{"id":103907,"date":"2026-04-07T00:18:54","date_gmt":"2026-04-06T22:18:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=103907"},"modified":"2026-04-06T11:32:05","modified_gmt":"2026-04-06T09:32:05","slug":"laurent-guyenot-krizacka-civilizace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/04\/07\/laurent-guyenot-krizacka-civilizace\/","title":{"rendered":"Laurent Guy\u00e9not: K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ck\u00e1 civilizace"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Od st\u0159edov\u011bku po Bl\u00edzk\u00fd v\u00fdchod<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Dwight Eisenhower nazval sv\u00e9 pam\u011bti s n\u00e1zvem\u00a0<\/span>K\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava za druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v Evrop\u011b<\/span><\/em><\/a>\u00a0, co\u017e je ironick\u00e9 vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee Evropa, kter\u00e1 zah\u00e1jila tolik k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fdch v\u00fdprav na V\u00fdchod, se nyn\u00ed st\u00e1vala c\u00edlem k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy veden\u00e9 nov\u00fdm Z\u00e1padem. Zni\u010den\u00ed Jugosl\u00e1vie NATO v roce 1999 tak\u00e9 zapad\u00e1 do tohoto vzorce k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fdch v\u00fdprav, jak poznamenala Diana Johnstone ve sv\u00e9 knize\u00a0<\/span>K\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava \u0161\u00edlenc\u016f.<\/span><\/em>\u00a0A nebyla n\u00e1hoda, \u017ee kdy\u017e George W. Bush v ned\u011bli po 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2001 odch\u00e1zel z kostela, pronesl toto televizn\u00ed prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se vys\u00edlalo po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b:\u00a0<\/span>\u201eTato k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava, tato v\u00e1lka proti teroru, bude n\u011bjakou dobu trvat<\/span><\/em>\u00a0.\u201c A nyn\u00ed se v \u010dele americk\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 ma\u0161in\u00e9rie ocit\u00e1 autor knihy s n\u00e1zvem\u00a0<\/span>Americk\u00e1 k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava,<\/span><\/em>\u00a0Pete Hegseth.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pokud pochop\u00edme, co je k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava, mo\u017en\u00e1 l\u00e9pe pochop\u00edme, co Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty chystaj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dopad k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fdch v\u00fdprav<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

K\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava byla revolu\u010dn\u00ed my\u0161lenkou, kterou pape\u017eov\u00e9 konce 11. stolet\u00ed v\u0161t\u00edpili evropsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed t\u0159\u00edd\u011b. K\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava byla tak siln\u00fdm experimentem, \u017ee jej\u00ed vliv na z\u00e1padn\u00ed civilizaci p\u0159e\u017eil p\u00e1d pape\u017esk\u00e9 autokracie a je citeln\u00fd dodnes. K\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava se p\u0159ed tis\u00edci lety vtiskla do DNA kolektivn\u00edho Z\u00e1padu. V nov\u00e9 podob\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 Velkou my\u0161lenkou, kter\u00e1 definuje Z\u00e1pad: zachr\u00e1nit sv\u011bt \u2013 a sebe sama \u2013 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch v\u00e1lek veden\u00fdch ve jm\u00e9nu u\u0161lechtil\u00fdch princip\u016f. V\u011bt\u0161ina ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch americk\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed odpov\u00edd\u00e1 definici st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fdch v\u00fdprav Christophera Tyermana:\u00a0<\/span>\u201ev\u00e1lky ospravedln\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00edrou a veden\u00e9 proti skute\u010dn\u00fdm nebo domn\u011bl\u00fdm nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u016fm, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 elity definuj\u00ed jako hrozbu pro k\u0159es\u0165any.