{"id":106203,"date":"2026-05-10T00:15:57","date_gmt":"2026-05-09T22:15:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=106203"},"modified":"2026-05-09T13:11:08","modified_gmt":"2026-05-09T11:11:08","slug":"trumpuv-sledovaci-stat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/05\/10\/trumpuv-sledovaci-stat\/","title":{"rendered":"Trump\u016fv sledovac\u00ed st\u00e1t"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u010ctvrt\u00fd dodatek chr\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161echny osoby p\u0159ed prohl\u00eddkami a zabaven\u00edm jejich osob, dom\u016f, dokument\u016f a majetku bez soudn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edkazu. Vy\u017eaduje, aby soudn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazy byly podlo\u017eeny pravd\u011bpodobnou p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu a konkr\u00e9tn\u011b popisovaly m\u00edsto, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 b\u00fdt prohled\u00e1no, a osoby nebo v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed b\u00fdt zabaveny.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Minul\u00fd t\u00fdden, poprv\u00e9 v modern\u00ed dob\u011b, vl\u00e1da argumentovala u Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, \u017ee \u010dtvrt\u00fd dodatek \u00fastavy nezakazuje obecn\u00e9 zatyka\u010de. Obecn\u00e9 zatyka\u010de byly v koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00e9\u0159e vyd\u00e1v\u00e1ny tajn\u00fdm soudem v Lond\u00fdn\u011b. Nebyly zalo\u017eeny na pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u011b trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu ani na formulovan\u00e9m podez\u0159en\u00ed ohledn\u011b potenci\u00e1ln\u00edho ob\u017ealovan\u00e9ho. Neidentifikovaly c\u00edl ani neuv\u00e1d\u011bly, jak\u00fd trestn\u00fd \u010din je vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Obecn\u00e9 zatyka\u010de byly sp\u00ed\u0161e zalo\u017eeny na vl\u00e1dn\u00ed pot\u0159eb\u011b; bezv\u00fdznamn\u00fd standard, proto\u017ee cokoli vl\u00e1da chce, to soudu sd\u011bl\u00ed, co pot\u0159ebuje. Zatyka\u010de oprav\u0148ovaly dr\u017eitele zatyka\u010de k \u200b\u200bprohl\u00eddce, kdekoli si p\u0159eje, a k zabaven\u00ed v\u0161eho, co najde.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uv\u00e1d\u011bnou motivac\u00ed pro vyd\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch zatyka\u010d\u016f bylo prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kona o kolkovn\u00e9m dokladu britskou vl\u00e1dou. Tento z\u00e1kon vy\u017eadoval, aby v\u0161ichni kolonist\u00e9 m\u011bli kolkov\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky nalepen\u00e9 na v\u0161echny dokumenty, knihy a noviny, kter\u00e9 vlastnili. Vym\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kona o kolkovn\u00e9m dokladu bylo pro vl\u00e1du f\u00edkov\u00fdm listem pro \u0161pion\u00e1\u017e.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00edme, \u017ee skute\u010dn\u00fdm d\u016fvodem pro p\u0159ijet\u00ed z\u00e1kona o kolkov\u00fdch zn\u00e1mk\u00e1ch bylo tajn\u00e9 hled\u00e1n\u00ed revolu\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f. V\u00edme to, proto\u017ee b\u011bhem ro\u010dn\u00ed existence z\u00e1kona o kolkov\u00fdch zn\u00e1mk\u00e1ch \u2013 1765 \u2013 skupina podnikav\u00fdch student\u016f na College of New Jersey, dnes zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako Princetonsk\u00e1 univerzita, vypo\u010d\u00edtala, \u017ee na vynucov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kona bylo vynalo\u017eeno v\u00edce p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f, ne\u017e kolik se vybralo prodejem kolkov\u00fdch zn\u00e1mek.<\/span><\/p>\n

