{"id":110025,"date":"2026-07-04T00:24:28","date_gmt":"2026-07-03T22:24:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=110025"},"modified":"2026-07-03T09:03:16","modified_gmt":"2026-07-03T07:03:16","slug":"americke-zakladny-v-italii-co-stanovi-tajne-dohody-vsechno-co-vime","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/07\/04\/americke-zakladny-v-italii-co-stanovi-tajne-dohody-vsechno-co-vime\/","title":{"rendered":"Americk\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny v It\u00e1lii: co stanov\u00ed tajn\u00e9 dohody? V\u0161echno, co v\u00edme"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

Gener\u00e1l Tricarico vysv\u011btluje tajn\u00e9 dohody t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se americk\u00fdch z\u00e1kladen v It\u00e1lii, historick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady jejich poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed a pro\u010d je nutn\u00e1 nal\u00e9hav\u00e1 \u201erevize\u201c<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi \u0158\u00edmem a Washingtonem ohledn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed italsk\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch z\u00e1kladen \u2013 kter\u00e9 propuklo v b\u0159eznu 2006 v souvislosti s af\u00e9rou Sigonella, kdy italsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da odm\u00edtla povolit americk\u00fdm bombard\u00e9r\u016fm p\u0159ist\u00e1t na cest\u011b na Bl\u00edzk\u00fd v\u00fdchod \u2013 vr\u00e1tilo do pop\u0159ed\u00ed t\u00e9ma, kter\u00e9mu se velk\u00e9 noviny jen z\u0159\u00eddka podrobn\u011bji v\u011bnuj\u00ed: kdo rozhoduje o tom, co m\u016f\u017ee americk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da d\u011blat na italsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, na z\u00e1klad\u011b jak\u00fdch dohod a s jakou m\u00edrou transparentnosti? Odpov\u011bdi, jak ukazuj\u00ed prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed gener\u00e1la Leonarda Tricarica, b\u00fdval\u00e9ho n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edka \u0161t\u00e1bu italsk\u00e9ho letectva v letech 2004 a\u017e 2006, jsou slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 a znepokojiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 ne\u017e nazna\u010duj\u00ed ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dohody: co je v nich naps\u00e1no (a co z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 tajemstv\u00edm)<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Regula\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mec upravuj\u00edc\u00ed americkou vojenskou p\u0159\u00edtomnost v It\u00e1lii spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 na n\u011bkolika \u00farovn\u00edch. Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm referen\u010dn\u00edm bodem je\u00a0Dohoda o statusu sil\u00a0<\/em><\/span>NATO<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0( SOFA\u00a0), podepsan\u00e1 v roce 1951 a ratifikovan\u00e1 It\u00e1li\u00ed v roce 1955: jedn\u00e1 se o r\u00e1mcovou dohodu Aliance, kter\u00e1 stanov\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed pravidla platn\u00e1 pro vojensk\u00fd person\u00e1l \u010dlensk\u00e9 zem\u011b NATO na \u00fazem\u00ed spojence. Z n\u00ed vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed specifick\u00e9 p\u0159edpisy, kter\u00e9 se aktualizuj\u00ed pro ka\u017edou z\u00e1kladnu.<\/span><\/p>\n

