{"id":110104,"date":"2026-07-05T05:01:06","date_gmt":"2026-07-05T03:01:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=110104"},"modified":"2026-07-05T05:01:06","modified_gmt":"2026-07-05T03:01:06","slug":"amerika-slavi-250-vyroci-kolik-dluzi-rusku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/07\/05\/amerika-slavi-250-vyroci-kolik-dluzi-rusku\/","title":{"rendered":"Amerika slav\u00ed 250. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed. Kolik dlu\u017e\u00ed Rusku?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Zapomenut\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o tom, jak Rusk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium pomohlo USA p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt dv\u011b z\u00e1sadn\u00ed krize<\/h3>\n
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4. \u010dervence oslavuj\u00ed Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty 250. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed sv\u00e9 nez\u00e1vislosti. Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 uct\u00ed Otce zakladatele, Kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed arm\u00e1du a rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos Francie k v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nad Brit\u00e1ni\u00ed. Jedna ciz\u00ed mocnost, kter\u00e1 tak\u00e9 pomohla utv\u00e1\u0159et osud mlad\u00e9 republiky, v\u0161ak z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti zmizela z pam\u011bti ve\u0159ejnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rusk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium dvakr\u00e1t v americk\u00e9 historii, nejprve b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky za nez\u00e1vislost a pozd\u011bji b\u011bhem ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, podniklo diplomatick\u00e9 a n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed kroky, kter\u00e9 pomohly Spojen\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt okam\u017eiky, kdy jejich budoucnost nebyla ani zdaleka jist\u00e1. Vlajka svat\u00e9ho Ond\u0159eje v obou p\u0159\u00edpadech vl\u00e1la na stran\u011b americk\u00e9 republiky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zbra\u0148, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1lem u\u0161krtila americkou revoluci<\/span><\/h2>\n

Kdy\u017e si lid\u00e9 p\u0159edstav\u00ed americkou revoluci, obvykle si p\u0159edstav\u00ed bitvy u Lexingtonu, Saratogy nebo Yorktownu. Mnohem men\u0161\u00ed pozornost se v\u011bnuje boj\u016fm na mo\u0159i. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhodou Brit\u00e1nie oproti vzpurn\u00fdm koloniem v\u0161ak nebylo jen samotn\u00e9 Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159nictvo, ale i jej\u00ed schopnost v\u00e9st ekonomickou v\u00e1lku nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d sv\u011btov\u00fdmi oce\u00e1ny.<\/span><\/p>\n

V osmn\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed \u017eila nebo um\u00edrala n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e obchodem. Obchodn\u00ed flotily p\u0159epravovaly nejen bohatstv\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 potraviny, zbran\u011b, vojensk\u00e9 z\u00e1soby a zdroje pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k udr\u017een\u00ed arm\u00e1d i koloni\u00ed. Naru\u0161en\u00ed t\u011bchto n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch tras mohlo ochromit soupe\u0159e, ani\u017e by vyhr\u00e1l jedinou rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed bitvu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jedn\u00edm z nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f k dosa\u017een\u00ed tohoto c\u00edle bylo soukrom\u00e9 l\u00e9t\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Korz\u00e1\u0159i zauj\u00edmali pr\u00e1vn\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed cestu mezi n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edmi d\u016fstojn\u00edky a pir\u00e1ty. Vl\u00e1dy jim vyd\u00e1valy kapituln\u00ed listiny, kter\u00e9 oprav\u0148ovaly soukrom\u00e9 lod\u011b k zaj\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch lod\u00ed. Na rozd\u00edl od pir\u00e1t\u016f operovali korz\u00e1\u0159i pod st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vou a uko\u0159ist\u011bn\u00fd n\u00e1klad p\u0159iv\u00e1\u017eeli zp\u011bt do sp\u0159\u00e1telen\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f, kde se v\u00fdt\u011b\u017eek d\u011blil mezi st\u00e1t a majitele lod\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Syst\u00e9m umo\u017e\u0148oval n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edm mocnostem v\u00e9st obchodn\u00ed v\u00e1lku v obrovsk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku, ani\u017e by musely udr\u017eovat ne\u00fam\u011brn\u011b drah\u00e9 flotily. Korz\u00e1\u0159i mohli tak\u00e9 zastavit neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed obchodn\u00ed lod\u011b, pokud by byly podez\u0159el\u00e9 z p\u0159epravy zbo\u017e\u00ed ur\u010den\u00e9ho pro nep\u0159\u00edtele, zejm\u00e9na vojensk\u00fdch z\u00e1sob. Jak se americk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka za nez\u00e1vislost po intervenci Francie a \u0160pan\u011blska roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila do \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho evropsk\u00e9ho konfliktu, do boj\u016f se st\u00e1le v\u00edce zapojovaly neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed lod\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed bitva u Chesapeake, 3. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1781, autor Th\u00e9odore Gudin \u00a9 Wikimedia \/ Public Domain
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Rusko, p\u0159esto\u017ee samo z\u016fstalo mimo v\u00e1lku, zjistilo, \u017ee jeho obchodn\u00ed lod\u011b jsou posti\u017eeny. Rusk\u00e9 lod\u011b p\u0159epravuj\u00edc\u00ed obil\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1klad do st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f byly st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji zachycov\u00e1ny jak b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdmi lod\u011bmi, tak i soukromn\u00edky. To, co za\u010dalo jako britsk\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed proti nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u016fm, se postupn\u011b st\u00e1valo hrozbou pro neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed obchod v cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Koncem 70. let 18. stolet\u00ed Kate\u0159ina Velik\u00e1 dosp\u011bla k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee neutralita m\u00e1 mal\u00fd v\u00fdznam, pokud ji nelze obh\u00e1jit. T\u00edm se p\u0159ipravila p\u016fda pro jeden z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch diplomatick\u00fdch z\u00e1sah\u016f americk\u00e9 revoluce.<\/span><\/p>\n