Historici se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed obecn\u00fdch zatyka\u010d\u016f k vym\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kona o kolkovn\u00e9m donutilo mnoho kolonist\u016f o 10 let pozd\u011bji, v roce 1775, p\u0159ej\u00edt do t\u00e1bora nez\u00e1vislosti. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed obecn\u00fdch zatyka\u010d\u016f tak\u00e9 motivovalo Jamese Madisona a jeho kolegy v roce 1791 k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho dodatku \u00fastavy, jeho\u017e po\u017eadavek na specifi\u010dnost \u201ezejm\u00e9na popisuj\u00edc\u00ed m\u00edsto, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 b\u00fdt prohled\u00e1no, a osoby nebo v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed b\u00fdt zabaveny\u201c dojemn\u011b zru\u0161il prohl\u00eddku, kde chcete, a zabaven\u00ed v\u0161eho, co najdete.<\/span><\/p>\n

A\u017e do te\u010f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed, za t\u00fdden na Kapitolu, \u010del\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na soukrom\u00ed nejv\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdzv\u00e1m od p\u0159edkoloni\u00e1ln\u00edch dob, a to v Kongresu i u Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu. Kongres se bude pot\u00fdkat s paragrafem 702 z\u00e1kona o sledov\u00e1n\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00edch zpravodajsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, kter\u00fd vypr\u0161\u00ed za p\u00e1r dn\u00ed, a soud projedn\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee obecn\u00e9 zatyka\u010de jsou st\u00e1le platn\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Paragraf 702 umo\u017e\u0148uje sledov\u00e1n\u00ed Ameri\u010dan\u016f bez soudn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edkazu t\u00edm, \u017ee feder\u00e1ln\u00edm agent\u016fm dovoluje pou\u017e\u00edvat software, kter\u00fd jim umo\u017e\u0148uje sledovat v\u0161echny optick\u00e9 komunika\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky \u2013 mobiln\u00ed telefony, textov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, e-maily \u2013 na z\u00e1klad\u011b z\u00e1konn\u00e9 komunikace n\u011bkter\u00fdch Ameri\u010dan\u016f se zahrani\u010dn\u00edmi osobami a jejich n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 z\u00e1konn\u00e9 komunikace s dal\u0161\u00edmi Ameri\u010dany. Mezi \u201eostatn\u00ed Ameri\u010dany\u201c lze zahrnout v\u0161ech 340 milion\u016f z n\u00e1s.<\/span><\/p>\n

Teoreticky nelze data shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e1 z t\u011bchto prohl\u00eddek bez soudn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edkazu pou\u017e\u00edt k trestn\u00edmu st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed, proto\u017ee i feder\u00e1ln\u00ed agenti, kte\u0159\u00ed toto \u0161pion\u00e1\u017en\u00ed \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u010dlen\u016fm Kongresu sd\u011blili, \u017ee si uv\u011bdomuj\u00ed pot\u0159ebu soudn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f k prohl\u00eddce pro p\u0159\u00edstup k obsahu dat. Existuj\u00ed nejm\u00e9n\u011b dva d\u016fvody, pro\u010d by nikdo nem\u011bl v\u011b\u0159it tomu, co feder\u00e1ln\u00ed agenti \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed. Prvn\u00edm je le\u017e feder\u00e1ln\u00edch agent\u016f. V roce 2023 se k obsahu dat dostali tis\u00edckr\u00e1t bez soudn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edkazu. Druh\u00fdm d\u016fvodem je, \u017ee Madison a ratifik\u00e1to\u0159i \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho dodatku nev\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee se vl\u00e1da zdr\u017e\u00ed, a proto po\u017eadavek na konkr\u00e9tnost.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jako by to v\u0161echno nesta\u010dilo k tomu, aby ti z n\u00e1s, kte\u0159\u00ed sleduj\u00ed dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fastavy, v noci nespali, Trumpova administrativa tento t\u00fdden dokonce soudu sd\u011blila, \u017ee by m\u011bl m\u00edt mo\u017enost pou\u017e\u00edt obecn\u00e9 zatyka\u010de, pokud c\u00edlov\u00e1 osoba neinformovala sv\u00e9ho poskytovatele slu\u017eeb o sv\u00e9m p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed soukrom\u00ed. Okello Chatrie byl usv\u011bd\u010den z bankovn\u00ed loupe\u017ee, kdy\u017e feder\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ady p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dily st\u00e1tn\u00edho soudce, aby podepsal zatyka\u010d k prohl\u00eddce z\u00e1znam\u016f Googlu, kter\u00e9 neidentifikovaly c\u00edlovou osobu, nevysv\u011btlily trestn\u00fd \u010din ani nespecifikovaly, co vl\u00e1da po\u017eadovala.<\/span><\/p>\n