SOFA (Dohoda o speci\u00e1ln\u00edch operac\u00edch) v\u0161ak nesta\u010d\u00ed k pochopen\u00ed toho, co m\u016f\u017ee americk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da v It\u00e1lii autonomn\u011b d\u011blat. Proto byly v roce 1954 podeps\u00e1ny dv\u011b bilater\u00e1ln\u00ed dohody:\u00a0<\/span>Dohoda o leteck\u00fdch technologi\u00edch<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>Bilater\u00e1ln\u00ed dohoda o infrastruktu\u0159e<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e druh\u00e1 byla aktualizov\u00e1na v roce 1995. V tom spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd bod:\u00a0<\/span>tyto dv\u011b dohody jsou klasifikov\u00e1ny jako st\u00e1tn\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0. Jejich p\u0159esn\u00fd obsah obvykle nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fd ve\u0159ejnosti ani poslanc\u016fm. Z\u00e1kon z roku 1984 na\u0159izuje zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ech mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch dohod, ale tyto dokumenty jsou v\u00fdslovn\u011b vylou\u010deny ze st\u00e1tn\u00edho tajemstv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nep\u0159\u00edmo a d\u00edky prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edm expert\u016f a vojensk\u00e9ho person\u00e1lu v\u00edme, \u017ee tyto dohody stanovuj\u00ed limity opera\u010dn\u00edch, logistick\u00fdch a v\u00fdcvikov\u00fdch aktivit americk\u00fdch sil a zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010det voj\u00e1k\u016f na z\u00e1kladn\u00e1ch \u2013 v sou\u010dasnosti se odhaduje na zhruba\u00a0<\/span>13 000 jednotek<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0na \u00fazem\u00ed st\u00e1tu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip: uvnit\u0159 i vn\u011b NATO<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Gener\u00e1l Tricarico jasn\u011b vysv\u011btlil princip, kter\u00fdm by se m\u011bla \u0159\u00eddit ve\u0161ker\u00e1 americk\u00e1 aktivita na italsk\u00fdch z\u00e1kladn\u00e1ch:\u00a0<\/span>\u201eV\u0161e, co spad\u00e1 do kompetence NATO, nevy\u017eaduje zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed povolen\u00ed. Ale cokoli mimo tento r\u00e1mec ano<\/span><\/em>\u00a0.\u201c Jin\u00fdmi slovy, operace v r\u00e1mci Atlantick\u00e9 aliance mohou prob\u00edhat bez souhlasu italsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy; v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed aktivity v\u0161ak vy\u017eaduj\u00ed v\u00fdslovn\u00e9 povolen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je ud\u011blov\u00e1no prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm linie velen\u00ed v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 moci a v nejcitliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech parlamentu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Praktick\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed t\u00e9to z\u00e1sady v\u0161ak zdaleka nen\u00ed automatick\u00e9. Italsk\u00e9 a NATO z\u00e1kladny \u010dasto fyzicky koexistuj\u00ed na stejn\u00fdch m\u00edstech \u2013 jako je tomu v Avianu v provincii Pordenone a v Sigonelle na Sic\u00edlii \u2013 s odd\u011blen\u00fdmi liniemi velen\u00ed, ale sd\u00edlenou infrastrukturou. Toto p\u0159ekr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed zt\u011b\u017euje v ka\u017edodenn\u00ed praxi definitivn\u00ed rozli\u0161en\u00ed mezi americk\u00fdmi a NATO aktivitami.<\/span><\/p>\n

Americk\u00e1 \u201ele\u017e\u00e9rnost\u201c: historick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 dohoda nen\u00ed tak cenn\u00e1 jako jej\u00ed efektivn\u00ed implementace. A v tomto bod\u011b je gener\u00e1l Tricarico jednozna\u010dn\u00fd: Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty projevuj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m zp\u016fsobu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>\u201ejakousi drzost, non\u0161alanci\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0, kter\u00e1 vy\u017eaduje\u00a0<\/span>\u201ep\u0159esn\u00e9 a pe\u010dliv\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed poka\u017ed\u00e9, kdy\u017e dojde k neobvykl\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u201c .<\/span><\/p>\n

