{"id":103318,"date":"2026-03-31T00:12:35","date_gmt":"2026-03-30T22:12:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=103318"},"modified":"2026-03-30T07:53:48","modified_gmt":"2026-03-30T05:53:48","slug":"rozsirujici-se-gulag-americke-imigrace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/03\/31\/rozsirujici-se-gulag-americke-imigrace\/","title":{"rendered":"Roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed se gulag americk\u00e9 imigrace"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

Nen\u00ed p\u0159ehnan\u00e9 \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee deten\u010dn\u00ed centra ICE nyn\u00ed hroz\u00ed, \u017ee se za Trumpovy administrativy stanou \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm n\u00e1strojem represe.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Vyd\u00e1n\u00ed den\u00edku\u00a0<\/span>Arizona Daily Star<\/span><\/em>\u00a0ze 4. b\u0159ezna 2026 shrnulo fakta stru\u010dn\u011b:<\/span><\/p>\n

Haitsk\u00fd\u00a0<\/span>\u017eadatel o azyl, kter\u00fd byl \u010dty\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce zadr\u017eov\u00e1n v n\u00e1pravn\u00e9m za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ve Florencii, zem\u0159el v pond\u011bl\u00ed v nemocnici ve Scottsdale na komplikace souvisej\u00edc\u00ed se zubn\u00ed infekc\u00ed<\/span><\/em>\u00a0. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee se infekce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila z jeho zubu do plic a zp\u016fsobila mu smrteln\u00fd z\u00e1pal plic.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jin\u00fdmi slovy, Imigra\u010dn\u00ed a celn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ad (ICE) nechal zadr\u017een\u00e9ho zem\u0159\u00edt na bolest zubu. Jmenoval se Emmanuel Damas. Bylo mu 56 let a byl otcem dvou d\u011bt\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

A m\u016f\u017eeme o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee se l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 p\u00e9\u010de v deten\u010dn\u00edch centrech ICE d\u00e1le zhor\u0161\u00ed. Jak v lednu 2026\u00a0<\/span>uvedl<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Judd Legum z Popular Information :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201e\u00a0<\/span>Od 3. \u0159\u00edjna 2025 ICE\u00a0<\/span>neprov\u00e1d\u011bla \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 platby<\/span><\/a>\u00a0extern\u00edm poskytovatel\u016fm zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de pro v\u011bzn\u011b. Minul\u00fd t\u00fdden ICE zve\u0159ejnila ozn\u00e1men\u00ed na\u00a0<\/span>m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00fdch vl\u00e1dn\u00edch webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, \u017ee neza\u010dne tyto \u017e\u00e1dosti o proplacen\u00ed zpracov\u00e1vat nejm\u00e9n\u011b do 30. dubna 2026. Do t\u00e9 doby byli poskytovatel\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de instruov\u00e1ni, aby pozastavili ve\u0161ker\u00e9 pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed<\/span><\/em>\u00a0.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

Tragick\u00e1 smrt Emmanuela Damase by byla skand\u00e1ln\u00ed, i kdyby se jednalo o ojedin\u011bl\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad. V roce 2025\u00a0<\/span>zem\u0159elo ve<\/span><\/a>\u00a0vazb\u011b ICE 32 lid\u00ed, co\u017e je rekordn\u00ed po\u010det za dvacet let. Jen v lednu 2026 zem\u0159elo dal\u0161\u00edch \u0161est lid\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b Geralda Lunase Campose, 55let\u00e9ho kub\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho otce, v deten\u010dn\u00edm centru Camp East Montana v texask\u00e9m El Pasu.<\/span><\/p>\n

