{"id":112468,"date":"2026-08-06T00:15:38","date_gmt":"2026-08-05T22:15:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=112468"},"modified":"2026-08-05T12:25:21","modified_gmt":"2026-08-05T10:25:21","slug":"paralyzujici-galiovy-sevreni-proc-usa-nemohou-vyrabet-presne-rakety-a-plne-funkcni-stihacky-f-35","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/08\/06\/paralyzujici-galiovy-sevreni-proc-usa-nemohou-vyrabet-presne-rakety-a-plne-funkcni-stihacky-f-35\/","title":{"rendered":"Paralyzuj\u00edc\u00ed galiov\u00fd sev\u0159en\u00ed: Pro\u010d USA nemohou vyr\u00e1b\u011bt p\u0159esn\u00e9 rakety a pln\u011b funk\u010dn\u00ed st\u00edha\u010dky F-35"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Je\u0161t\u011b jednou gratuluji Kevinu Wamsleymu z Inside China Business. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b jeho ned\u00e1vn\u00e9ho podcastu (viz n\u00ed\u017ee) jsem provedl dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum. Obsah jeho video briefingu je \u0161okuj\u00edc\u00ed a alarmuj\u00edc\u00ed \u2013 alespo\u0148 pro americk\u00e9 tv\u016frce politik a v\u00fdrobce zbran\u00ed.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Existuje jedin\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno, kter\u00e9 se t\u00e1hne od pr\u00e1zdn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010fov\u00fdch ku\u017eel\u016f nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch americk\u00fdch st\u00edha\u010dek typu stealth a\u017e po laborato\u0159e, kde \u010c\u00edna buduje internet 30. let 21. stolet\u00ed. T\u00edmto vl\u00e1knem je galium \u2013 m\u011bkk\u00fd, st\u0159\u00edb\u0159it\u00fd vedlej\u0161\u00ed produkt rafinace hlin\u00edku, o kter\u00e9m mimo katedru materi\u00e1lov\u00fdch v\u011bd t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nikdo nep\u0159em\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed a kter\u00fd Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty v\u016fbec neprodukuj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kov, kter\u00fd Amerika p\u0159estala vyr\u00e1b\u011bt<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Americk\u00e9 geologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby je jasn\u00e9: Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed postr\u00e1daj\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00ed produkci galia a jejich \u010dist\u00e1 z\u00e1vislost na dovozu je 100 procent. \u010c\u00edna naproti tomu kontroluje drtivou v\u011bt\u0161inu sv\u011btov\u00e9 produkce \u2013 b\u011b\u017en\u011b uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla se pohybuj\u00ed mezi 94 a 98 procenty produkce ropy. D\u016fvod je struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed, nikoli n\u00e1hodn\u00fd. Gallium se t\u011b\u017e\u00ed jako vedlej\u0161\u00ed produkt p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed bauxitu a zinku, co\u017e jsou pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed, v nich\u017e dominuje \u010c\u00edna. Zem\u011b se nem\u016f\u017ee jednodu\u0161e rozhodnout, \u017ee bude galium vyr\u00e1b\u011bt; mus\u00ed nejprve vybudovat hlin\u00edk\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd a zinkov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl, ze kter\u00e9ho se t\u011b\u017e\u00ed, a pot\u00e9 p\u0159idat linky na t\u011b\u017ebu, rafinaci, v\u00fdrobu desti\u010dek a balen\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se o projekt, kter\u00fd trv\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e deset let, nikoli o rozpo\u010dtovou polo\u017eku.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tato z\u00e1vislost se stala zbran\u00ed v prosinci 2024, kdy Peking zak\u00e1zal v\u00fdvoz galia, germania a antimonu do Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f a v\u00fdslovn\u011b zak\u00e1zal prodej koncov\u00fdm u\u017eivatel\u016fm v americk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b. Jednalo se o odvetn\u00e9 opat\u0159en\u00ed za americk\u00e9 kontroly v\u00fdvozu v sektoru polovodi\u010d\u016f a zas\u00e1hlo Pentagon, kter\u00fd podle samotn\u00e9 USGS nem\u011bl ve sv\u00fdch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch obrann\u00fdch rezerv\u00e1ch \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 galium.