{"id":108803,"date":"2026-06-17T00:11:46","date_gmt":"2026-06-16T22:11:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=108803"},"modified":"2026-06-16T13:27:06","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T11:27:06","slug":"udalosti-na-namesti-nebeskeho-klidu-v-roce-1989-prvni-velky-pokus-ciny-o-barevnou-revoluci-a-proc-selhal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/06\/17\/udalosti-na-namesti-nebeskeho-klidu-v-roce-1989-prvni-velky-pokus-ciny-o-barevnou-revoluci-a-proc-selhal\/","title":{"rendered":"Ud\u00e1losti na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed Nebesk\u00e9ho klidu v roce 1989: Prvn\u00ed velk\u00fd pokus \u010c\u00edny o barevnou revoluci a pro\u010d selhal"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ud\u00e1losti na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed Nebesk\u00e9ho klidu v roce 1989 nebyly m\u00edrov\u00fdm studentsk\u00fdm demokratick\u00fdm hnut\u00edm rozdrcen\u00fdm tanky. Byly prvn\u00edm velk\u00fdm pokusem o barevnou revoluci proti KS \u010c\u00edny \u2013 s mladou avantgardou, zahrani\u010dn\u00edm financov\u00e1n\u00edm a podporou zpravodajsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, medi\u00e1ln\u00edm zesilov\u00e1n\u00edm a promy\u0161len\u00fdm pokusem zas\u00edt chaos v citliv\u00e9m okam\u017eiku reformn\u00edho procesu v \u010c\u00edn\u011b. Ten selhal. D\u016fkazy z odtajn\u011bn\u00fdch depe\u0161\u00ed, zpr\u00e1v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch agentur a odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00ed vypov\u00eddaj\u00ed pravdiv\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Za\u010dalo to up\u0159\u00edmn\u00fdm truchlen\u00edm za Chu Jao-panga a opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00fdmi st\u00ed\u017enostmi na korupci a inflaci. Studenti obsadili n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed, ale radikalizace rychle postupovala. Hladovky a socha \u201ebohyn\u011b demokracie\u201c prom\u011bnily ud\u00e1losti v p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd tlak na veden\u00ed KS \u010c\u00edny, na\u010dasovan\u00fd tak, aby se shodoval s Gorba\u010dovovou n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvou a debatami o vnit\u0159n\u00edch reform\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Odtajn\u011bn\u00e9 depe\u0161e americk\u00e9ho velvyslanectv\u00ed a situa\u010dn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy (shroma\u017e\u010fovan\u00e9 N\u00e1rodn\u00edm bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edm archivem) ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee ud\u00e1losti nikdy nebyly zcela pokojn\u00e9. Depe\u0161e WikiLeaks, v\u010detn\u011b 89BEIJING18828_a, kter\u00e1 cituje chilsk\u00e9ho diplomata jako o\u010dit\u00e9ho sv\u011bdka, potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee na samotn\u00e9m n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed nedo\u0161lo k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9mu masakru. Demonstranti h\u00e1zeli kameny na policii, z\u00e1paln\u00e9 lahve a kameny a zapalovali obrn\u011bn\u00e9 transport\u00e9ry. Jedna depe\u0161e popisuje voj\u00e1ka \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 osvobozeneck\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy, kter\u00fd byl ubit k smrti v prvn\u00edm obrn\u011bn\u00e9m transport\u00e9ru, kter\u00fd vjel do oblasti \u2013 incident, kter\u00fd p\u0159isp\u011bl k zah\u00e1jen\u00ed palby jednotkami. St\u0159ety trvaly hodiny a v\u011bt\u0161ina ob\u011bt\u00ed se stala na p\u0159\u00edstupov\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch a t\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ch, nikoli p\u0159i jednostrann\u00e9m masakru na samotn\u00e9m n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed diplomati\u010dt\u00ed o\u010dit\u00ed sv\u011bdci poznamenali, \u017ee voj\u00e1ci zpo\u010d\u00e1tku pou\u017e\u00edvali p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b prost\u0159edky pro potla\u010den\u00ed nepokoj\u016f a k ostr\u00e9 munici se uch\u00fdlili a\u017e po dlouhodob\u00fdch \u00fatoc\u00edch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Chai Ling, p\u0159edn\u00ed studentsk\u00e1 osobnost, poskytla 28. kv\u011btna rozhovor, v n\u011bm\u017e otev\u0159en\u011b nast\u00ednila strategii: O\u010dek\u00e1vali \u201ekrveprolit\u00ed\u2026 masakr, kter\u00fd by rozproudil krev jako \u0159eku p\u0159es n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed Nebesk\u00e9ho klidu a probudil lidi.