Deklarace, kter\u00e1 prolomila britskou blok\u00e1du<\/span><\/h2>\n

V roce 1778 Rusko ji\u017e za\u010dalo hledat zp\u016fsoby, jak chr\u00e1nit sv\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed lo\u010fstvo. Petrohrad navrhl, aby D\u00e1nsko spole\u010dn\u011b doprov\u00e1zelo obchodn\u00ed lod\u011b pluj\u00edc\u00ed do rusk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f v nad\u011bji, \u017ee ochr\u00e1n\u00ed neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed obchod p\u0159ed rostouc\u00edm konfliktem. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho jara Rusko, D\u00e1nsko a \u0160v\u00e9dsko vyslaly n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed eskadry k hl\u00eddkov\u00e1n\u00ed v severn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch a z\u00e1rove\u0148 vydaly prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed na obranu pr\u00e1v neutr\u00e1ln\u00edho obchodu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toto \u00fasil\u00ed v\u0161ak nedok\u00e1zalo zastavit zabaven\u00ed lod\u00ed. \u0160pan\u011blsko, p\u0159esto\u017ee bylo spojeno s revolu\u010dn\u00ed Franci\u00ed proti Brit\u00e1nii, nad\u00e1le zadr\u017eovalo rusk\u00e9 a nizozemsk\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed lod\u011b p\u0159epravuj\u00edc\u00ed obil\u00ed do st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

