{"id":110751,"date":"2026-07-15T00:14:47","date_gmt":"2026-07-14T22:14:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=110751"},"modified":"2026-07-14T17:15:05","modified_gmt":"2026-07-14T15:15:05","slug":"francie-presumpce-opravneneho-pouziti-zbrani-pro-policisty-a-cetniky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/07\/15\/francie-presumpce-opravneneho-pouziti-zbrani-pro-policisty-a-cetniky\/","title":{"rendered":"Francie: \u201epresumpce opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9ho pou\u017eit\u00ed\u201c zbran\u00ed pro policisty a \u010detn\u00edky"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Francouzsk\u00e1 policie m\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00e1 pravidla t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zbran\u00ed. Nyn\u00ed m\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo zast\u0159elit podez\u0159el\u00e9 za p\u011bti specifick\u00fdch pr\u00e1vn\u00edch okolnost\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201eN\u00e1rodn\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v prvn\u00edm \u010dten\u00ed schv\u00e1lilo n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona, kter\u00fd zav\u00e1d\u00ed \u201apresumpci opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9ho pou\u017eit\u00ed\u2018 st\u0159eln\u00fdch zbran\u00ed pro policisty a \u010detn\u00edky. Text stanov\u00ed, \u017ee se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee jednali v souladu se z\u00e1konem, pokud v souvislosti s p\u011bti pr\u00e1vn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edpady pou\u017eij\u00ed zbra\u0148 v nezbytn\u011b nutn\u00e9m a p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9m rozsahu\u201c (nap\u0159\u00edklad pokud je ohro\u017een jejich \u017eivot nebo v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b smrteln\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed),\u00a0<\/span>informuje\u00a0<\/span><\/a>Vie Publique<\/span><\/em>\u00a0. Tento n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona, jeho\u017e projedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed za\u010dalo v lednu 2026, se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z jedin\u00e9ho \u010dl\u00e1nku, kter\u00fd\u00a0\u00a0vl\u00e1da\u00a0<\/span>novelizovala .<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Vie Publique<\/span><\/em>\u00a0uv\u00e1d\u00ed: \u201eStanov\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159i v\u00fdkonu sv\u00fdch povinnost\u00ed se u st\u00e1tn\u00edch policist\u016f a \u010detn\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed zbran\u011b v nezbytn\u011b nutn\u00e9m a p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9m rozsahu, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee jednali v souladu s pr\u00e1vn\u00edm r\u00e1mcem. Tento pr\u00e1vn\u00ed r\u00e1mec je od roku 2017 stanoven v \u010dl\u00e1nku L435-1 z\u00e1kona o vnit\u0159n\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti (CSI), kter\u00fd oprav\u0148uje org\u00e1ny \u010dinn\u00e9 v trestn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed st\u0159\u00edlet pouze v 5 p\u0159\u00edpadech.\u201c:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1. v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u00fatoku nebo ozbrojen\u00e9ho ohro\u017een\u00ed jejich \u017eivota nebo fyzick\u00e9 integrity nebo \u017eivota nebo fyzick\u00e9 integrity jin\u00fdch osob;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2. po dvou form\u00e1ln\u00edch ozn\u00e1men\u00edch, pokud nemohou jinak br\u00e1nit \u201em\u00edsta, kter\u00e1 zast\u00e1vaj\u00ed, nebo osoby, kter\u00e9 jim byly sv\u011b\u0159eny\u201c;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

3. ihned po dvou varov\u00e1n\u00edch, pokud nemaj\u00ed jin\u00e9 prost\u0159edky k zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed \u00fat\u011bku osob z vazby nebo vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, pokud by tyto osoby mohly na sv\u00e9m \u00fat\u011bku ohrozit sv\u016fj \u017eivot nebo fyzickou integritu nebo \u017eivot nebo fyzickou integritu jin\u00fdch osob;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

4. po dvou varov\u00e1n\u00edch, kdy mohou zastavit vozidlo, kter\u00e9 z m\u00edsta nehody uteklo, pouze pou\u017eit\u00edm zbran\u00ed, pokud cestuj\u00edc\u00ed ohro\u017euj\u00ed jejich \u017eivot nebo fyzickou integritu nebo \u017eivot nebo fyzickou integritu jin\u00fdch osob;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

5. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b smrt\u00edc\u00ed mise s c\u00edlem zabr\u00e1nit jedn\u00e9 nebo v\u00edce dal\u0161\u00edm vra\u017ed\u00e1m nebo pokus\u016fm o vra\u017edu. V tomto druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ji\u017e nebude no\u0161en\u00ed uniformy nebo vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a viditeln\u00fdch odznak\u016f povinn\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eDal\u0161\u00ed pozm\u011b\u0148ovac\u00ed n\u00e1vrh zpravodaje k textu doplnil, \u017ee tato presumpce se bude vztahovat i na ozbrojen\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edky m\u011bstsk\u00e9 policie v prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b a na v\u011bze\u0148sk\u00e9 dozorce v prvn\u00edch dvou p\u0159\u00edpadech. Tento pozm\u011b\u0148ovac\u00ed n\u00e1vrh odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed nov\u00e9 zn\u011bn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nku L435-1 z\u00e1kona o vnit\u0159n\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti. Text specifikuje, \u017ee tuto presumpci lze kdykoli vyvr\u00e1tit jak\u00fdmkoli d\u016fkazem o opaku. Jedn\u00e1 se tedy o jednoduchou presumpci,\u201c bylo dod\u00e1no.<\/span><\/p>\n

