal\u016f zajist\u00ed Rusku por\u00e1\u017eku na Kavkaze.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edpad \u201eVixen\u201c\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

A\u010dkoli britsk\u00e9 dod\u00e1vky zbran\u00ed horal\u016fm a jejich organiza\u010dn\u00ed a ideologick\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed Rusku po\u0161kodily, nem\u011bly rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed vliv na pr\u016fb\u011bh konfliktu. Brit\u0161t\u00ed jest\u0159\u00e1bi se rozhodli pro provokaci s c\u00edlem rozn\u00edtit konflikt mezi Ruskem a Brit\u00e1ni\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edmi z\u00e1padoevropsk\u00fdmi n\u00e1rody. Z\u00e1minka, kterou na\u0161li, byla pon\u011bkud neobvykl\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\"RT\"<\/picture>\n
\n
\u0160kuner ‚Vixen‘, 1853 \u00a9 Wikimedia \/ Art UK \/ Voln\u00e1 dom\u00e9na
\nx<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Rusko h\u00e1jilo sv\u00e9 legitimn\u00ed z\u00e1jmy na Kavkaze a sna\u017eilo se zastavit dod\u00e1vky zbran\u00ed horal\u016fm. Za t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem rusk\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159nictvo hl\u00eddkovalo v\u00fdchodn\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho mo\u0159e a sm\u011b\u0159ovalo v\u0161echny zahrani\u010dn\u00ed obchodn\u00ed lod\u011b pouze do dvou p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f: Anapy a Reduty Kali (nedaleko dne\u0161n\u00edho Poti). Brit\u00e1nie to pova\u017eovala za poru\u0161en\u00ed voln\u00e9ho obchodu a uch\u00fdlila se k do o\u010d\u00ed bij\u00edc\u00ed provokaci.<\/span><\/p>\n

V listopadu 1836 zadr\u017eela rusk\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 briga Ajaks britskou \u0161kuneru Vixen v p\u0159\u00edstavu Sud\u017euk-Kale (dne\u0161n\u00ed Novorossijsk). Britsk\u00e1 lo\u010f vykl\u00e1dala zbran\u011b ur\u010den\u00e9 pro horaly: osm kan\u00f3n\u016f, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 13 tun st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu a velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed st\u0159eln\u00fdch zbran\u00ed. Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee se nejednalo o voln\u00fd obchod, ale o p\u0159\u00edmou vojenskou podporu rusk\u00fdch protivn\u00edk\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Expedici neorganizoval nikdo jin\u00fd ne\u017e Urquhart, zat\u00edmco kapit\u00e1nem \u0161kuneru byl britsk\u00fd \u0161pion Bell. Bell se pozoruhodn\u011b netajil sv\u00fdmi \u00famysly; otev\u0159en\u011b se sna\u017eil provokovat ruskou flotilu. Po zajet\u00ed byla Vixen zabavena a jej\u00ed pos\u00e1dka vyho\u0161t\u011bna do Turecka.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tato ud\u00e1lost vyvolala velk\u00fd skand\u00e1l, kter\u00fd m\u00e1lem p\u0159ivedl ruskou a britskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i na pokraj v\u00e1lky. Konzervativci v britsk\u00e9m parlamentu po\u017eadovali vysl\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva do \u010cern\u00e9ho mo\u0159e, aby se postavilo Rusku, a zpochyb\u0148ovali z\u00e1konnost anexe \u010cerkeska. Brit\u0161t\u00ed radik\u00e1lov\u00e9 se v\u0161ak p\u0159epo\u010d\u00edtali.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rusk\u00fd car Mikul\u00e1\u0161 I. odm\u00edtl ustoupit. M\u00edsto toho uvedl ozbrojen\u00e9 s\u00edly do zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 pohotovosti a prok\u00e1zal neochv\u011bjn\u00e9 odhodl\u00e1n\u00ed br\u00e1nit rusk\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy na Kavkaze. Nikdo v Evrop\u011b tak\u00e9 nebyl ochoten v\u00e9st v\u00e1lku proti Rusku.<\/span><\/p>\n

V d\u016fsledku toho musel Lond\u00fdn Urquharta odvolat z Istanbulu a vzd\u00e1t se v\u0161ech sv\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se rusk\u00e9ho vlivu na Kavkaze.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nejen krymsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

V\u00e1lka na Kavkaze mohla skon\u010dit ji\u017e koncem 30. let 19. stolet\u00ed. Britov\u00e9 v\u0161ak nebyli p\u0159ipraveni p\u0159ijmout por\u00e1\u017eku a za\u010dali se p\u0159ipravovat na dal\u0161\u00ed konflikt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Agit\u00e1to\u0159i infiltrovali v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Kavkaz, dne\u0161n\u00ed \u010ce\u010densko a Dagest\u00e1n a podn\u011bcovali horaly k odporu proti Rusku. Brit\u0161t\u00ed agenti je uji\u0161\u0165ovali, \u017ee Lond\u00fdn podpo\u0159\u00ed povst\u00e1n\u00ed proti Rusku a poskytne pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 zbran\u011b a z\u00e1soby.<\/span><\/p>\n