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/span>1<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Jedin\u00fd rozd\u00edl je v tom, \u017ee dnes jsou k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy zahajov\u00e1ny ve jm\u00e9nu demokracie, nikoli ve jm\u00e9nu k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u0161ichni historici se dnes shoduj\u00ed, poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 Norman Housley, \u017ee\u00a0<\/span>\u201ek\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy hr\u00e1ly ve v\u00fdvoji st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Evropy sp\u00ed\u0161e \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed ne\u017e okrajovou roli\u201c.<\/span><\/em><\/span>2.<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Michael Mitterauer zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee \u201ek\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy v\u00edce ne\u017e cokoli jin\u00e9ho zp\u016fsobily radik\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bnu v postoji z\u00e1padn\u00edho k\u0159es\u0165anstva k v\u00e1lce a znamenaly zlom v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch z\u00e1padn\u00edho my\u0161len\u00ed\u201c. K\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy tak\u00e9 zavedly model evropsk\u00e9ho expanzionismu, kter\u00fd<\/span>\u201eje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed charakteristikou specifick\u00e9 trajektorie Evropy<\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava (1095-1097) byla \u00fasp\u011bchem oslavovan\u00fdm prvn\u00ed rozs\u00e1hlou propagandistickou kampan\u00ed. B\u011bhem dvan\u00e1cti let se objevily \u010dty\u0159i kompletn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy od \u00fadajn\u00fdch o\u010dit\u00fdch sv\u011bdk\u016f a tak\u00e9 n\u011bkolik ver\u0161ovan\u00fdch verz\u00ed ve stylu chansons de geste, v\u010detn\u011b nesm\u00edrn\u011b popul\u00e1rn\u00edho\u00a0<\/span>Chanson d’Antioche,<\/span><\/em>\u00a0jeho\u017e vliv lze vid\u011bt v d\u00edle\u00a0Chr\u00e9tiena de Troyes\u00a0<\/span>Conte du Graal.<\/span><\/em><\/span>4.<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0\u201eV\u011bt\u0161ina t\u011bchto d\u011bl,\u201c poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 Christopher Tyerman, \u201eprot\u00e9k\u00e1 dojemn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy o v\u00ed\u0159e, state\u010dnosti, utrpen\u00ed, nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, hou\u017eevnatosti a v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed. Teologov\u00e9 z nich extrahovali poselstv\u00ed o Bo\u017e\u00ed<\/span>imanenci a k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 povinnosti; o\u010dit\u00ed sv\u011bdci, nem\u00e9n\u011b zku\u0161en\u00ed, poskytli zpr\u00e1vy o z\u00e1zrac\u00edch a krveprolit\u00ed. [\u2026] Nebyla zde \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 realistick\u00e1 zobrazen\u00ed.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/span>5.<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0K\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava se pro Evropany stala t\u00edm, \u010d\u00edm byla pro starov\u011bk\u00e9 \u0158eky trojsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka, poznamenal Oswald Spengler.<\/span><\/span>6<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Nov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed sp\u00e1sy<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Dopad t\u011bchto zpr\u00e1v byl takov\u00fd, \u017ee kdy\u017e se v roce 1145 k\u00e1zalo o druh\u00e9 k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdprav\u011b, odezva byla obrovsk\u00e1.\u00a0<\/span>\u201eOtev\u0159el jsem \u00fasta, promluvil jsem a k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci se okam\u017eit\u011b nekone\u010dn\u011b rozmno\u017eili<\/span><\/em>\u00a0,\u201c chlubil se Bernard z Clairvaux pape\u017ei.\u00a0<\/span>\u201eVesnice a m\u011bsta jsou nyn\u00ed opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9. Na sedm \u017een p\u0159ipad\u00e1 sotva jeden mu\u017e. V\u0161ude je vid\u011bt vdovy, jejich\u017e man\u017eel\u00e9 jsou st\u00e1le na\u017eivu.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/span>7.