{"id":107909,"date":"2026-06-01T06:30:58","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T04:30:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=107909"},"modified":"2026-06-01T06:30:58","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T04:30:58","slug":"bitva-o-berlin-posledni-boj-pred-koncem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/06\/01\/bitva-o-berlin-posledni-boj-pred-koncem\/","title":{"rendered":"Bitva o Berl\u00edn, posledn\u00ed boj p\u0159ed koncem"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Bitva o Berl\u00edn byla posledn\u00ed velkou operac\u00ed druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v Evrop\u011b. Spolu s bitvou u Stalingradu p\u0159edstavuje jednu z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch bitev v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch lidstva.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bitva o Berl\u00edn za\u010dala 16. dubna 1945 na vzd\u00e1len\u00e9m okraji hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta \u0158\u00ed\u0161e, kam sov\u011btsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da vstoupila 25. dubna. Na obou stran\u00e1ch frontov\u00e9 linie se nach\u00e1zelo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 3,5 milionu voj\u00e1k\u016f, v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 000 d\u011bl a 10 000 tank\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pro\u010d nebyli Spojenci v Berl\u00edn\u011b?<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00datok na m\u011bsto zah\u00e1jily sov\u011btsk\u00e9 jednotky. Spojeneck\u00e9 s\u00edly se v\u0161ak zastavily asi 100 kilometr\u016f od n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta. P\u0159esto je\u0161t\u011b v roce 1943 americk\u00fd prezident Franklin Roosevelt prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee\u00a0<\/span>\u201eBerl\u00edn se mus\u00ed vr\u00e1tit Spojen\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u201c. Britsk\u00fd premi\u00e9r Winston Churchill se tak\u00e9 domn\u00edval, \u017ee by se hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto \u0158\u00ed\u0161e nem\u011blo dostat do\u00a0<\/span>sov\u011btsk\u00fdch rukou<\/span><\/a>\u00a0. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b na ja\u0159e 1945 Spojenci nepodnikli \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 kroky k dobyt\u00ed m\u011bsta.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tato volba byla opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1. Historik Andrej Sojustov, kter\u00e9ho zpov\u00eddal den\u00edk\u00a0<\/span>RBTH<\/span><\/em>\u00a0, pro ni vid\u00ed nejm\u00e9n\u011b dva d\u016fvody. Zaprv\u00e9, p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dohody uzav\u0159en\u00e9 na Jalt\u011b um\u00edstily Berl\u00edn do opera\u010dn\u00ed z\u00f3ny sov\u011btsk\u00e9\u00a0<\/span>arm\u00e1dy<\/span><\/a>\u00a0. Demarka\u010dn\u00ed linie mezi SSSR a Spojenci byla vedena pod\u00e9l \u0159eky Labe.\u00a0<\/span>\u201eVyhlazen\u00ed Berl\u00edna z d\u016fvod\u016f ega mohlo p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm v\u00e9st k tomu, \u017ee [\u2026] by se SSSR odm\u00edtl \u00fa\u010dastnit boj\u016f na japonsk\u00e9 front\u011b,\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0uv\u00e1d\u00ed historik. Druh\u00fdm d\u016fvodem je neochota Spojenc\u016f zah\u00e1jit \u00fatok na tak rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 m\u011bstsk\u00e9 centrum, co\u017e riskovalo obrovsk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty ke konci v\u00e1lky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nav\u00edc, jak poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 Sojustov, od vylod\u011bn\u00ed v Normandii a\u017e do dubna 1945 se Spojenc\u016fm\u00a0<\/span>\u201eobecn\u011b da\u0159ilo vyh\u00fdbat se \u00fatok\u016fm na velk\u00e1 m\u011bsta\u201c.