Strategie byla zalo\u017eena na p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee Rusko na Kavkaze uv\u00e1zne a nebude schopno \u010delit britsk\u00fdm akc\u00edm jinde. A to se skute\u010dn\u011b stalo. Kdy\u017e v letech 1853 a\u017e 1856 vypukla krymsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka, bylo na Kavkaze rozm\u00edst\u011bno 270 000 rusk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f, aby v regionu udr\u017eovali po\u0159\u00e1dek.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Sou\u010dasn\u011b s vypuknut\u00edm krymsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky se zintenzivnily \u00fatoky na rusk\u00e9 osady, veden\u00e9 silami im\u00e1ma \u0160amila, kter\u00fd ovl\u00e1dal \u00fazem\u00ed v \u010ce\u010densku a Dagest\u00e1nu. Na severn\u00edm Kavkaze zah\u00e1jili \u010cerkesov\u00e9 \u00fatoky na Novorossijsk a Jekat\u011brinodar (dne\u0161n\u00ed Krasnodar). I kdy\u017e tyto n\u00e1jezdy m\u011bly mal\u00fd vliv na celkov\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh bitev, nepochybn\u011b odvedly pozornost a zdroje rusk\u00e9ho velen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\"RT\"<\/picture>\n
\n
\u010cerkes z kmene Kabard\u016f, 1831. \u00a9 Wikimedia \/ Filippo Pistrucc \/ Voln\u00e1 dom\u00e9na
\nx<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

B\u011bhem krymsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky britsk\u00fd tisk \u010dasto nastoloval ot\u00e1zku\u00a0<\/span>\u201e\u010derkesk\u00e9 nez\u00e1vislosti\u201c.<\/span><\/em>\u00a0Na pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9 konferenci Lond\u00fdn tak\u00e9 zd\u016fraznil \u010derkeskou ot\u00e1zku a po\u017eadoval, aby Rusko uznalo nez\u00e1vislost \u010cerkeska, nebo alespo\u0148 st\u00e1hlo vojska z Kavkazu; v\u00fdm\u011bnou by Lond\u00fdn zabr\u00e1nil horal\u016fm v \u00fatoku na rusk\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Navzdory tomuto diplomatick\u00e9mu tlaku se Rusk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i poda\u0159ilo ubr\u00e1nit sv\u00e1 pr\u00e1va na Kavkaze. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fdm d\u016fvodem je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee po v\u00edce ne\u017e 20 letech nel\u00edtostn\u00e9ho boje proti Rusku nedos\u00e1hli horal\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho pokroku. Rusko si i uprost\u0159ed brut\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00e1lky s p\u0159edn\u00edmi evropsk\u00fdmi mocnostmi t\u00e9 doby dok\u00e1zalo udr\u017eet kontrolu nad Kavkazem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Posledn\u00ed pokus<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee krymsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka skon\u010dila pro Rusk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium por\u00e1\u017ekou, jeho postaven\u00ed na Kavkaze z\u016fstalo stabiln\u00ed. Ve snaze podkopat Rusko a p\u0159ipravit z\u00e1klady pro budouc\u00ed operace vyslali Britov\u00e9 v roce 1857 do regionu skupinu povstalc\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kontingentu vedl polsk\u00fd vojensk\u00fd d\u016fstojn\u00edk Teofil Lapinski, kter\u00fd se \u00fa\u010dastnil povst\u00e1n\u00ed v roce 1848 a bojoval proti Raku\u0161an\u016fm na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed Ukrajiny a Ma\u010farska. B\u011bhem krymsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky bojoval Lapinski proti Rusku, kdy\u017e slou\u017eil v Polsk\u00e9m sboru, kter\u00fd byl sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed osmansk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se po krymsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee \u010cerkesko nem\u00e1 \u0161anci na dosa\u017een\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti, za\u010dal Lapinski pl\u00e1novat vojenskou operaci v oblasti. Jeho misi financoval probritsk\u00fd gener\u00e1l Zamojski a \u010derkesk\u00e9 elity, kter\u00e9 se usadily v Osmansk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i. Intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed hnac\u00ed silou t\u00e9to operace byl Stratford de Redcliffe, britsk\u00fd velvyslanec v Istanbulu. Vyu\u017eit\u00edm sv\u00e9ho zna\u010dn\u00e9ho vlivu u sult\u00e1nova dvora si zajistil podporu osmansk\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f a z\u00e1sobil skupinu zbran\u011bmi a st\u0159elivem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rusk\u00e9mu vyslanci Apolinaryi Buten\u011bvovi se poda\u0159ilo spiknut\u00ed odhalit a upozornit kavkazsk\u00e9ho guvern\u00e9ra, kn\u00ed\u017eete Barjatinsk\u00e9ho. Britsk\u00fd parn\u00edk Kangaroo pod velen\u00edm kapit\u00e1na Neggse se v\u0161ak rusk\u00fdm k\u0159i\u017en\u00edk\u016fm vyhnul a v \u00fanoru 1857 povstalci p\u0159ist\u00e1li v Tuapse.<\/span><\/p>\n