<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Svat\u00fdm Bernardovi vd\u011b\u010d\u00edme za soteriologickou nauku o k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdprav\u011b. V<\/span>d\u00edle Chv\u00e1la nov\u00e9ho ryt\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed<\/span><\/em>:<\/span>\u201eKristovi ryt\u00ed\u0159i mohou bezpe\u010dn\u011b v\u00e9st bitvy sv\u00e9ho P\u00e1na, neboj\u00ed se ani h\u0159\u00edchu, pokud ude\u0159\u00ed na nep\u0159\u00edtele, ani nebezpe\u010d\u00ed vlastn\u00ed smrti; nebo\u0165 zp\u016fsobit smrt nebo zem\u0159\u00edt pro Krista nen\u00ed h\u0159\u00edch, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e hojn\u00fd zdroj sl\u00e1vy. V prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u010dlov\u011bk v\u00edt\u011bz\u00ed pro Krista a ve druh\u00e9m \u010dlov\u011bk v\u00edt\u011bz\u00ed pro samotn\u00e9ho Krista<\/span><\/em>.\u201c Blahoslaven\u00fd, kdo zab\u00edj\u00ed, blahoslaven\u00fd, kdo zem\u0159e.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava se fakticky stala nov\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm sp\u00e1sy. Guibert z Nogentu, nad\u0161en\u00fd kronik\u00e1\u0159 prvn\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy, poznamenal, \u017ee d\u0159\u00edve mohli ryt\u00ed\u0159i dos\u00e1hnout sp\u00e1sy pouze t\u00edm, \u017ee se z\u0159ekli sv\u00e9ho zp\u016fsobu \u017eivota a stali se mnichy, ale \u017ee\u00a0<\/span>\u201eB\u016fh v na\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b ustanovil svat\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, aby \u0159\u00e1d ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f a dav, kter\u00fd je n\u00e1sleduje […], mohly naj\u00edt novou cestu k dosa\u017een\u00ed sp\u00e1sy.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/span>8.<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Zat\u00edmco se c\u00edrkev v 10. stolet\u00ed sna\u017eila potla\u010dit soukrom\u00e9 v\u00e1lky prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm hnut\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00edho m\u00edru, nyn\u00ed prohl\u00e1sila, \u017ee jedinou p\u0159\u00edpustnou v\u00e1lkou je v\u00e1lka ve Svat\u00e9 zemi. C\u00edrkev, kter\u00e1 prohl\u00e1sila, \u017ee i turnaje \u2013 \u201eodporn\u00e9 veletrhy\u201c podle svat\u00e9ho Bernarda \u2013 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed smrteln\u00fd h\u0159\u00edch a \u017ee smrt na jednom z nich v\u00e1s pos\u00edl\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo do pekla, vynalezla svatou v\u00e1lku, kter\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e9ho padl\u00e9ho voj\u00e1ka \u017eene p\u0159\u00edmo do r\u00e1je.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pomsta, nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnota barbarsk\u00e9 etiky, proti n\u00ed\u017e c\u00edrkev bojovala, na\u0161la v k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdprav\u011b tak\u00e9 sv\u00e9 k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 vykoupen\u00ed. Pro Raymonda z Aguilers, kter\u00fd se z\u00fa\u010dastnil prvn\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy, to byl\u00a0<\/span>\u201e\u00fakol sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed k pomst\u011b na\u0161eho P\u00e1na Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista na t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed nespravedliv\u011b zmocnili se rodn\u00e9 zem\u011b P\u00e1na a jeho apo\u0161tol\u016f\u201c.<\/span><\/em><\/span>9.<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Pomsta za Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e<\/span><\/em>se stala jedn\u00edm z v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch pok\u0159ik\u016f francouzsk\u00fdch k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f.<\/span><\/span>10<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Aby se Jeruzal\u00e9m stal hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem Evropy<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy byly\u00a0<\/span>\u201eprvn\u00ed sjednocuj\u00edc\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed v Evrop\u011b\u201c.<\/span><\/em><\/span>11.