28. \u00fanora 1780 rusk\u00e1 carevna reagovala jednou z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch diplomatick\u00fdch iniciativ osmn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed: Deklarac\u00ed ozbrojen\u00e9 neutrality.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jeho poselstv\u00ed bylo jednoduch\u00e9. Rusko respektovalo pr\u00e1va neutr\u00e1ln\u00edho obchodu po celou dobu sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch v\u00e1lek a o\u010dek\u00e1valo stejn\u00e9 zach\u00e1zen\u00ed na opl\u00e1tku. Pokud by rusk\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed lod\u011b byly i nad\u00e1le zastavov\u00e1ny nebo jejich n\u00e1klad zabavov\u00e1n, \u0159\u00ed\u0161e by br\u00e1nila sv\u00e1 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed pr\u00e1va silou. Jak\u00fdkoli pokus o zabaven\u00ed rusk\u00fdch lod\u00ed nyn\u00ed nesl riziko v\u00e1lky s jednou z evropsk\u00fdch velmoc\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Deklarace stanovila n\u011bkolik z\u00e1sad, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly zm\u011bnit podobu n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edho pr\u00e1va. Neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed lod\u011b m\u011bly m\u00edt pr\u00e1vo na volnou plavbu mezi p\u0159\u00edstavy v\u00e1l\u010d\u00edc\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f. Nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed p\u0159epravovan\u00e9 na palub\u011b neutr\u00e1ln\u00edch plavidel m\u011blo z\u016fstat chr\u00e1n\u011bno, pokud nep\u0159edstavovalo vojensk\u00fd pa\u0161ovan\u00fd tovar. Blok\u00e1dy m\u011bly b\u00fdt uzn\u00e1v\u00e1ny pouze tehdy, pokud byly fyzicky vynuceny n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edmi silami, a nikoli vyhl\u00e1\u0161eny na pap\u00ed\u0159e. A co je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, Rusko se zav\u00e1zalo tyto z\u00e1sady podpo\u0159it ozbrojen\u00fdmi letkami, nikoli pouze diplomatick\u00fdmi protesty.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kate\u0159ina II. po Roslinovi, Rokotov (80. l\u00e9ta 18. stolet\u00ed, Kunsthistorisches Museum), od Alexandra Roslina \u00a9 Wikimedia \/ Public Domain
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Kate\u0159inina iniciativa se rychle vyvinula v n\u011bco mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho ne\u017e rusk\u00e1 politika. D\u00e1nsko a \u0160v\u00e9dsko se k \u00famluv\u011b p\u0159ipojily t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 okam\u017eit\u011b, \u010d\u00edm\u017e fakticky uzav\u0159ely Baltsk\u00e9 mo\u0159e pro neomezen\u00e9 operace v\u00e1l\u010d\u00edc\u00edch mocnost\u00ed. V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch letech se k \u00famluv\u011b p\u0159ipojily tak\u00e9 Nizozemsko, Prusko, Rakousko, Portugalsko a Neapolsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed. Dokonce i Francie, \u0160pan\u011blsko a Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty obecn\u011b p\u0159ijaly jej\u00ed principy, a\u010dkoli do ligy nikdy form\u00e1ln\u011b nevstoupily. Brit\u00e1nie, jej\u00ed\u017e n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed strategie by mohla nejv\u00edce prohr\u00e1t, z\u016fstala jedinou v\u00fdznamnou mocnost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 ji odm\u00edtla.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed prosp\u011bch z toho v\u0161ak nem\u011blo ani Rusko, ani neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed evrop\u0161t\u00ed partne\u0159i. Bylo to t\u0159in\u00e1ct vzbou\u0159en\u00fdch koloni\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bez princip\u016f stanoven\u00fdch Ozbrojenou neutralitou by Brit\u00e1nie m\u011bla mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed svobodu izolovat americk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstavy a zastavit z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00fd obchod, na kter\u00e9m z\u00e1visela revolu\u010dn\u00ed ekonomika. Omezen\u00edm schopnosti Lond\u00fdna zasahovat do neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed lodn\u00ed dopravy Kate\u0159inina deklarace zna\u010dn\u011b zt\u00ed\u017eila udr\u017een\u00ed takov\u00e9 blok\u00e1dy. Mlad\u00e1 republika si st\u00e1le musela vybojovat nez\u00e1vislost na boji\u0161ti, ale mo\u0159e se proti n\u00ed stalo mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b \u00fa\u010dinnou zbran\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pro n\u00e1rod oslavuj\u00edc\u00ed 250 let nez\u00e1vislosti z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 tato ud\u00e1lost jednou z nejm\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159ipom\u00ednan\u00fdch mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch kapitol americk\u00e9 revoluce.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e rusk\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 lod\u011b vpluly do New Yorku<\/span><\/h2>\n

Podruh\u00e9 se Rusko ocitlo v americk\u00e9 historii v ne\u010dekan\u00e9 roli o v\u00edce ne\u017e osmdes\u00e1t let pozd\u011bji.<\/span><\/p>\n

V roce 1863 Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty op\u011bt bojovaly o sv\u00e9 p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed. Ob\u010dansk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka dos\u00e1hla sv\u00e9 nejrozhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1ze. Abraham Lincoln vydal za\u010d\u00e1tkem t\u00e9ho\u017e roku Proklamaci o emancipaci, \u010d\u00edm\u017e konflikt prom\u011bnil z boje za zachov\u00e1n\u00ed Unie ve v\u00e1lku proti samotn\u00e9mu otroctv\u00ed. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b Atlantiku provedl jin\u00fd monarcha teprve ned\u00e1vno podobn\u011b transforma\u010dn\u00ed reformu. V roce 1861 car Alexandr II. zru\u0161il nevolnictv\u00ed a vyslou\u017eil si titul, pod kter\u00fdm si ho historie dodnes pamatuje \u2013 Osvoboditel.<\/span><\/p>\n