<\/span><\/em>\u00a0Na sov\u011btsk\u00e9 stran\u011b byly ztr\u00e1ty b\u011bhem dobyt\u00ed Berl\u00edna skute\u010dn\u011b velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9: 80 000, v\u010detn\u011b nejm\u00e9n\u011b 20 000 mrtv\u00fdch, a srovnateln\u00e9 \u00fadaje na n\u011bmeck\u00e9 stran\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Vojska postupovala na Berl\u00edn ze t\u0159\u00ed front. Voj\u00e1ci 1. b\u011blorusk\u00e9ho frontu pod velen\u00edm Georgije \u017dukova m\u011bli nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00fakol: dob\u00fdt dob\u0159e br\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 Seelowsk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161iny. Bitva za\u010dala v noci 16. dubna a odehr\u00e1vala se za sv\u011btla siln\u00fdch reflektor\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly rozsv\u00edceny ihned po p\u0159\u00edjezdu vojsk. Navzdory tomu se bitva na Seelowsk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161in\u00e1ch vlekla n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00e1zka na tanky<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Berl\u00ednem proch\u00e1zely dv\u011b obrann\u00e9<\/span><\/a>\u00a0linie\u00a0. Mnoho silnost\u011bnn\u00fdch budov bylo p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bno na nedobytn\u00e9 pevnosti. Faustpatrony, mal\u00e9 gran\u00e1tomety, p\u0159edstavovaly zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pro sov\u011btsk\u00e1 vojska postupuj\u00edc\u00ed na m\u011bsto, kter\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edvala p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b obrn\u011bn\u00e1 vozidla. B\u011bhem m\u011bstsk\u00fdch boj\u016f bylo zni\u010deno mnoho tank\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Po v\u00e1lce byli velitel\u00e9 operac\u00ed \u010dasto kritizov\u00e1ni za svou z\u00e1vislost na obrn\u011bn\u00e9 technice. Jak v\u0161ak zd\u016fraz\u0148uje Sojustov, pou\u017eit\u00ed tank\u016f bylo za takov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek opodstatn\u011bn\u00e9.\u00a0<\/span>\u201eD\u00edky masivn\u00edmu pou\u017eit\u00ed obrn\u011bn\u00e9 techniky dok\u00e1zaly jednotky vytvo\u0159it extr\u00e9mn\u011b mobiln\u00ed blok na podporu \u00fato\u010dn\u00fdch skupin, co\u017e pomohlo jednotk\u00e1m prorazit barik\u00e1dy a dostat se do centra m\u011bsta,\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 historik.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sov\u011bt\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci b\u011bhem dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed Berl\u00edna. Foto: Arkadij \u010cajchet \/ RIA Novosti<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\u00datok na \u0158\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fd sn\u011bm<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Vrcholem dobyt\u00ed Berl\u00edna byla bitva o \u0158\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fd sn\u011bm, kter\u00fd byl v t\u00e9 dob\u011b nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed budovou v centru m\u011bsta a jeho\u017e dobyt\u00ed m\u011blo zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed symbolick\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Pokus o dobyt\u00ed \u0158\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9ho sn\u011bmu 27. dubna selhal a boje pokra\u010dovaly \u010dty\u0159i dny. 29. dubna nastal zlom, kdy\u017e se sov\u011btsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b poda\u0159ilo dob\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b st\u0159e\u017eenou budovu ministerstva vnitra, kter\u00e1 zab\u00edrala cel\u00fd m\u011bstsk\u00fd blok. \u0158\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fd sn\u011bm padl do rukou sov\u011btsk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f ve\u010der 30. dubna.<\/span><\/p>\n