<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry je to pravda. C\u00edlem v\u0161ak bylo sjednotit Evropu kolem Jeruzal\u00e9ma. Pape\u017eov\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dili Evropany, \u017ee kol\u00e9bkou jejich civilizace je m\u011bsto le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na nejv\u00fdchodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm okraji St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e, po kter\u00e9m u\u017e tou\u017eily dv\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed civilizace (byzantsk\u00e1 a arabsko-muslimsk\u00e1), a po\u017e\u00e1dali je, aby za n\u011bj bojovali, jako by na tom z\u00e1visela sp\u00e1sa Evropy. Nemohl existovat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd projekt, kter\u00fd by byl v\u00edce v rozporu se skute\u010dn\u00fdmi z\u00e1jmy Evropy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jakmile se jim poda\u0159ilo \u201eosvobodit\u201c Jeruzal\u00e9m, obyvatel\u00e9 Z\u00e1padu se pova\u017eovali za str\u00e1\u017ece st\u0159edu sv\u011bta. Toto posl\u00e1n\u00ed se stalo ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jejich identity. Jejich posedlost se jen zes\u00edlila po Saladinov\u011b znovudobyt\u00ed Jeruzal\u00e9ma v roce 1187 a s ka\u017ed\u00fdm dal\u0161\u00edm ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdm pokusem zvr\u00e1tit tento osudn\u00fd b\u011bh ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. Kdy\u017e zbo\u017en\u00fd kr\u00e1l Ludv\u00edk IX. zem\u0159el na \u00faplavici b\u011bhem osm\u00e9 k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy v roce 1270, jeho posledn\u00ed slova byla pro m\u011bsto, kter\u00e9 nikdy nevid\u011bl: \u201eJeruzal\u00e9m! Jeruzal\u00e9m!\u201c Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee cel\u00e1 Evropa od t\u00e9 doby truchl\u00ed nad Jeruzal\u00e9mem. Tyerman p\u00ed\u0161e:\u00a0<\/span>\u201eKlerick\u00e9 i sekul\u00e1rn\u00ed elity z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy shledaly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nemo\u017en\u00fdm vzd\u00e1t se Svat\u00e9 zem\u011b jako politick\u00e9 ambice nebo vize dokonalosti. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu 14. a 15. stolet\u00ed se vl\u00e1dy, moralist\u00e9, kazatel\u00e9 a lobbist\u00e9 opakovan\u011b vraceli k t\u00e9matu, v n\u011bm\u017e se prol\u00ednaly praktick\u00e9 a mor\u00e1ln\u00ed c\u00edle.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/span>12.<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Kdy\u017e v roce 1917 britsk\u00fd gener\u00e1l Edmund Allenby vstoupil do m\u011bsta ve slavnostn\u00edm pr\u016fvodu, prohl\u00e1sil \u201ekonec k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fdch v\u00fdprav\u201c a<\/span>Punch<\/span><\/em>otiskl ilustraci, na kter\u00e9 Richard Lv\u00ed srdce hled\u00ed na Jeruzal\u00e9m a spokojen\u011b p\u0159ikyvuje hlavou:<\/span>\u201eM\u016fj sen se st\u00e1v\u00e1 skute\u010dnost\u00ed!\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/span>13<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Tato fascinace Jeruzal\u00e9mem samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nesouvis\u00ed s podporou, kterou Britov\u00e9 a Francouzi poskytovali sionismu na po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed. Sakralizace biblick\u00e9ho Izraele v k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 kultu\u0159e byla zjevn\u011b kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm faktorem podpory, kterou k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 n\u00e1rody poskytovaly \u201eznovuzrozen\u00ed\u201c Izraele v letech 1917 a\u017e 1948. Byly to v\u0161ak pr\u00e1v\u011b k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy a jejich pam\u00e1tka v evropsk\u00e9 kultu\u0159e, kter\u00e9 sehr\u00e1ly hlavn\u00ed roli v upevn\u011bn\u00ed posv\u00e1tn\u00e9ho pouta mezi z\u00e1padn\u00edm k\u0159es\u0165anstvem a Jeruzal\u00e9mem, pouta, kter\u00e9 od t\u00e9 doby hluboce formovalo sv\u011btov\u00e9 d\u011bjiny.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci se pova\u017eovali za napodobitele genocidn\u00edho Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161ova lidu. Podle zpr\u00e1vy Roberta z Reme\u0161e Urban II. ve sv\u00e9m k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed v Clermontu prohl\u00e1sil:\u00a0<\/span>\u201eVydejte se k Bo\u017e\u00edmu hrobu, vysvobo\u010fte tuto zemi od hrozn\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda a kralujte tam sami, nebo\u0165 tato zem\u011b, kde, jak prav\u00ed P\u00edsmo, te\u010de ml\u00e9ko a med, byla Bohem d\u00e1na do vlastnictv\u00ed d\u011btem Izraele.