Soudn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkaz se t\u00fdkal z\u00e1znam\u016f ping \u2013 z\u00e1znam\u016f mobiln\u00edch telefon\u016f ukazuj\u00edc\u00edch jejich polohu \u2013 v\u0161ech mobiln\u00edch telefon\u016f v bl\u00edzkosti banky, kter\u00e1 byla v den a v dob\u011b loupe\u017ee vyloupena. Pot\u00e9 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed policie p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dila jin\u00e9ho soudce, aby podepsal dal\u0161\u00ed obecn\u00fd soudn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkaz, kter\u00fd spole\u010dnosti Google na\u0159\u00eddil odhalit toto\u017enost majitele\/u\u017eivatel\u016f v\u0161ech t\u011bchto mobiln\u00edch telefon\u016f. To je dovedlo k n\u011bkolika dom\u016fm, kde feder\u00e1ln\u00ed policie p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dila jin\u00e9ho soudce, aby jim povolil prov\u00e9st razii.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u0161echny t\u0159i tyto zatyka\u010de byly v p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m poru\u0161en\u00ed \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho dodatku \u00fastavy, proto\u017ee konkr\u00e9tn\u011b nepopisovaly m\u00edsto, kter\u00e9 m\u011blo b\u00fdt prohled\u00e1no, ani osoby \u010di v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly b\u00fdt zabaveny. U soudu p\u0159ed jedn\u00edm z t\u011bchto \u00fastavn\u011b zpochybn\u011bn\u00fdch soudc\u016f byl ob\u017ealovan\u00fd Chatrie usv\u011bd\u010den na z\u00e1klad\u011b vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed na Googlu a ko\u0159isti nalezen\u00e9 v jeho dom\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vl\u00e1da si popl\u00e1c\u00e1v\u00e1 po z\u00e1dech. P\u0159esto jej\u00ed agenti a st\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u00e1stupci slo\u017eili p\u0159\u00edsahu, \u017ee budou dodr\u017eovat \u010dtvrt\u00fd dodatek \u00fastavy; stejn\u011b jako to ud\u011blali vl\u00e1dn\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00ed \u0161pioni; stejn\u011b jako to d\u011blaj\u00ed soudci.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bere n\u011bkdo ve vl\u00e1d\u011b \u00dastavu v\u00e1\u017en\u011b? Pokud znamen\u00e1 to, co \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u2013 jak doslova tis\u00edckr\u00e1t argumentoval zesnul\u00fd soudce Antonin Scalia \u2013 pro\u010d se j\u00ed pak vl\u00e1da vyh\u00fdb\u00e1?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dastava m\u00e1 b\u00fdt p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou pro vl\u00e1du. Jej\u00edm hlavn\u00edm hodnotov\u00fdm \u00fasudkem je, \u017ee suver\u00e9nn\u00edm je jednotlivec, nikoli vl\u00e1da; a vl\u00e1da m\u016f\u017ee d\u011blat pouze to, k \u010demu j\u00ed ovl\u00e1dan\u00ed v\u00fdslovn\u011b dali souhlas. A ovl\u00e1dan\u00ed nesouhlasili s obecn\u00fdmi na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Soudce Scalia uznal, \u017ee \u010dtvrt\u00fd dodatek \u00fastavy chr\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e jen pingy a ko\u0159ist. V\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, my\u0161lenky, pocity a emoce, kdy\u017e slavn\u011b napsal, \u017ee \u201enen\u00ed nic nov\u00e9ho na pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee \u00dastava n\u011bkdy izoluje kriminalitu n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo osob, aby ochr\u00e1nila soukrom\u00ed n\u00e1s v\u0161ech.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

Chcete-li se dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce o soudci Andrewu Napolitanovi, nav\u0161tivte\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>JudgeNap.com.<\/span><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Od <\/span>Andrewa P. Napolitana<\/span><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u010ctvrt\u00fd dodatek chr\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161echny osoby p\u0159ed prohl\u00eddkami a zabaven\u00edm jejich osob, dom\u016f, dokument\u016f a majetku…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":98307,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[387,452,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/106203"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=106203"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/106203\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/98307"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=106203"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=106203"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=106203"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}