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 aktualizace, kterou alarmistick\u00e1 verze tohoto p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu \u010dasto opom\u00edj\u00ed: V listopadu 2025 \u010c\u00edna v r\u00e1mci \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho obchodn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed mezi prezidenty Trumpem a Si \u0164in-pchingem pozastavila civiln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st tohoto z\u00e1kazu do konce listopadu 2026 a p\u0159evedla tento v\u00fdvoz do licen\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Pozastaven\u00ed v\u0161ak p\u0159i\u0161lo s podm\u00ednkou obrovsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu \u2013 z\u00e1kaz v\u00fdvozu pro vojensk\u00e9 koncov\u00e9 u\u017eivatele z\u016fstal v platnosti. Civiln\u00ed dod\u00e1vky byly tedy znovu otev\u0159eny na z\u00e1klad\u011b uv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed Pekingu a mohly b\u00fdt kdykoli odvol\u00e1ny, zat\u00edmco v\u00fdrobci zbran\u00ed z\u016fstali od\u0159\u00edznuti. \u0160krtic\u00ed sev\u0159en\u00ed se neuvolnilo, ale bylo p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bno.<\/span><\/p>\n

St\u00edha\u010dky maj\u00ed m\u00edsto radarov\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed protiz\u00e1va\u017e\u00ed<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Nejz\u0159eteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edznakem t\u00e9to z\u00e1vislosti je z\u00e1rove\u0148 ten nejsnadn\u011bji nepochopiteln\u00fd. Je pravda \u2013 potvrzen\u00e1 fotografiemi a zpr\u00e1vami z pr\u016fmyslu, a\u010dkoli ministerstvo v\u00e1lky to zpo\u010d\u00e1tku pop\u00edralo \u2013 \u017ee letouny F-35 vyroben\u00e9 od 17. s\u00e9rie jsou dod\u00e1v\u00e1ny s protiz\u00e1va\u017e\u00edmi, doslova z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed, v p\u0159\u00ed\u010fov\u00fdch ku\u017eelech, kde by m\u011bl b\u00fdt radar. Zpr\u00e1vy uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee je posti\u017eeno n\u011bkolik stovek letadel.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00ed\u010dina je v\u0161ak slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jen \u201e\u010c\u00edna p\u0159eru\u0161ila dod\u00e1vky galia\u201c. Bezprost\u0159edn\u00edm vin\u00edkem je zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj a certifikace radaru AN\/APG-85, nov\u00e9 generace radaru, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 nahradit star\u0161\u00ed AN\/APG-81. APG-85 je zalo\u017een na technologii nitridu galia (GaN), kter\u00e1 nab\u00edz\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon a vylep\u0161enou tepelnou \u00fa\u010dinnost \u2013 a vy\u017eaduje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 82 kilowatt\u016f, co\u017e vy\u017eaduje struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fapravy a tak\u00e9 \u00fapravy chlazen\u00ed a v\u00fdkonu p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti trupu letadla. Proudov\u00e9 letouny od Lot 17 a d\u00e1le byly p\u0159epracov\u00e1ny pro APG-85 a ji\u017e nemohou pojmout star\u0161\u00ed APG-81. Kdy\u017e se nov\u00fd radar zpozdil, tato letadla nem\u011bla jinou mo\u017enost ne\u017e pou\u017e\u00edt protiz\u00e1va\u017e\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dod\u00e1vky galia jsou p\u0159it\u011b\u017euj\u00edc\u00edm faktorem, kter\u00fd stoj\u00ed za t\u00edmto zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm v\u00fdvoje: radary GaN spot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed mnohem v\u00edce galia ne\u017e jejich p\u0159edch\u016fdci, DLA se s jeho z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm pot\u00fdk\u00e1, proto\u017ee Japonsko a N\u011bmecko nejsou schopny tuto mezeru zaplnit, a ceny prudce vzrostly. Up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, Amerika \u010del\u00ed jak probl\u00e9mu s v\u00fdvojem radaru, tak probl\u00e9mu s materi\u00e1ly, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e na obou je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd monopol. Mezit\u00edm \u010c\u00edna modernizovala sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed st\u00edhac\u00ed letoun J-20 radarem nov\u00e9 generace, kter\u00fd je \u00fadajn\u011b zalo\u017een na stejn\u00e9 technologii GaN \u2013 kvalitativn\u00ed mezera, kterou m\u011bl APG-85 otev\u0159\u00edt, se m\u00edsto toho uzav\u00edr\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zranitelnost sah\u00e1 daleko za hranice jednotliv\u00fdch letadel. Nitrid galia tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1klad vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch ru\u0161i\u010dek na letounu EA-18G Growler, vlastn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu elektronick\u00e9ho boje letounu F-35 a velk\u00fdch pozemn\u00edch radarov\u00fdch instalac\u00ed typu zni\u010den\u00e9ho b\u011bhem boj\u016f v Persk\u00e9m z\u00e1livu. Podle zpr\u00e1v zahrnuj\u00ed dodavatelsk\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce Pentagonu pro v\u00fdznamnou \u010d\u00e1st jeho zbra\u0148ov\u00fdch komponent \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 dodavatele \u2013 z\u00e1vislost je syst\u00e9mov\u00e1, nejedn\u00e1 se o ojedin\u011blou zranitelnost.