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/span>14.<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Ve verzi sv\u00e9ho projevu, kterou zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 Baudri de Dol, Urban II. ozna\u010duje Araby jako Amalekity, kmen, kter\u00fd Hospodin p\u0159ik\u00e1zal kr\u00e1li Saulovi zcela vyhladit,<\/span>\u201emu\u017ee i \u017eeny, d\u011bti i kojence, dobytek i ovce, velbloudy i osly\u201c<\/span><\/em>(1. Samuelova 15:3). Kdy\u017e se obracel k ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016fm, odk\u00e1zal na Exodus 17:11:<\/span>\u201eS Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161em vzt\u00e1hneme ruce v modlitb\u011b k nebi, zat\u00edmco vy vyjdete a budete m\u00e1vat sv\u00fdmi me\u010di jako neboj\u00e1cn\u00ed bojovn\u00edci proti Amalekit\u016fm.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/span>15.<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0(Jak v\u00edte, po obyvatel\u00edch Gazy to byli \u00cdr\u00e1nci, kter\u00e9 Netanjahu ofici\u00e1ln\u011b prohl\u00e1sil za nov\u00e9 Amalekity.)<\/span><\/p>\n

Katastrofick\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d celou \u0161k\u00e1lou<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Ve skute\u010dnosti k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy nezmen\u0161ily rivalitu mezi evropsk\u00fdmi kn\u00ed\u017eaty. Nejlep\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem je t\u0159et\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako \u201ek\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava kr\u00e1l\u016f\u201c. P\u0159ed vyplut\u00edm byli kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 Francie a Anglie ve v\u00e1lce. A\u010dkoli pape\u017e p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dil Filipa II. a Richarda I., aby p\u0159ed vyplut\u00edm do Svat\u00e9 zem\u011b podepsali p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed, jejich vztahy se b\u011bhem expedice zhor\u0161ily, m\u00edsto aby se zlep\u0161ily. Thomas Tout p\u00ed\u0161e:\u00a0<\/span>\u201eZ\u00e1padn\u00ed arm\u00e1da si s sebou do Palestiny odnesla svou n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u017e\u00e1rlivost a h\u00e1dky soupe\u0159\u00edc\u00edch uchaze\u010d\u016f o jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fd tr\u016fn tyto nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed zhor\u0161ily a\u017e do bodu roztr\u017eky. Filip pova\u017eoval Richarda za sv\u00e9ho nejstra\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00edho rivala a choval k n\u011bmu smrtelnou nen\u00e1vist.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/span>16.<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Po n\u00e1vratu dom\u016f obnovili sv\u016fj spor, kter\u00fd se d\u00e1le zhor\u0161oval a\u017e do stolet\u00e9 v\u00e1lky (1337-1453).<\/span><\/p>\n

Naopak jednota isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fdmi v\u00fdpravami neutrp\u011bla; pr\u00e1v\u011b naopak. P\u0159ed prvn\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017eovou v\u00fdpravou se rozpadl na dva soupe\u0159\u00edc\u00ed chal\u00edf\u00e1ty (Bagd\u00e1d a K\u00e1hira) a \u0159adu nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch emir\u00e1t\u016f a m\u011bstsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Fransk\u00e1 agrese podn\u00edtila znovusjednocen\u00ed. Arcibiskup Vil\u00e9m z Tyru nad t\u00edm na za\u010d\u00e1tku 80. let 12. stolet\u00ed litoval:\u00a0<\/span>\u201eD\u0159\u00edve m\u011blo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00e9 m\u011bsto sv\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edho vl\u00e1dce [\u2026], kte\u0159\u00ed nebyli na sob\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00ed [\u2026] a b\u00e1li se sv\u00fdch spojenc\u016f tolik jako k\u0159es\u0165an\u016f [\u2026] Ale dnes [\u2026] v\u0161echna kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed soused\u00edc\u00ed s na\u0161\u00edm [Jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fdm kr\u00e1lovstv\u00edm zalo\u017een\u00fdm k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ky] byla podrobena vl\u00e1d\u011b jedin\u00e9ho mu\u017ee [N\u00far ad-D\u00edna]<\/span><\/em>\u00a0. \u201c<\/span><\/span>17<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b hor\u0161\u00ed je, \u017ee k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava vytvo\u0159ila propast nedorozum\u011bn\u00ed a z\u00e1\u0161ti mezi v\u00fdchodn\u00edmi k\u0159es\u0165any (ortodoxn\u00edmi, Kopty, nestori\u00e1ny, Arm\u00e9ny, jakobity atd.) a Araby, na \u00fakor prvn\u00edch. P\u0159ed prvn\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017eovou v\u00fdpravou \u017eili Byzantinci v dobr\u00fdch vztaz\u00edch s f\u00e1timovsk\u00fdm \u0161\u00editsk\u00fdm chal\u00edf\u00e1tem, jeho\u017e hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem byla K\u00e1hira.