Zdokumentovan\u00e9 historick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady jsou symbolick\u00e9:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 1985, Sigonella<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: Americk\u00e9 jednotky Delta Force v noci bez varov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ist\u00e1ly na sicilsk\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u011b, aby zajaly \u00fanosce lodi Achille Lauro. Premi\u00e9r Craxi byl n\u00e1sledn\u011b nucen zas\u00e1hnout a prosadit italskou suverenitu, co\u017e vyvolalo otev\u0159enou diplomatickou krizi s Washingtonem.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 1998, lanovka Cermis<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: \u010cty\u0159i mari\u0148\u00e1ci vzl\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed z leteck\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny Aviano poskytli italsk\u00e9mu letectvu letov\u00fd pl\u00e1n NATO, kter\u00fd neodpov\u00eddal tomu, kter\u00fd byl skute\u010dn\u011b dodr\u017eov\u00e1n. Letadlo p\u0159eru\u0161ilo lanovky a zabilo\u00a0<\/span>20 lid\u00ed<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0. Podle Tricarica toto letadlo \u201evzl\u00e9tlo v rozporu se \u0161esti pravidly sou\u010dasn\u011b, z nich\u017e jedno se t\u00fdkalo italsk\u00e9 suverenity nad Avianem\u00a0<\/span>\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 2003, Abu Omar<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: Hassan Mustafa Us\u00e1ma Nasr, egyptsk\u00fd ob\u010dan \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v It\u00e1lii, byl unesen CIA v Mil\u00e1n\u011b a p\u0159evezen do Aviana, odkud byl posl\u00e1n zp\u011bt do Egypta, kde byl mu\u010den. Tricarico nazna\u010duje, \u017ee Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 v t\u00e9 dob\u011b\u00a0<\/span>z\u00edskali<\/span><\/em>\u00a0povolen\u00ed od italsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy,\u00a0<\/span>\u201emo\u017en\u00e1 za spolu\u00fa\u010dasti prvk\u016f italsk\u00fdch a americk\u00fdch zpravodajsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u201c. Tento p\u0159\u00edpad vedl v It\u00e1lii k pravomocn\u00e9mu odsouzen\u00ed agent\u016f CIA.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 2003, Ir\u00e1k<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: Berlusconiho vl\u00e1da povolila odlet americk\u00e9 v\u00fdsadkov\u00e9 brig\u00e1dy z Aviana za \u00fa\u010delem \u00fa\u010dasti ve v\u00e1lce v Ir\u00e1ku, a to d\u00edky leteck\u00e9 p\u0159eprav\u011b zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 transportn\u00edmi letouny C-17. V tomto konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b byl postup form\u00e1ln\u011b respektov\u00e1n, ale s podm\u00ednkami, jejich\u017e c\u00edlem bylo obej\u00edt \u00fastavn\u00ed omezen\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nku 11.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edpad Sigonella z roku 2026 a Rutteho prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Debata se znovu objevila v roce 2026. Koncem b\u0159ezna italsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da \u2013 zastoupen\u00e1 ministrem obrany Guidem Crosettem a n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edkem gener\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0161t\u00e1bu Lucianem Portolanem \u2013 odep\u0159ela americk\u00fdm bombard\u00e9r\u016fm m\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00edm na Bl\u00edzk\u00fd v\u00fdchod v r\u00e1mci americko-izraelsk\u00e9 ofenzivy proti \u00cdr\u00e1nu p\u0159ist\u00e1vac\u00ed pr\u00e1va na leti\u0161ti Sigonella. Podle rekonstrukc\u00ed byl letov\u00fd pl\u00e1n p\u0159edlo\u017een v dob\u011b, kdy operace ji\u017e prob\u00edhala, bez p\u0159edchoz\u00edho schv\u00e1len\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho dohodami.<\/span><\/p>\n

Af\u00e9ra nabrala dal\u0161\u00ed politick\u00fd rozm\u011br, kdy\u017e gener\u00e1ln\u00ed tajemn\u00edk NATO Mark Rutte v rozhovoru pro Fox News zm\u00ednil\u00a0<\/span>\u201e500 letadel vzl\u00e9tl\u00fdch z italsk\u00fdch z\u00e1kladen\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0kv\u016fli v\u00e1lce na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b. Podle novin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v premi\u00e9r Meloni interpretoval toto prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed jako \u201epast\u201c, potenci\u00e1ln\u011b zorganizovanou s c\u00edlem vyvinout tlak na It\u00e1lii. Ministerstvo obrany up\u0159esnilo: It\u00e1lie schv\u00e1lila p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b\u00a0<\/span>200<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0let\u016f , v\u0161echny byly klasifikov\u00e1ny jako \u201enekinetick\u00e9\u201c, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee byly technick\u00e9 a logistick\u00e9 povahy, a nikoli \u00fato\u010dn\u00e9. NATO toto \u010d\u00edslo n\u00e1sledn\u011b opravilo.<\/span><\/p>\n