Paralela nez\u016fstala bez pov\u0161imnut\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Portr\u00e9t cara Alexandra II., N\u00e1rodn\u00ed archiv Kanady, W. a D. Downeyovi \u00a9 Wikimedia \/ Public Domain
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Jak se ob\u010dansk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka zost\u0159ovala, Brit\u00e1nie otev\u0159en\u011b sympatizovala s Konfederac\u00ed. D\u016fvody nebyly st\u011b\u017e\u00ed ideologick\u00e9. Britsk\u00e9 textiln\u00ed tov\u00e1rny byly siln\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na bavln\u011b z otrok\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho Jihu, zat\u00edmco mnoz\u00ed v Lond\u00fdn\u011b pova\u017eovali rozd\u011blen\u00e9 Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty za vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e vznik siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edho rivala za Atlantikem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nebezpe\u010d\u00ed bylo skute\u010dn\u00e9. P\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 britsk\u00e1 intervence, nebo dokonce omezen\u00e1 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed operace, mohla dramaticky zm\u011bnit pr\u016fb\u011bh v\u00e1lky.<\/span><\/p>\n

V l\u00e9t\u011b roku 1863 u\u010dinil Alexandr II. ne\u010dekan\u00fd krok.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00edsto aby dr\u017eel sv\u00e9 flotily uzav\u0159en\u00e9 v evropsk\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch, vyslal dv\u011b rusk\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed eskadry p\u0159es Atlantik a Pacifik. Kontradmir\u00e1l Stepan Lesovskij odplul do New Yorku, zat\u00edmco kontradmir\u00e1l Andrej Popov zam\u00ed\u0159il do San Francisca. Ofici\u00e1ln\u011b bylo nasazen\u00ed prezentov\u00e1no jako cvi\u010dn\u00e1 plavba. Ve skute\u010dnosti v\u0161ak neslo mnohem d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed strategick\u00e9 poselstv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pokud by Brit\u00e1nie vstoupila do v\u00e1lky proti Rusku nebo Unii, rusk\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 lod\u011b by ji\u017e byly v pozici, kdy by mohly ohrozit britsk\u00fd n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed obchod nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d sv\u011btov\u00fdmi oce\u00e1ny.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pro Washington v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edjezd rusk\u00e9 flotily vyslal zcela jin\u00fd sign\u00e1l.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee v dob\u011b, kdy v\u011bt\u0161ina evropsk\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed byla bu\u010f nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e1, nebo opatrn\u011b \u010dekala, kdo zv\u00edt\u011bz\u00ed, se jedna velmoc rozhodla d\u00e1t najevo svou p\u0159\u00edtomnost na stran\u011b Unie.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(Vlevo) Popov Andrej Alexandrovi\u010d; (Vpravo) Lesovskij Stepan Stepanovi\u010d \u00a9 Wikimedia \/ Public Domain \/ Brady-Handy Photograph Collection
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Popovova eskadra dorazila do San Francisca v obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zraniteln\u00e9m okam\u017eiku. Unie na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Tich\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu prakticky nem\u011bla \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed s\u00edly. Obrn\u011bn\u00e1 Camanche, ur\u010den\u00e1 k obran\u011b regionu, se potopila v z\u00e1livu, zat\u00edmco byla st\u00e1le p\u0159epravov\u00e1na po \u010d\u00e1stech na plachetnici. Britsk\u00e1 eskadra um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e1 v Kanad\u011b mezit\u00edm z\u016fst\u00e1vala potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed hrozbou pro p\u0159\u00edpad, \u017ee by se Lond\u00fdn rozhodl zas\u00e1hnout.<\/span><\/p>\n