\u00a0<\/span>\u201eV polovin\u011b 11. stolet\u00ed se zd\u00e1lo, \u017ee klid v\u00fdchodn\u00edho St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed je zaji\u0161t\u011bn na mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch let. Jeho dv\u011b velmoci, f\u00e1timovsk\u00fd Egypt a Byzance, udr\u017eovaly dobr\u00e9 vztahy<\/span><\/em>\u00a0,\u201c p\u00ed\u0161e Steven Runciman.<\/span><\/span>18.<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0K\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 v Jeruzal\u00e9m\u011b svobodn\u011b praktikovali svou v\u00edru a muslimov\u00e9 m\u011bli svou me\u0161itu hned za hradbami Konstantinopole (byla vyp\u00e1lena Franky a po\u017e\u00e1r se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il do t\u0159etiny m\u011bsta). Seld\u017eu\u010dt\u00ed \u00fato\u010dn\u00edci z v\u00fdchodu byli spole\u010dn\u00fdmi nep\u0159\u00e1teli F\u00e1timovc\u016f a Byzantinc\u016f. Pro k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ky si v\u0161ak byli v\u0161ichni muslimov\u00e9 rovni. Franksk\u00e1 politika \u201enormativn\u00edho nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed\u201c v\u016f\u010di muslim\u016fm naru\u0161ila byzantskou strategii<\/span>\u201estavit proti sob\u011b r\u016fzn\u00e9 muslimsk\u00e9 kn\u00ed\u017eata a t\u00edm je postupn\u011b izolovat<\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span>19<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Celkov\u011b vzato k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy nejen\u017ee zasadily smrtelnou r\u00e1nu k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i V\u00fdchodu, kterou \u00fadajn\u011b zachr\u00e1nily (k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci vyplenili Konstantinopol b\u011bhem \u010dtvrt\u00e9 k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy v roce 1205 a m\u011bsto se z toho nikdy nevzpamatovalo), ale tak\u00e9 zni\u010dily diplomatick\u00e9 vztahy mezi Byzanc\u00ed a \u0161\u00editsk\u00fdm chal\u00edf\u00e1tem v Egypt\u011b a nep\u0159\u00edmo zp\u016fsobily p\u00e1d tohoto dlouholet\u00e9ho spojence, kter\u00e9ho Saladin v roce 1171 pohltil pod sunnitskou vlajku. Pos\u00edlily tak sunnitskou moc, proti kter\u00e9 m\u011bly \u00fadajn\u011b bojovat.<\/span><\/p>\n

Geneze kolonialismu<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

V knize *\u00a0<\/span>Latinsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed Jeruzal\u00e9ma: Evropsk\u00fd kolonialismus ve st\u0159edov\u011bku*<\/span><\/em>\u00a0p\u0159edstavuje Joshua Prawer st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy jako p\u0159edch\u016fdce pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edho evropsk\u00e9ho kolonialismu. Podle n\u011bj je pr\u00e1v\u011b ve sv\u011btle jejich koloni\u00e1ln\u00edho statusu mo\u017en\u00e9 nejl\u00e9pe porozum\u011bt instituc\u00edm a ekonomik\u00e1m latinsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f zalo\u017een\u00fdch k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ky na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b (hrabstv\u00ed Edessa, Antiochijsk\u00e9 kn\u00ed\u017eectv\u00ed, hrabstv\u00ed Tripolis a Jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed).\u00a0<\/span>\u201eTeprve od k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fdch v\u00fdprav existuje kontinuita a linie mezi koloni\u00e1ln\u00edmi hnut\u00edmi<\/span><\/em>\u00a0.\u201c V d\u016fsledku toho\u00a0<\/span>\u201eje opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9 pova\u017eovat k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ck\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed za prvn\u00ed evropskou koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010dnost.