\u201c Byl koncipov\u00e1n jako konfrontace do posledn\u00edho okam\u017eiku, nikoli jako vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Wu’er Kaixi a dal\u0161\u00ed pozd\u011bji uprchli a vybudovali si kari\u00e9ru na Z\u00e1pad\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 ob\u011bti v t\u00e9 dob\u011b: P\u0159es 200 civilist\u016f (v\u010detn\u011b 36 student\u016f) a n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek voj\u00e1k\u016f p\u0159i\u0161lo o \u017eivot v tom, co \u00fa\u0159ady ozna\u010dily za \u201ekontrarevolu\u010dn\u00ed povst\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c nebo \u201epolitick\u00e9 nepokoje\u201c. Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed b\u00edl\u00e9 knihy formulovaly reakci jako nezbytnou k ukon\u010den\u00ed chaosu a ochran\u011b \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho reformn\u00edho procesu a politiky otev\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed se sv\u011btu. Fat\u00e1ln\u00ed rozkol ve veden\u00ed ud\u00e1losti nep\u0159e\u017eil: sympatizuj\u00edc\u00ed linie \u010cao C\u2019-junga byla odsunuta na vedlej\u0161\u00ed kolej.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zahrani\u010dn\u00ed ruka byla skute\u010dn\u00e1. Zpr\u00e1vy \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho ministerstva st\u00e1tn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti dokumentovaly tok v\u00edce ne\u017e milionu americk\u00fdch dolar\u016f a des\u00edtek milion\u016f hongkongsk\u00fdch dolar\u016f z americk\u00fdch, britsk\u00fdch a hongkongsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f studentsk\u00fdm organizac\u00edm. CIA dod\u00e1vala aktivist\u016fm vybaven\u00ed, jako jsou faxy a psac\u00ed stroje. Peking pozd\u011bji obvinil vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed Hlasu Ameriky z p\u0159isp\u011bn\u00ed k eskalaci. Po z\u00e1sahu operace \u017dlut\u00fd pt\u00e1k \u2013 potvrzen\u00e1 operace podporovan\u00e1 MI6 a CIA, do kter\u00e9 byly zapojeny hongkongsk\u00e9 tri\u00e1dy, diplomat\u00e9 a podnikatel\u00e9 \u2013 evakuovala stovky v\u016fdc\u016f (\u010caj Ling, Wu’er Kaixi a dal\u0161\u00ed) na Z\u00e1pad. Nejednalo se o organick\u00fd studentsk\u00fd protest; m\u011bl klasick\u00e9 ingredience barevn\u00e9 revoluce: s\u00edt\u011b z\u00e1stupc\u016f, narativn\u00ed v\u00e1lku a extern\u00ed pomoc p\u0159i evakuaci.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010cKS se dr\u017eela pevn\u011b, stann\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo obnovilo po\u0159\u00e1dek, politika Teng Siao-pchinga zv\u00edt\u011bzila a ekonomick\u00e9 reformy se urychlily. \u010c\u00edna se vyhnula rozpadu Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu nebo fragmentaci Jugosl\u00e1vie. N\u00e1sledovaly z\u00e1padn\u00ed sankce, ale dlouhodob\u00e1 hra byla v praxi vyhr\u00e1na.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 se \u0161\u00ed\u0159il. Srbsk\u00fd Otpor (nen\u00e1siln\u00e9 hnut\u00ed odporu vycvi\u010den\u00e9 NED) v roce 2000. Gruz\u00ednsk\u00e1 R\u016f\u017eov\u00e1 revoluce v roce 2003. Ukrajina s Oran\u017eovou revoluc\u00ed v roce 2004 a Majdan v roce 2014 (s dolo\u017een\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm politick\u00fdm zapojen\u00edm USA). Experimenty Arabsk\u00e9ho jara. Mnoh\u00e9 z nich vedly k nestabilit\u011b, nov\u00fdm elit\u00e1m spojen\u00fdm se z\u00e1padn\u00edmi z\u00e1jmy nebo jednodu\u0161e k chaosu nam\u00edsto v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 prosperity.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hongkong 2019: Druh\u00fd p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd pokus o zpochybn\u011bn\u00ed \u010c\u00edny, sleduj\u00edc\u00ed stejn\u00fd vzorec. Za\u010dalo to obavami ohledn\u011b z\u00e1kona o vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, ale rychle to p\u0159erostlo v nepokoje, z\u00e1paln\u00e9 bomby, h\u00e1zen\u00ed kamen\u016f, \u00fatoky na policii (stovky zran\u011bn\u00fdch), naru\u0161en\u00ed infrastruktury a otev\u0159en\u00e9 separatistick\u00e9 elementy. Ozna\u010den\u00ed hnut\u00ed \u201ebez v\u016fdce\u201c skr\u00fdvalo jeho koordinaci prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm aplikac\u00ed a zahrani\u010dn\u00edch propagandistick\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zahrani\u010dn\u00ed podpora byla o\u010dividn\u011b