Co Tricarico mysl\u00ed pod pojmem \u201ehloubkov\u00e1 revize\u201c?<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 tomuto sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i gener\u00e1l Tricarico navrhuje struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed revizi st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch dohod.\u00a0<\/span>\u201eJe na\u010dase prov\u00e9st skute\u010dnou a hloubkovou revizi cel\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu spojen\u00e9ho s t\u011bmito dohodami na z\u00e1kladech<\/span><\/em>\u00a0,\u201c prohl\u00e1sil. N\u00e1vrh je strukturov\u00e1n kolem dvou hlavn\u00edch bod\u016f:<\/span><\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed je\u00a0<\/span>opera\u010dn\u00ed<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: systematick\u00e1 kontrola v\u0161ech letov\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b generick\u00fdch povolen\u00ed.\u00a0Tricarico p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0<\/span>\u201enep\u0159\u00edjemnou\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>\u201eobsedantn\u00ed\u201c praxi, kterou\u00a0<\/span><\/em>by \u201eAmeri\u010dan\u00e9 jen t\u011b\u017eko tolerovali\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0, ale kter\u00e1 by v tomto historick\u00e9m obdob\u00ed byla nezbytn\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Druhou je\u00a0<\/span>diplomatick\u00e1 a regula\u010dn\u00ed<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: r\u00e1mcov\u00e9 dohody poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z po\u010d\u00e1tku 50. let 20. stolet\u00ed a technick\u00e9 a opera\u010dn\u00ed dohody z 90. let. Od t\u00e9 doby se sv\u011bt radik\u00e1ln\u011b zm\u011bnil. Postupn\u00e9 stahov\u00e1n\u00ed Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f z Evropy, v\u00e1lka na Ukrajin\u011b, konflikt na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b a st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed projekt spole\u010dn\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9 obrany \u010din\u00ed tuto aktualizaci nal\u00e9havou. Tricarico tak\u00e9 navrhuje konzultace mezi evropsk\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi, kter\u00e9 host\u00ed americk\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny \u2013 jako p\u0159\u00edklad podobn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u00ed japonsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad Okinawy \u2013 s c\u00edlem vypracovat spole\u010dn\u00fd postoj d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e Washington jednostrann\u011b u\u010din\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Probl\u00e9m transparentnosti<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zka z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nezodpov\u011bzena, a to ot\u00e1zka, na kterou se \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo nezab\u00fdv\u00e1:\u00a0<\/span>utajen\u00ed obklopuj\u00edc\u00ed bilater\u00e1ln\u00ed dohody z roku 1954.<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0V demokratick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu p\u0159edstavuje skute\u010dnost, \u017ee smlouvy upravuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnost 13 000 zahrani\u010dn\u00edch voj\u00e1k\u016f na \u00fazem\u00ed st\u00e1tu \u2013 stejn\u011b jako podm\u00ednky, za kter\u00fdch mohou prov\u00e1d\u011bt vojensk\u00e9 operace, a to i ve v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00f3n\u00e1ch \u2013 jsou chr\u00e1n\u011bny p\u0159ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm parlamentn\u00edm dohledem a p\u0159\u00edstupem ve\u0159ejnosti, struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9m. Jak gener\u00e1l Tricarico ji\u017e v lednu 2026 zd\u016fraznil na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch den\u00edku\u00a0<\/span>Il Riformista<\/span><\/em>\u00a0, italsk\u00fd velitel ka\u017ed\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny by m\u011bl m\u00edt\u00a0<\/span>\u201e\u00fapln\u00fd p\u0159ehled o americk\u00fdch aktivit\u00e1ch a jejich c\u00edlech\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/span>\u201epochybnosti o realit\u011b t\u00e9to situace jsou v\u0161ak v\u00edce ne\u017e opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9<\/span><\/em>\u00a0. \u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

Probl\u00e9m se net\u00fdk\u00e1 jen vztah\u016f s Washingtonem. T\u00fdk\u00e1 se to schopnosti It\u00e1lie efektivn\u011b uplat\u0148ovat svou suverenitu nad vlastn\u00edm \u00fazem\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zdroj:\u00a0<\/span>Byoblu<\/span><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gener\u00e1l Tricarico vysv\u011btluje tajn\u00e9 dohody t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se americk\u00fdch z\u00e1kladen v It\u00e1lii, historick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady jejich poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":110026,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[191,1503,37,1210],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110025"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=110025"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110025\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/110026"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=110025"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=110025"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=110025"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}