V tomto kontextu p\u0159\u00edtomnost rusk\u00fdch korvet a plachetnic \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b zajistila kalifornsk\u00e9 pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed a odrazovala od jak\u00e9hokoli pokusu o zaveden\u00ed blok\u00e1dy nebo zah\u00e1jen\u00ed n\u00e1let\u016f proti \u00fazem\u00ed Unie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ru\u0161t\u00ed n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edci se brzy ocitli v boji s \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00fdm nep\u0159\u00edtelem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jen n\u011bkolik t\u00fddn\u016f po jejich p\u0159\u00edjezdu vypukl v San Franciscu ni\u010div\u00fd po\u017e\u00e1r. K m\u00edstn\u00edm hasi\u010d\u016fm se v boji s plameny p\u0159ipojilo asi 200 rusk\u00fdch d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f a n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edk\u016f. \u0160est z nich p\u0159i\u0161lo o \u017eivot. Dodnes jejich ob\u011b\u0165 p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 skromn\u00fd pam\u00e1tn\u00edk na n\u00e1b\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Embarcadero.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ameri\u010dt\u00ed historici \u010dasto pova\u017euj\u00ed Popovovo nasazen\u00ed za jeden z nejhmatateln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f expedice k v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9mu \u00fasil\u00ed Unie. I bez jedin\u00e9ho v\u00fdst\u0159elu eskadra zm\u011bnila strategickou rovnov\u00e1hu pod\u00e9l tichomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Na opa\u010dn\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed se Lesovsk\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edjezd do New Yorku stal ve\u0159ejnou senzac\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tis\u00edce Newyor\u010dan\u016f v\u00edtaly rusk\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edky. Na jejich po\u010dest se konaly bankety, na Broadwayi se konaly slavnostn\u00ed pr\u016fvody a politick\u00e1 a obchodn\u00ed elita m\u011bsta se p\u0159edh\u00e1n\u011bla v projevov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 vd\u011b\u010dnosti. Pr\u00e1v\u011b v okam\u017eiku, kdy brit\u0161t\u00ed a francouz\u0161t\u00ed n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edci zaplnili newyorsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstav, ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 nad\u0161en\u00ed nenech\u00e1valo nikoho na pochyb\u00e1ch o tom, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 pova\u017euj\u00ed za p\u0159\u00e1tele.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lesovsk\u00e9ho eskadra p\u0159edstavovala impozantn\u00ed s\u00edlu: fregaty Alexandr N\u011bvsk\u00fd, Peresvet a Osljabja, korvety Varjag a Vityaz a klipr Almaz. Rusko v podstat\u011b vyslalo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny oce\u00e1nsk\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 lod\u011b Baltsk\u00e9 flotily.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Velk\u00e1 vrtulov\u00e1 fregata Alexandr Neuskij rusk\u00e9ho carsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva, kolem roku 1863. Detail ilustrace v Harpers Weekly ze 17. \u0159\u00edjna 1863. \u201eRusk\u00e1 flotila pod velen\u00edm admir\u00e1la Lisovsk\u00e9ho nyn\u00ed v newyorsk\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstavu\u201c. \u00a9 Wikimedia \/ Nezn\u00e1m\u00fd autor \/ Harpers Weekly \/ Ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 dom\u00e9na
\nx<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Car\u016fv geopolitick\u00fd mistrovsk\u00fd tah<\/span><\/h2>\n