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stejn\u00fd monopol, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na budoucnost<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Zde se p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh p\u0159esouv\u00e1 od obrany k n\u011b\u010demu v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu. Stejn\u00e1 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 z\u00e1kladna, kter\u00e1 \u010c\u00edn\u011b umo\u017e\u0148uje omezit v\u00fdrobu radar\u016f, umo\u017e\u0148uje \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016fm pokro\u010dit vp\u0159ed s technologi\u00ed, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla definovat p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed \u010dtvrtstolet\u00ed konektivity: 6G.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento p\u0159evratn\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch je skute\u010dn\u00fd a byl publikov\u00e1n v \u010dasopise Nature. T\u00fdm veden\u00fd v\u011bdci z Pekingsk\u00e9 univerzity a M\u011bstsk\u00e9 univerzity v Hongkongu vyvinul to, co popisuj\u00ed jako prvn\u00ed \u201ev\u0161efrekven\u010dn\u00ed\u201c 6G \u010dip na sv\u011bt\u011b \u2013 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed o rozm\u011brech p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 11 x 1,7 milimetru, kter\u00e9 integruje cel\u00e9 bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9 spektrum od 0,5 do 115 gigahertz\u016f na jednom \u010dipu. Tento rozsah d\u0159\u00edve vy\u017eadoval dev\u011bt samostatn\u00fdch r\u00e1diov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f. V testech p\u0159ekro\u010dil 100 gigabit\u016f za sekundu na jednom kan\u00e1lu, co\u017e podle nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v odpov\u00edd\u00e1 zhruba 500n\u00e1sobku skute\u010dn\u00e9 rychlosti, kter\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161ina u\u017eivatel\u016f dosahuje s dne\u0161n\u00ed 5G; \u010dip se tak\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159eladit nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d spektrem o \u0161\u00ed\u0159ce 6 gigahertz\u016f b\u011bhem 180 mikrosekund, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo ru\u0161en\u00ed. V\u011bdci jej nevyrobili z galia, ale z niob\u00e1tu lithn\u00e9ho s vyu\u017eit\u00edm technologie tenk\u00fdch vrstev a fotoelektronick\u00e9ho designu a hodlaj\u00ed jej miniaturizovat do plug-and-play modul\u016f pro telefony, z\u00e1kladnov\u00e9 stanice, drony a za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed IoT.<\/span><\/p>\n

Strategick\u00fd bod p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 technickou korekci. A\u0165 u\u017e je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem galium v \u200b\u200bradaru nebo niobi\u010dnan lithn\u00fd v transceiveru, vzorec je stejn\u00fd: \u010c\u00edna st\u00e1le v\u00edce kontroluje jak suroviny, tak i proces v\u011bdc\u016f a in\u017een\u00fdr\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed je transformuj\u00ed do opera\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f. A v\u00fdznam 6G ve skute\u010dnosti nespo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 na spot\u0159ebitel\u00edch. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nikdo si pot\u0159ebuje stahovat knihovnu film\u016f b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika sekund. Popt\u00e1vka poch\u00e1z\u00ed z pr\u016fmyslu \u2013 p\u0159esn\u00e1 robotika, pokro\u010dil\u00e1 v\u00fdroba, soukrom\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, integrovan\u00e9 senzory, ekonomika dron\u016f v n\u00edzk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch \u2013 p\u0159esn\u011b z t\u011bch odv\u011btv\u00ed, ve kter\u00fdch si \u010c\u00edna ji\u017e vybudovala dominantn\u00ed postaven\u00ed. Slibovan\u00fd skok 6G v rychlosti, latenci a integrovan\u00fdch senzorech p\u0159\u00edmo prosp\u00edv\u00e1 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u011b, kterou \u010c\u00edna v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b konsoliduje.<\/span><\/p>\n