Skute\u010dn\u00e1 \u201elicence k zab\u00edjen\u00ed\u201c. Tato z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zm\u011bna v r\u00e1mci intervence hluboce rozd\u011bluje politickou t\u0159\u00eddu a vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00e9 kontroverze. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b mohou policist\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt sv\u00e9 zbran\u011b pouze v p\u0159\u00edpadech absolutn\u00ed nutnosti a p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem v r\u00e1mci p\u011bti velmi specifick\u00fdch situac\u00ed (nap\u0159. \u017eivot ohro\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed situace, smrt\u00edc\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed, \u00fat\u011bk z vozidla). Doposud bylo na policistovi, aby prok\u00e1zal, \u017ee jednal v sebeobran\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Podle tohoto nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee policist\u00e9 jednali v souladu se z\u00e1konem, kdy\u017e pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed zbran\u011b. Tato presumpce je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za \u201evyvratitelnou\u201c a lze ji vyvr\u00e1tit jak\u00fdmkoli d\u016fkazem p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00fdm b\u011bhem vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed. \u0158ada levicov\u00fdch stran (La France Insoumise, Zelen\u00ed, Socialist\u00e9) a n\u011bkolik organizac\u00ed pro lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va toto opat\u0159en\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>ost\u0159e odsuzuj\u00ed<\/span><\/a>\u00a0a ozna\u010duj\u00ed ho za potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u201epovolen\u00ed k zab\u00edjen\u00ed\u201c. N\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona bude nyn\u00ed odesl\u00e1n do Sen\u00e1tu k pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed legislativn\u00edho procesu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Amnesty International odsuzuje\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd posun<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje policist\u016fm zab\u00edjet bezd\u016fvodn\u011b: \u201eKdyby nebylo [videa, na kter\u00e9m je Nahel zabita policistou] podle z\u00e1kona p\u0159ijat\u00e9ho N\u00e1rodn\u00edm shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm 7. \u010dervence, [st\u0159elba policistou] zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za Nahelinu smrt by byla pova\u017eov\u00e1na za leg\u00e1ln\u00ed. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, policista, kter\u00fd je nyn\u00ed st\u00edh\u00e1n za \u00famysln\u00e9 zabit\u00ed, by mo\u017en\u00e1 nikdy nebyl obvin\u011bn.\u201c Nevl\u00e1dn\u00ed organizace zd\u016fraz\u0148uje: \u201eTento z\u00e1kon podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed st\u00e1t. Abychom pochopili jeho z\u00e1va\u017enost, analyzovali jsme v p\u011bti bodech, co by konkr\u00e9tn\u011b zm\u011bnil.\u201c \u201eDnes mus\u00ed b\u00fdt prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee v\u00fdst\u0159el policisty nebo \u010detn\u00edka je nezbytn\u011b nezbytn\u00fd a p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00fd. Z\u00edtra bude automaticky pova\u017eov\u00e1n za leg\u00e1ln\u00ed,\u201c varuje Amnesty International: \u201eZ\u00e1kon roz\u0161i\u0159uje podm\u00ednky, za kter\u00fdch mohou org\u00e1ny \u010dinn\u00e9 v trestn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt sv\u00e9 zbran\u011b. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee policista nebo \u010detn\u00edk zah\u00e1jit palbu na osobu, o kter\u00e9 se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee by mohla p\u0159edstavovat nebezpe\u010d\u00ed.\u201c Od jeho p\u0159ijet\u00ed se v\u0161ak po\u010det smrteln\u00fdch policejn\u00edch st\u0159eleb na vozidla ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dobou p\u011btin\u00e1sobn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161il.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201ePr\u00e1v\u011b v tomto ji\u017e tak alarmuj\u00edc\u00edm kontextu se zav\u00e1d\u00ed nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon. Nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon schv\u00e1len\u00fd N\u00e1rodn\u00edm shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm nenapravil nedostatky z\u00e1kona z roku 2017, ale naopak je zhor\u0161uje. Doposud muselo v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b st\u0159elby prob\u00edhat vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ov\u011b\u0159ovalo, zda byly spln\u011bny podm\u00ednky po\u017eadovan\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nkem L.435-1. S nov\u00fdm z\u00e1konem toto ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed ji\u017e nebude ani nutn\u00e9: poka\u017ed\u00e9, kdy\u017e policista pou\u017eije zbra\u0148, bude st\u0159elba automaticky pova\u017eov\u00e1na za leg\u00e1ln\u00ed,\u201c odsuzuje humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed nevl\u00e1dn\u00ed organizace. Amnesty International d\u00e1le upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee Francie je \u201ejednou z evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, kde policie zab\u00edj\u00ed nejv\u00edce\u201c: \u201eZa posledn\u00edch dvacet let francouzsk\u00e1 policie zabila podle v\u00fdzkumu sociologa Sebastiana Roch\u00e9ho nejv\u00edce ob\u010dan\u016f v Evrop\u011b. V roce 2025 bylo ve Francii po policejn\u00edm z\u00e1sahu zabito 49 lid\u00ed. V roce 2026, b\u011bhem pouh\u00fdch p\u011bti m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f,\u00a0<\/span>bylo zabito 22 lid\u00ed<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.