A\u010dkoli ICE p\u016fvodn\u011b tvrdila, \u017ee se Lunas Campos pokusil o sebevra\u017edu, Americk\u00e1 imigra\u010dn\u00ed rada\u00a0<\/span>uv\u00e1d\u00ed<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, \u017ee \u201e\u00a0<\/span>l\u00e9ka\u0159 okresu El Paso dosp\u011bl k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee smrt byla zp\u016fsobena zadu\u0161en\u00edm v d\u016fsledku stla\u010den\u00ed krku a trupu\u00a0<\/span><\/em>.<\/em>\u00a0\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b je extr\u00e9mn\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 se u\u0161krtit.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sv\u011bdci v\u0161ak jeho vra\u017edu popsali takto: \u201e\u00a0<\/span>Lunas Campos byl spout\u00e1n a dr\u017een nejm\u00e9n\u011b p\u011bti str\u00e1\u017en\u00fdmi, z nich\u017e jeden mu ma\u010dkal krk, dokud neztratil v\u011bdom\u00ed<\/span><\/em>\u00a0.\u201c Nejm\u00e9n\u011b jeden dal\u0161\u00ed mu\u017e zem\u0159el v deten\u010dn\u00edm centru Camp East Montana, kde\u00a0je tak\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1\u00a0<\/span>tuberkul\u00f3za a spalni\u010dky .<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Damas a Lunas Camposovi pat\u0159ili mezi zhruba\u00a0<\/span>73 000 lid\u00ed, kter\u00e9<\/span><\/a>\u00a0v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b zadr\u017euje ICE v\u00a0<\/span>komplexn\u00ed s\u00edti deten\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f<\/span><\/a>\u00a0roztrou\u0161en\u00fdch po cel\u00e9 zemi. Dal\u0161\u00ed centra jsou ve v\u00fdstavb\u011b. Mnoh\u00e9 z nich jsou b\u00fdval\u00e9 sklady, kter\u00e9 jsou navr\u017eeny tak, aby fungovaly, jak loni prohl\u00e1sil\u00a0<\/span>Todd<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Lyons, \u00fa\u0159aduj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159editel ICE, \u201e\u00a0<\/span>jako Amazon Prime pro lidsk\u00e9 bytosti<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u201c\u00a0<\/span>.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

(Stejn\u011b jako mnoho Trumpem jmenovan\u00fdch kandid\u00e1t\u016f, ani Lyons neobdr\u017eel potvrzen\u00ed Sen\u00e1tu. Jeho\u00a0<\/span>p\u0159esn\u00fd titul<\/span><\/a>\u00a0je podle ICE \u201e\u00a0<\/span>vysok\u00fd \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed jako \u0159editel americk\u00e9 imigra\u010dn\u00ed a celn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy<\/span><\/em>\u00a0.\u201c)<\/span><\/p>\n