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/span>20.<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Severn\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy v pobaltsk\u00fdch oblastech, zah\u00e1jen\u00e9 na za\u010d\u00e1tku 13. stolet\u00ed s pln\u00fdm prosp\u011bchem z pape\u017esk\u00fdch odpustk\u016f a privilegi\u00ed, tak\u00e9 dokonale odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed modern\u00edm definic\u00edm kolonizace. V\u00fdzva arcibiskupa Adalgota z Magdeburgu v roce 1108 to jasn\u011b dokazuje:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eTito pohan\u00e9 jsou ti nejzlomysln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9, ale jejich zem\u011b je nejlep\u0161\u00ed, bohat\u00e1 na maso, med, p\u0161enici a zv\u011b\u0159inu, a kdyby byla dob\u0159e obd\u011bl\u00e1van\u00e1, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1 by se s n\u00ed nemohla srovn\u00e1vat v hojnosti jej\u00edch plodin [\u2026] Proto, slavn\u00ed Sasov\u00e9, Francouzi, Lorraine\u0159i a Vl\u00e1mov\u00e9, vy, kte\u0159\u00ed jste dobyli sv\u011bt, zde je va\u0161e p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost zachr\u00e1nit sv\u00e9 du\u0161e a, pokud si to p\u0159ejete, z\u00edskat nejlep\u0161\u00ed zemi k \u017eivotu. K\u00e9\u017e v\u00e1m ten, kdo silou sv\u00e9 pa\u017ee vedl mu\u017ee z Galie na jejich pochodu z dalek\u00e9ho z\u00e1padu, aby zv\u00edt\u011bzili nad sv\u00fdmi nep\u0159\u00e1teli na dalek\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b, d\u00e1 v\u016fli a moc porazit tyto nejnelid\u0161t\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pohany, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou pobl\u00ed\u017e, a ve v\u0161em prosperovat.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/span>21<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Spojen\u00ed mezi k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fdmi v\u00fdpravami a kolonizac\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 skrze dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed Ameriky. V knize\u00a0<\/span>*Kolumbus a p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed po Jeruzal\u00e9m\u011b*<\/span><\/em>\u00a0Carol Delaney odhaluje m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00fd fakt:\u00a0<\/span>\u201eHled\u00e1n\u00ed Jeruzal\u00e9ma bylo velkou v\u00e1\u0161n\u00ed Kry\u0161tofa Kolumba; byla to vize, kter\u00e1 ho podporovala ve v\u0161ech zkou\u0161k\u00e1ch a sou\u017een\u00ed<\/span><\/em>\u00a0.\u201c Do sv\u00e9ho den\u00edku 26. prosince 1492 napsal, \u017ee doufal, \u017ee v Indii najde zlato\u00a0<\/span>\u201ev takov\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed, \u017ee vl\u00e1dci [\u2026] se zav\u00e1\u017eou dob\u00fdt Bo\u017e\u00ed hrob<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u201c. Nebo\u0165\u00a0<\/span>\u201ezlato je vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed kov nade v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed [\u2026] a ten, kdo ho vlastn\u00ed, dos\u00e1hne na sv\u011bt\u011b \u010dehokoli chce, a nakonec ho pou\u017eije k pos\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed du\u0161\u00ed do nebe<\/span><\/em>\u00a0. \u201c<\/span><\/span>22<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0160pan\u011bl\u0161t\u00ed a portugal\u0161t\u00ed conquistado\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed \u0161li ve stop\u00e1ch Kry\u0161tofa Kolumba, byli po cel\u00fd \u017eivot protk\u00e1ni ideologi\u00ed Reconquisty, s\u00e9rie k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fdch v\u00fdprav veden\u00fdch proti muslim\u016fm na Pyrenejsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b. Jak vysv\u011btluje Norman Cantor:\u00a0<\/span>\u201eReconquista byla dominantn\u00edm, ne-li v\u00fdhradn\u00edm, t\u00e9matem st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch d\u011bjin a n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed historici ji pova\u017euj\u00ed za ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed faktor p\u0159i formov\u00e1n\u00ed velmi specifick\u00e9ho \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho charakteru. Cel\u00e1 ibersk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost m\u00e1 sv\u016fj p\u016fvod v p\u011bt stolet\u00ed trvaj\u00edc\u00ed ho\u0159k\u00e9 v\u00e1lce proti isl\u00e1mu a \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e1 institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed struktura byla organizov\u00e1na kolem v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho v\u016fdce a nezbytnost\u00ed \u00fato\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/span>23.