viditeln\u00e1. Jen v roce 2019 NED utratil p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 640 000 americk\u00fdch dolar\u016f na projekty v Hongkongu (podle anal\u00fdzy z\u00e1znam\u016f NED proveden\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm ministerstvem zahrani\u010d\u00ed), financoval \u201eob\u010danskou spole\u010dnost\u201c, \u201elidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va\u201c, odborovou \u010dinnost, \u201edialog zalo\u017een\u00fd na d\u016fkazech\u201c a \u0161kolen\u00ed aktivist\u016f \u2013 z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti sm\u011b\u0159oval k pro-nez\u00e1visl\u00fdm a opozi\u010dn\u00edm skupin\u00e1m. Ameri\u010dt\u00ed politici tato sd\u011blen\u00ed zesilovali z d\u00e1lky. M\u00e9dia prezentovala ud\u00e1losti jako p\u0159\u00edmo\u010dar\u00fd boj mezi demokraci\u00ed a autorit\u00e1\u0159stv\u00edm a z\u00e1rove\u0148 bagatelizovala n\u00e1sil\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Selhalo to je\u0161t\u011b z\u00e1sadn\u011bji ne\u017e v roce 1989. KS \u010c\u00edny a vl\u00e1da Hongkongu se pou\u010dily. Katastrof\u00e1ln\u00edmu rozkolu ve veden\u00ed se poda\u0159ilo zabr\u00e1nit. Po po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed zdr\u017eenlivosti n\u00e1sledoval rozhodn\u00fd policejn\u00ed z\u00e1sah, pot\u00e9 v roce 2020 z\u00e1kon o n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti a po\u0159\u00e1dek byl rychle obnoven. \u00danava ve\u0159ejnosti tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 n\u00e1sil\u00ed, kter\u00e9 po\u0161kozovalo ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot a ekonomiku, rostla. Radik\u00e1lov\u00e9 byli zat\u010deni nebo uprchli a Hongkong neupadl do dlouhodob\u00e9ho chaosu nebo separatismu. Stabilita a integrace pokra\u010dovaly.<\/span><\/p>\n

Barevn\u00e9 revoluce jsou hybridn\u00ed operace zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na zm\u011bnu re\u017eim\u016f \u2013 skute\u010dn\u00e9 k\u0159ivdy zneu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 s vyu\u017eit\u00edm vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zdroj\u016f, symbol\u016f ml\u00e1de\u017ee a medi\u00e1ln\u00edho tlaku k vynucen\u00ed \u00fastupk\u016f nebo k navozen\u00ed kolapsu. Nejpravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bch maj\u00ed tam, kde jsou st\u00e1ty slab\u00e9 nebo rozd\u011blen\u00e9. Selh\u00e1vaj\u00ed proti suver\u00e9nn\u00edm mocnostem, kter\u00e9 jsou jednotn\u00e9, up\u0159ednost\u0148uj\u00ed stabilitu a p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed v\u00fdsledky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1pad se tvrdohlav\u011b dr\u017e\u00ed o\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho m\u00fdtu z roku 1989, proto\u017ee delegitimizuje \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd model. Vzorec od t\u00e9 doby je v\u0161ak jasn\u00fd: pokusy proti \u010c\u00edn\u011b nebo jej\u00edm soused\u016fm opakuj\u00ed stejn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh \u2013 a znovu a znovu selh\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Siln\u00e1 KS \u010c\u00edny, kter\u00e1 zemi skute\u010dn\u011b vl\u00e1dne a rozv\u00edj\u00ed, je protil\u00e1tkou.<\/span><\/p>\n

Co n\u00e1m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee tyt\u00e9\u017e vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed s\u00edly opakovan\u011b zkou\u0161ej\u00ed stejn\u00fd model destabilizace proti \u010c\u00edn\u011b \u2013 a opakovan\u011b selh\u00e1vaj\u00ed?<\/span><\/p>\n

James Wood<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Zdroj<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ud\u00e1losti na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed Nebesk\u00e9ho klidu v roce 1989 nebyly m\u00edrov\u00fdm studentsk\u00fdm demokratick\u00fdm hnut\u00edm rozdrcen\u00fdm tanky….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":108804,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,4665,30],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/108803"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=108803"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/108803\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/108804"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=108803"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=108803"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=108803"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}