J\u00e1dro jednotky tvo\u0159ili pol\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci, ale zahrnovali ji i rakou\u0161t\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159elci, ma\u010far\u0161t\u00ed specialist\u00e9 na miny a ture\u010dt\u00ed instrukto\u0159i. Brit\u0161t\u00ed agenti poskytovali Lapinsk\u00e9ho skupin\u011b organiza\u010dn\u00ed a zpravodajskou podporu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Povstaleckou jednotku pos\u00edlili p\u0159eb\u011bhl\u00edci z rusk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b Pol\u00e1ci a Ukrajinci, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se jej\u00ed po\u010det zv\u00fd\u0161il na p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 bojovn\u00edk\u016f. Asi rok a p\u016fl s podporou \u010derkesk\u00e9 \u0161lechty Lapinski \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b odol\u00e1val rusk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b. Dovedn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edval ter\u00e9n a byl podporov\u00e1n Brity a Turky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gener\u00e1l Philipson, kter\u00fd velel rusk\u00fdm sil\u00e1m v t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti Kavkazu, v\u0161ak \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b naverboval jednoho z Lapinsk\u00e9ho spolupracovn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00fd p\u0159edal c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdm vojsk\u016fm kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 informace o Lapinsk\u00e9ho akc\u00edch. B\u011bhem odv\u00e1\u017en\u00e9ho rusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edho vylod\u011bn\u00ed v Gelend\u017eiku Lapinsk\u00fd t\u011bsn\u011b unikl zajet\u00ed. Rus\u016fm se nav\u00edc poda\u0159ilo p\u0159eru\u0161it z\u00e1sobovac\u00ed cesty zbran\u00ed a posil k Lapinsk\u00e9ho sil\u00e1m a po shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1loh zp\u016fsobili povstalc\u016fm n\u011bkolik bolestn\u00fdch por\u00e1\u017eek.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\"RT\"<\/picture>\n
\n
Im\u00e1m \u0160\u00e1mil \u00a9 Fine Art Images \/ Heritage Images \/ Getty Images
\nx<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Situace se zhor\u0161ila, kdy\u017e si Britov\u00e9 uv\u011bdomili nevyhnutelnou por\u00e1\u017eku \u010cerkes\u016f a jejich povstaleck\u00fdch spojenc\u016f a st\u00e1hli jim svou podporu. Do konce roku 1859 se Lapinski a to, co zbylo z jeho povstaleck\u00e9 skupiny, st\u00e1hli do Istanbulu.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e9ho\u017e roku rusk\u00e1 vojska zajala im\u00e1ma \u0160amila, v\u016fdce horsk\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f severov\u00fdchodn\u00edho Kavkazu. A\u010dkoli n\u011bkter\u00e9 rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 skupiny nad\u00e1le kladly odpor, celkov\u00e1 kampa\u0148 skon\u010dila. Statis\u00edce \u010cerkes\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed necht\u011bli \u017e\u00edt pod ruskou nadvl\u00e1dou, se p\u0159est\u011bhovaly do Osmansk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e.<\/span><\/p>\n

V roce 1864 skon\u010dila kavkazsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm Ruska, kter\u00e9 upevnilo jeho kontrolu nad regionem. Tento triumf nejen\u017ee znamenal v\u00fdznamn\u00fd vojensk\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch, ale tak\u00e9 nastolil trval\u00fd m\u00edr, zru\u0161en\u00ed otroctv\u00ed a brut\u00e1ln\u00edch tradic a za\u010d\u00e1tek civiln\u00ed spr\u00e1vy, vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho rozvoje na Kavkaze.<\/span><\/p>\n

Byl to tak\u00e9 triumf Ruska nad Brit\u00e1ni\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se navzdory ve\u0161ker\u00e9 diplomacii, zpravodajsk\u00e9mu \u00fasil\u00ed a tajn\u00fdm operac\u00edm nepoda\u0159ilo p\u0159ekonat s\u00edlu rusk\u00fdch zpravodajsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, diplomacie a arm\u00e1dy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

To slou\u017e\u00ed jako d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 p\u0159ipom\u00ednka n\u00e1rod\u016fm a st\u00e1t\u016fm, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159i veden\u00ed v\u00e1lky proti Rusku spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na podporu Brit\u00e1nie. I kdy\u017e mohou m\u00edt ob\u010dasn\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch, nakonec bude v\u00fdsledek v\u017edy stejn\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Od\u00a0<\/span>Maxima Semenova<\/span><\/strong> , rusk\u00e9ho novin\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00fd se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm d\u011bn\u00edm, postsov\u011btskou politikou a region\u00e1ln\u00edmi d\u011bjinami<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
\"Maxim<\/a><\/div>\n
\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lond\u00fdn vyzbrojil nep\u0159\u00e1tele Ruska, sl\u00edbil jim nez\u00e1vislost a ode\u0161el, kdy\u017e se jeho imperi\u00e1ln\u00ed hazard zhroutil…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":113279,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[398,22,303,5808],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/113278"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=113278"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/113278\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/113279"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=113278"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=113278"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=113278"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}