<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Nen\u00ed proto divu, \u017ee se conquistado\u0159i pova\u017eovali za k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ky a chovali se tak i sami.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Hrdinsk\u00e1 symbolika k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fdch v\u00fdprav je na Z\u00e1pad\u011b, a zejm\u00e9na ve Francii, tak hluboce zako\u0159en\u011bna \u2013 k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava byla francouzskou my\u0161lenkou, kterou poprv\u00e9 k\u00e1zal francouzsk\u00fd pape\u017e francouzsk\u00fdm ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016fm a stala se\u00a0<\/span>\u201eBo\u017e\u00edm d\u00edlem skrze Franky\u201c,<\/span><\/em>\u00a0jak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 n\u00e1zev kroniky Guiberta z Nogentu \u2013 \u017ee bude trvat dlouho, ne\u017e se revizionismus v tomto t\u00e9matu uchyt\u00ed. Stejn\u011b jako ka\u017ed\u00fd revizionismus zahrnuje p\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed historie s p\u0159ihl\u00e9dnut\u00edm k p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu pora\u017een\u00fdch. Byzantinci, zrazen\u00ed k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ky, jsou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi pora\u017een\u00fdmi, ale ti tu u\u017e nejsou, aby prezentovali svou verzi (a\u010dkoli si o n\u00ed m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst Stevena Runcimana). Z\u00e1sluhu na tom, \u017ee v roce 1983 za\u010dal \u0161\u00ed\u0159it arabskou verzi svou prvn\u00ed knihou *\u00a0<\/span>K\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy o\u010dima Arab\u016f*, je t\u0159eba p\u0159iznat libanonsko-francouzsk\u00e9mu spisovateli Aminu Maaloufovi.<\/span><\/em><\/a>\u00a0*, je t\u0159eba p\u0159iznat libanonsko-francouzsk\u00e9mu spisovateli Aminu Maaloufovi. Nen\u00ed pochyb o tom, \u017ee se v\u011bci vyjasn\u00ed, a\u017e muslimsk\u00fd sv\u011bt d\u00edky \u00cdr\u00e1nu znovu z\u00edsk\u00e1 sv\u016fj pr\u00e1voplatn\u00fd hlas v kapitole n\u00e1rod\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00edmto kon\u010d\u00ed m\u016fj skromn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek ke studiu tohoto z\u00e1hadn\u00e9ho z\u00e1padn\u00edho syndromu, kter\u00fd je nyn\u00ed v termin\u00e1ln\u00ed f\u00e1zi. P\u016fvod t\u00e9to psychopatologie, dokonale zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00e9 Petem Hegsethem, spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, co jsem nazval \u201epape\u017eskou kletbou\u201c, jej\u00edm\u017e \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm aspektem je k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 prvky z m\u00e9 knihy\u00a0<\/span>Pape\u017esk\u00e1 kletba, kter\u00e1<\/span><\/em>\u00a0je moment\u00e1ln\u011b nedostupn\u00e1 ve francouz\u0161tin\u011b (hled\u00e1m vydavatele), ale v angli\u010dtin\u011b byla vyd\u00e1na v nov\u00e9m vyd\u00e1n\u00ed nakladatelstv\u00edm\u00a0<\/span>Arktos<\/span><\/a>\u00a0s p\u0159edmluvou Alaina de Benoista.<\/span><\/p>\n

Laurent Guy\u00e9not<\/span><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Od st\u0159edov\u011bku po Bl\u00edzk\u00fd v\u00fdchod Dwight Eisenhower nazval sv\u00e9 pam\u011bti s n\u00e1zvem\u00a0K\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava za druh\u00e9…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":103908,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[38,1503,3877,37,40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103907"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=103907"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103907\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/103908"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=103907"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=103907"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=103907"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}