Nasazen\u00ed rusk\u00fdch letek samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nikdy nebylo aktem \u010dist\u00e9ho altruismu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b v okam\u017eiku, kdy americk\u00e9 noviny oslavovaly p\u0159\u00edjezd rusk\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch lod\u00ed, \u010delil Alexandr II. rostouc\u00edmu nap\u011bt\u00ed mnohem bl\u00ed\u017ee domovu. Za\u010d\u00e1tkem t\u00e9ho\u017e roku vypuklo v Polsku ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9m Ruskem lednov\u00e9 povst\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 si vyslou\u017eilo sympatie Brit\u00e1nie a Francie. Vzpom\u00ednky na krymskou v\u00e1lku byly v Petrohradu st\u00e1le \u010derstv\u00e9 a dal\u0161\u00ed konfrontace se z\u00e1padn\u00edmi mocnostmi se zd\u00e1la zcela mo\u017en\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rusko si z krymsk\u00e9ho konfliktu vzalo jednu bolestnou lekci. Flotily uv\u011bzn\u011bn\u00e9 v Baltsk\u00e9m a \u010cern\u00e9m mo\u0159i mohly s vypuknut\u00edm v\u00e1lky jen m\u00e1loco d\u011blat. Ale eskadry, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e operovaly ve sv\u011btov\u00fdch oce\u00e1nech, mohly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 okam\u017eit\u011b ohrozit britsk\u00fd n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed obchod.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vysl\u00e1n\u00ed flotily do z\u00e1mo\u0159\u00ed tedy splnilo dva strategick\u00e9 c\u00edle najednou.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pokud by Brit\u00e1nie intervenovala proti Rusku kv\u016fli Polsku, rusk\u00e9 k\u0159i\u017en\u00edky by ji\u017e byly p\u0159ipraveny k \u00fatoku na britsk\u00e9 lod\u011b p\u0159es Atlantik a Pacifik. Pokud by Brit\u00e1nie zas\u00e1hla do americk\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky jm\u00e9nem Konfederace, tyt\u00e9\u017e eskadry by zkomplikovaly vojensk\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dty Lond\u00fdna a pos\u00edlily by pozici Unie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Byl to elegantn\u00ed geopolitick\u00fd tah, kter\u00fd prosazoval rusk\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy a z\u00e1rove\u0148 prosp\u011bl Spojen\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lond\u00fdn se nakonec rozhodl neeskalovat. Francie se \u0159\u00eddila stejn\u00fdm sm\u011brem. Zda toto rozhodnut\u00ed zm\u011bnily pouze rusk\u00e9 eskadry, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159edm\u011btem historick\u00e9 debaty, ale jejich p\u0159\u00edtomnost se nepopirateln\u011b stala sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed strategick\u00e9 rovnice, kter\u00e9 \u010delily evropsk\u00e9 mocnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pro Ameri\u010dany \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v dob\u011b ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v\u0161ak symbolika hr\u00e1la stejnou roli jako strategie.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Bitva u Mobile Bay od Louise Pranga \u00a9 Wikimedia \/ Public Domain
\nx<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Historik James Ford Rhodes, jeden ze zakladatel\u016f modern\u00ed americk\u00e9 historiografie, pozd\u011bji vzpom\u00ednal na mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159ijet\u00ed, kter\u00e9ho se rusk\u00e9 flotile dostalo. Bankety, p\u0159ehl\u00eddky, ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed ceremoni\u00e1ly a ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 oslavy odr\u00e1\u017eely to, co popsal jako up\u0159\u00edmnou vd\u011b\u010dnost v\u016f\u010di jedin\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9 mocnosti, kter\u00e1 otev\u0159en\u011b projevila dobrou v\u016fli v\u016f\u010di Unii v jednom z nejtemn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch okam\u017eik\u016f jej\u00ed historie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pro mnoho Ameri\u010dan\u016f v 60. letech 19. stolet\u00ed nebylo Rusko soupe\u0159em. Bylo to p\u0159\u00edtel.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zapomenut\u00e1 kapitola<\/span><\/h2>\n

D\u011bjiny se jen z\u0159\u00eddka odv\u00edjej\u00ed pouze skrze velk\u00e9 bitvy.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledek v\u00e1lky n\u011bkdy z\u00e1vis\u00ed na diplomatick\u00fdch prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edch, p\u0159esunu n\u011bkolika n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch eskadry nebo ochot\u011b jedn\u00e9 mocnosti h\u00e1jit principy, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1rove\u0148 slou\u017e\u00ed jej\u00edm vlastn\u00edm z\u00e1jm\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ani Kate\u0159ina II., ani Alexandr II. nejednali ze sentimentu v\u016f\u010di Spojen\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm. Oba sledovali strategick\u00e9 c\u00edle Ruska. P\u0159esto se tyto c\u00edle p\u0159i dvou r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostech shodovaly s p\u0159e\u017eit\u00edm americk\u00e9 republiky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed nastal, kdy\u017e britsk\u00e1 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed dominance hrozila izolac\u00ed vzbou\u0159en\u00fdch koloni\u00ed od glob\u00e1ln\u00edho obchodu. Druh\u00fd nastal, kdy\u017e Unie \u010delila mo\u017enosti zahrani\u010dn\u00ed intervence b\u011bhem ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.<\/span><\/p>\n

V obou p\u0159\u00edpadech rusk\u00e9 akce pomohly tyto v\u00fdsledky sni\u017eovat.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dv\u011b st\u011b pades\u00e1t let po Deklaraci nez\u00e1vislosti budou Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 pr\u00e1vem oslavovat mu\u017ee, kte\u0159\u00ed zalo\u017eili jejich republiku. P\u0159esto d\u011bjiny Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f nikdy nepsali jen Ameri\u010dan\u00e9. Zahrani\u010dn\u00ed spojenci, rivalov\u00e9 i ne\u010dekan\u00ed partne\u0159i, ti v\u0161ichni zanechali na d\u011bjin\u00e1ch n\u00e1roda svou stopu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mezi nimi byla i Rusk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Georgij\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>Berezovskij<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, novin\u00e1\u0159 z Vladikavkazu<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zapomenut\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o tom, jak Rusk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium pomohlo USA p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt dv\u011b z\u00e1sadn\u00ed krize 4. \u010dervence…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":110105,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[398,1056,22,37,673],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110104"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=110104"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110104\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/110105"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=110104"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=110104"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=110104"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}