Standardy p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed skute\u010dnou cenu<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Existuje je\u0161t\u011b jeden rozm\u011br, kter\u00fd p\u0159esahuje r\u00e1mec ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednotliv\u00e9ho \u010dipu. 6G je\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u011b standardizov\u00e1no; glob\u00e1ln\u00ed protokoly se st\u00e1le p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, \u017ee syst\u00e9my jsou st\u00e1le ve v\u00fdvoji. Standardiza\u010dn\u00ed org\u00e1ny \u2013 3GPP, ITU, O-RAN Alliance \u2013 teprve za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed p\u0159esouvat 6G od v\u00fdzkumu k form\u00e1ln\u00ed specifikaci, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed standardy jsou pl\u00e1nov\u00e1ny na rok 2029 a komer\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b na rok 2030. Kdokoli, kdo prvn\u00ed postav\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my, bude formovat standardy, kter\u00e9 budou muset p\u0159ijmout v\u0161ichni ostatn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trumpova administrativa uznala potenci\u00e1l 6G a prohl\u00e1sila jej za z\u00e1kladn\u00ed k\u00e1men n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti, zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky a ekonomick\u00e9 prosperity USA; vyhl\u00e1sila politiku americk\u00e9ho veden\u00ed \u2013 s pokyny k pr\u00e1ci na spektru, komer\u010dn\u00edch aplikac\u00edch a diplomatick\u00fdch koalic\u00edch s c\u00edlem pos\u00edlit pozici USA. Spole\u010dnost Boston Consulting Group p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1, \u017ee ekonomick\u00fd v\u00fdkon 5G, kter\u00fd se v sou\u010dasnosti pohybuje kolem 1 bilionu dolar\u016f, by mohl do roku 2035 vzr\u016fst a\u017e na 18 bilion\u016f dolar\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e 6G umo\u017en\u00ed zcela nov\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed modely a rozs\u00e1hlou um\u011blou inteligenci ve v\u00fdrob\u011b, urbanistick\u00e9m pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed, zdravotnictv\u00ed a ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento z\u00e1m\u011br se v\u0161ak setk\u00e1v\u00e1 se stejn\u00fdm odporem. Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty nemohou v\u00e9st v\u00fdvoj n\u011b\u010deho, co nemohou dodat. Veden\u00ed v 6G vy\u017eaduje t\u011b\u017ebu, rafinaci, v\u00fdrobu a \u2013 co je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 des\u00edtky tis\u00edc kvalifikovan\u00fdch in\u017een\u00fdr\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed tuto technologii aplikuj\u00ed ve velk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. \u010c\u00edna tuto pr\u00e1ci nyn\u00ed vykon\u00e1v\u00e1. Amerika st\u00e1le diskutuje o tom, jak za\u010d\u00edt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Odstra\u0148te p\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed a z\u016fstane tvrd\u00e9 j\u00e1dro. Dnes ameri\u010dt\u00ed dodavatel\u00e9 nemohou instalovat pokro\u010dil\u00e9 radarov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my na letadla v hodnot\u011b sto milion\u016f dolar\u016f, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b proto, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 kov, kter\u00fd Amerika p\u0159estala vyr\u00e1b\u011bt p\u0159ed \u010dty\u0159iceti lety. P\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00e9m kurzu, za deset let, ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo chce ty nejlep\u0161\u00ed telefony, drony nebo roboty, zjist\u00ed, \u017ee kritick\u00e9 komponenty \u2013 a standardy, podle kter\u00fdch funguj\u00ed \u2013 proch\u00e1zej\u00ed stejnou zem\u00ed. Dodavatelsk\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce jsou hrou \u017eivota, stejn\u011b jako v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed prom\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed suroviny v trhy. To je argument a nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st je, kolik z n\u011bj je prost\u011b pravda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Larry C. Johnson<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Zdroj<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Je\u0161t\u011b jednou gratuluji Kevinu Wamsleymu z Inside China Business. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b jeho ned\u00e1vn\u00e9ho podcastu (viz…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":76260,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1284,11337,4007,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112468"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=112468"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112468\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/76260"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=112468"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=112468"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=112468"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}