\u201c Francie byla ji\u017e v roce 2024 Radou OSN pro lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va ozna\u010dena za \u201enadm\u011brn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pro advok\u00e1tn\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159 Kohen Avocats p\u0159edstavuje presumpce sebeobrany pro policisty\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>rozchod<\/span><\/a>\u00a0se z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi principy trestn\u00edho pr\u00e1va. \u201eTento n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona, p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00fd Sen\u00e1tu ve stejn\u00fd den, nastoluje z\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zku pro francouzskou trestn\u00ed teorii: m\u016f\u017eeme, ani\u017e bychom naru\u0161ili strukturu trestn\u00edho pr\u00e1va, nahradit soudn\u00ed p\u0159ezkum podm\u00ednek sebeobrany presumpc\u00ed z\u00e1konnosti?\u201c ptaj\u00ed se pr\u00e1vn\u00edci. \u201eTato ot\u00e1zka jde nad r\u00e1mec pouh\u00e9 politick\u00e9 debaty. Dot\u00fdk\u00e1 se samotn\u00e9 struktury na\u0161eho trestn\u00edho pr\u00e1va. Sebeobrana, objektivn\u00ed d\u016fvod trestn\u00ed neodpov\u011bdnosti, jak je stanoveno v \u010dl\u00e1nku 122-5 trestn\u00edho z\u00e1kon\u00edku, vy\u017eaduje spln\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdch podm\u00ednek, kter\u00e9 mus\u00ed soudce ov\u011b\u0159it. Presumpce navr\u017een\u00e1 z\u00e1konod\u00e1rcem tuto logiku obrac\u00ed: v\u00fdst\u0159el policisty by byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za z\u00e1konn\u00fd a bylo by na ob\u011bti nebo jej\u00edm pr\u00e1vn\u00edm z\u00e1stupci, aby prok\u00e1zali jeho nez\u00e1konnost,\u201c odsuzuje Kohen Avocats. \u201eB\u011bhem uplynul\u00fdch t\u0159\u00ed let si trestn\u00ed sen\u00e1t Kasa\u010dn\u00edho soudu vybudoval n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd soubor judikatury t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se podm\u00ednek sebeobrany a pou\u017eit\u00ed zbran\u00ed org\u00e1ny \u010dinn\u00fdmi v trestn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Sedm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed vydan\u00fdch v letech 2024 a\u017e 2026 n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje zm\u011b\u0159it rozd\u00edl mezi sou\u010dasn\u00fdm stavem pr\u00e1va a zlomem, kter\u00fd by p\u0159edstavovalo kone\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159ijet\u00ed tohoto textu,\u201c uzav\u00edraj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u016fkazn\u00ed b\u0159emeno nyn\u00ed le\u017e\u00ed na rodin\u00e1ch ob\u011bt\u00ed, nikoli na st\u00e1tu. To by mohlo v\u00e9st ke zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. Policist\u00e9 by mohli zast\u0159elit podez\u0159el\u00e9ho, zab\u00edt ho a pak tvrdit, \u017ee to bylo opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9. Protesty \u017dlut\u00fdch vest, b\u011bhem nich\u017e byli lid\u00e9 oslepov\u00e1ni, nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee tento nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon d\u00e1le zintenzivn\u00ed represe proti t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed se stav\u00ed proti sou\u010dasn\u00e9 politice francouzsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy. A uml\u010d\u00ed ty, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed tuto politiku odsoudit. Tento navrhovan\u00fd francouzsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon je podobn\u00fd americk\u00e9mu nebo n\u011bmeck\u00e9mu modelu t\u00edm, \u017ee zav\u00e1d\u00ed obr\u00e1cen\u00ed d\u016fkazn\u00edho b\u0159emene. Ob\u011bti budou muset prok\u00e1zat pochyben\u00ed policie. Ke zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ji\u017e do\u0161lo ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech a N\u011bmecku. Policista, kter\u00fd by rychle pou\u017eil spou\u0161\u0165, by mohl na z\u00e1klad\u011b sv\u00e9ho politick\u00e9ho p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed vz\u00edt z\u00e1kon do vlastn\u00edch rukou a obch\u00e1zet pravidla. V t\u00e9to souvislosti to otev\u00edr\u00e1 dve\u0159e policejn\u00ed brutalit\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Philippe Rosenthal<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Francouzsk\u00e1 policie m\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00e1 pravidla t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zbran\u00ed. Nyn\u00ed m\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo zast\u0159elit podez\u0159el\u00e9 za…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":110752,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[130,86,73],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110751"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=110751"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110751\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/110752"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=110751"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=110751"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=110751"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}