Brzy r\u00e1no 1. kv\u011btna vzty\u010dila 150. \u00fato\u010dn\u00e1 divize nad budovou rudou vlajku, pozd\u011bji zn\u00e1mou jako\u00a0<\/span>V\u00edt\u011bzn\u00e1<\/span><\/a>\u00a0vlajka . Adolf Hitler sp\u00e1chal 30. dubna ve sv\u00e9m bunkru sebevra\u017edu. Do t\u00e9 doby po\u010d\u00edtal s podporou vojsk z jin\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed zem\u011b, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla pos\u00edlit hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto, ale nikdy nedorazila. Berl\u00ednsk\u00e1 pos\u00e1dka se 2. kv\u011btna vzdala.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Rud\u00e1 vlajka nad \u0158\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fdm sn\u011bmem, Berl\u00edn, 1945. Zdroj: Multimedi\u00e1ln\u00ed muzeum um\u011bn\u00ed, Moskva<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Byl \u00fatok na Berl\u00edn nutn\u00fd?<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed historici, kte\u0159\u00ed upozor\u0148uj\u00ed na ztr\u00e1ty vznikl\u00e9 b\u011bhem operac\u00ed k dobyt\u00ed Berl\u00edna na konci krvav\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, zpochyb\u0148uj\u00ed samotnou nutnost \u00fatoku sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk na m\u011bsto. Podle historika a spisovatele Jurije \u017dukova se \u00fatoku na hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto \u0158\u00ed\u0161e dalo zabr\u00e1nit pot\u00e9, co se sov\u011btsk\u00e1 a\u00a0<\/span>americk\u00e1<\/span><\/a>\u00a0arm\u00e1da setkaly na b\u0159ehu Labe a N\u011bmci byli v Berl\u00edn\u011b fakticky obkl\u00ed\u010deni.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201e[Georgi] \u017dukov [\u2026] mohl jednodu\u0161e zp\u0159\u00eds\u0148ovat blok\u00e1du hodinu po hodin\u011b. [\u2026] [A on] nemilosrdn\u011b ob\u011btoval tis\u00edce voj\u00e1k\u016f b\u011bhem t\u00fddne. [\u2026] Dos\u00e1hl kapitulace berl\u00ednsk\u00e9 pos\u00e1dky 2. kv\u011btna, ale kdyby k t\u00e9to kapitulaci do\u0161lo o n\u011bco pozd\u011bji, nap\u0159\u00edklad 6. nebo 7. kv\u011btna, mohly b\u00fdt zachr\u00e1n\u011bny des\u00edtky tis\u00edc na\u0161ich voj\u00e1k\u016f,\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0domn\u00edv\u00e1 se historik.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed odborn\u00edci v\u0161ak zast\u00e1vaj\u00ed zcela jin\u00fd n\u00e1zor. Tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bsta sov\u011btsk\u00fdmi vojsky by zni\u010dilo prvek p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed, kter\u00e9ho N\u011bmci mohli vyu\u017e\u00edt. Jejich pokusy o prolomen\u00ed blok\u00e1dy zevnit\u0159 i zven\u010d\u00ed mohly b\u00fdt pro sov\u011btskou arm\u00e1du stejn\u011b zni\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed jako samotn\u00fd \u00fatok, tvrd\u00ed Andrej Sojustov. Nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9, jak dlouho by to mohlo trvat.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Berl\u00edn po v\u00e1lce. Zdroj: Global Look Press<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00edk tak\u00e9 poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee prodlu\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed berl\u00ednsk\u00e9 operace mohlo v\u00e9st k politick\u00fdm probl\u00e9m\u016fm se Spojenci. Nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm tajemstv\u00edm, \u017ee na konci v\u00e1lky se z\u00e1stupci \u0158\u00ed\u0161e sna\u017eili vyjednat separ\u00e1tn\u00ed m\u00edr se Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty a Velkou Brit\u00e1ni\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span>\u201eZa t\u011bchto okolnost\u00ed, s Berl\u00ednem v oble\u017een\u00ed, nikdo nemohl p\u0159edv\u00eddat, jak se situace vyvine,\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0uv\u00e1d\u00ed historik.<\/span><\/p>\n

od\u00a0<\/span>Alexeje Timofeisheva<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bitva o Berl\u00edn byla posledn\u00ed velkou operac\u00ed druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v Evrop\u011b. Spolu s bitvou…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":107910,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,233,398,40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107909"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=107909"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107909\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/107910"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=107909"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=107909"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=107909"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}