Co je to koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bor?<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Tato s\u00ed\u0165 v\u011bznic, p\u0159esn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno\u00a0<\/span>koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, p\u0159edstavuje americk\u00fd gulag. \u201eGulag\u201c nen\u00ed ani tak slovo, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e rusk\u00e1 zkratka ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fd program koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f, p\u016fvodn\u011b zaveden\u00fd za Josifa Stalina.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento term\u00edn znamen\u00e1 \u201eHlavn\u00ed \u0159editelstv\u00ed n\u00e1pravn\u011b pracovn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f\u201c a p\u016fvodn\u011b se vztahoval na spr\u00e1vce t\u00e1bor\u016f. Pozd\u011bji se \u201egulag\u201c za\u010dal pou\u017e\u00edvat k ozna\u010den\u00ed samotn\u00fdch t\u00e1bor\u016f, \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edho n\u00e1stroje sov\u011btsk\u00e9 politick\u00e9 represe.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina Ameri\u010dan\u016f se o existenci t\u011bchto t\u00e1bor\u016f dozv\u011bd\u011bla d\u00edky mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu bestselleru Alexandra Sol\u017eenicyna Souostrov\u00ed Gulag, vydan\u00e9mu v roce 1973. [Britov\u00e9 zalo\u017eili n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0<\/span>prvn\u00edch koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f<\/span><\/a>\u00a0b\u011bhem b\u00farsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v Ji\u017en\u00ed Africe v roce 1900].<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\"\"Vazebn\u00ed cela (\u201etrestn\u00ed izol\u00e1t\u201c) t\u00e1bora ve Vorkutsk\u00e9 oblasti, 1945 (St\u00e1tn\u00ed archiv Rusk\u00e9 federace, Moskva \/ Wikimedia Commons \/ CC BY-SA 3.0)
\nx<\/span><\/em><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Jak p\u00ed\u0161e Andrea Pitzer, autorka knihy \u201e\u00a0<\/span>Dlouh\u00e1 noc: Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed historie koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f<\/span><\/a><\/em>\u00a0\u201c , tyto instituce jsou relativn\u011b nov\u00fdm jevem. Zat\u00edmco lidstvo ji\u017e dlouho vym\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed zp\u016fsoby, jak izolovat skupiny, kter\u00e9 pova\u017euje za nep\u0159\u00e1tele \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad v \u017eidovsk\u00fdch ghettech st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Evropy \u2013 modern\u00ed koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bor se vyvinul d\u00edky dv\u011bma kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm vyn\u00e1lez\u016fm: ostnat\u00e9mu dr\u00e1tu a kulometu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tato dvojice technologick\u00fdch pokrok\u016f umo\u017enila mal\u00e9mu po\u010dtu str\u00e1\u017e\u00ed kontrolovat a zadr\u017eovat velk\u00fd po\u010det lid\u00ed na jednom m\u00edst\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bory maj\u00ed n\u011bkolik charakteristick\u00fdch rys\u016f<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Existuj\u00ed mimo b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed struktury. Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou tam dr\u017eeni, nejsou v\u011bzni, ale zadr\u017eovan\u00ed lid\u00e9. V koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1borech se tedy nach\u00e1zej\u00ed lid\u00e9 v\u0161ech v\u011bkov\u00fdch kategori\u00ed, od kojenc\u016f a\u017e po seniory. Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f nebyli souzeni ani odsouzeni za \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd zlo\u010din.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jsou zadr\u017eov\u00e1ni kv\u016fli sv\u00e9mu statusu, nap\u0159\u00edklad jako cizinci, nebo v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b japonsko-americk\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f internovan\u00fdch b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky kv\u016fli sv\u00e9 etnick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti \u010di n\u00e1rodnosti. To plat\u00ed i pro osoby zadr\u017eovan\u00e9 dnes ICE.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trestn\u00e9 \u010diny, z nich\u017e jsou obvin\u011bni, spadaj\u00ed pod americk\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo, nikoli trestn\u00ed, a jejich zadr\u017een\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 mimo jak\u00fdkoli soudn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, v\u010detn\u011b imigra\u010dn\u00edch soud\u016f provozovan\u00fdch V\u00fdkonn\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159adem pro imigraci a celn\u00ed kontrolu Ministerstva spravedlnosti. Imigra\u010dn\u00ed soudci, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou v podstat\u011b administrativn\u00edmi zam\u011bstnanci, nemohou na\u0159\u00eddit nikomu zadr\u017een\u00ed. Tato v\u00fdsada spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v pravomoci ICE a jeho mate\u0159sk\u00e9 agentury, Ministerstva vnit\u0159n\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti (DHS).<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u011bzni v koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1borech jsou civilist\u00e9, nikoli vojensk\u00fd person\u00e1l, co\u017e je pohodln\u011b vyj\u00edm\u00e1 z p\u016fsobnosti \u017denevsk\u00fdch \u00famluv. Proto Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty nikdy neuznaly mu\u017ee, kter\u00e9 zadr\u017eovaly, a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\u00a0<\/span>15 v\u011bz\u0148\u016f<\/span><\/a>\u00a0je nad\u00e1le dr\u017e\u00ed jako v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 zajatce v americk\u00e9 v\u011bznici v z\u00e1livu Guant\u00e1namo na Kub\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

V 90. letech, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 deset let p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e byla n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed z\u00e1kladna Guant\u00e1namo poprv\u00e9 pou\u017eita jako deten\u010dn\u00ed centrum v \u201eglob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00e1lce proti terorismu\u201c, tam Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty zadr\u017eovaly migranty, v\u010detn\u011b a\u017e 50 000 Hai\u0165an\u016f a Kub\u00e1nc\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00fdkonn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edkaz prezidenta Donalda Trumpa z 29. ledna 2025 s n\u00e1zvem \u201e\u00a0<\/span>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00edho centra pro migranty na n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u011b Guant\u00e1namo na plnou kapacitu<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u201c na\u0159\u00eddil ministerstv\u016fm obrany a vnit\u0159n\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti, aby se p\u0159ipravily na zadr\u017een\u00ed a\u017e 30 000 migrant\u016f. Do \u010dervence 2025 byli v t\u00e1bo\u0159e zadr\u017eov\u00e1ni zadr\u017eovan\u00ed z Afriky, Asie, Evropy a Karibiku.<\/span><\/p>\n

Koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bory jsou spojov\u00e1ny s autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi re\u017eimy. P\u0159edstavuj\u00ed jak p\u0159\u00edmou formu represe, tak, co\u017e je stejn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, varov\u00e1n\u00ed pro zbytek populace p\u0159ed osudem, kter\u00fd \u010dek\u00e1 ty, kdo se re\u017eimu vzp\u00edraj\u00ed. V tomto smyslu se koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bory velmi podobaj\u00ed jin\u00e9mu n\u00e1stroji represe: institucionalizovan\u00e9mu st\u00e1tn\u00edmu mu\u010den\u00ed, o kter\u00e9m jsem diskutoval ve sv\u00e9 knize \u201e\u00a0<\/span>Mainstreaming Torture<\/span><\/em><\/a>\u00a0\u201c (Za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed mu\u010den\u00ed do hlavn\u00edch jev\u016f).<\/span><\/p>\n

Stejn\u011b jako st\u00e1tem sponzorovan\u00e9 mu\u010den\u00ed, i koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bory p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed jak\u00e9si divadlo n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9 je o to fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky sv\u00e9 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u00fapln\u00e9 tajnosti. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b deten\u010dn\u00edch st\u0159edisek ICE se DHS tv\u00e1\u0159ilo, \u017ee\u00a0<\/span>p\u0159\u00edstup do t\u011bchto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zakazuje m\u00edstn\u00edm volen\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016fm<\/span><\/a>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>\u010dlen\u016fm Kongresu<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tato deten\u010dn\u00ed centra v\u0161ak nemohou pln\u011b plnit svou represivn\u00ed funkci, pokud ve\u0159ejnost zcela nev\u00ed, co se uvnit\u0159 d\u011bje. Nap\u0159\u00edklad jsme byli sv\u011bdky sly\u0161en\u00ed, kde kongresmanka t\u00e1zala Kristi Noemovou, tehdej\u0161\u00ed tajemnici ministerstva vnit\u0159n\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti, na p\u0159\u00edpad osoby s dvojitou amputac\u00ed, kter\u00e1 byla nucena \u201e\u00a0<\/span>prol\u00e9zat pl\u00edsn\u00ed, exkrementy a t\u011blesn\u00fdmi tekutinami, aby se mohla osprchovat<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u201c\u00a0<\/span>.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

V\u011bdom\u00ed, \u017ee takov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky jsou vnucov\u00e1ny lidem prakticky bez mo\u017enosti n\u00e1pravy, m\u00e1 odradit od jak\u00e9koli politick\u00e9 akce.<\/span><\/p>\n

Koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bory nejsou vyhlazovac\u00edmi t\u00e1bory, ale lid\u00e9 v nich um\u00edraj\u00ed. Mnoho Ameri\u010dan\u016f m\u00e1 tendenci v\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee v\u0161echny n\u011bmeck\u00e9 koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bory byly m\u00edsty p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho vyhlazov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ve skute\u010dnosti nacist\u00e9 postavili \u0161est t\u00e1bor\u016f speci\u00e1ln\u011b ur\u010den\u00fdch pro vra\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00fdch v\u011bz\u0148\u016f v pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. Ale deset let p\u0159ed otev\u0159en\u00edm prvn\u00edho vyhlazovac\u00edho t\u00e1bora byly tis\u00edce v\u011bz\u0148\u016f nama\u010dk\u00e1ny v \u201epracovn\u00edch\u201c t\u00e1borech. Ve skute\u010dnosti nebyli ur\u010deni k p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9mu zabit\u00ed, ale k vylou\u010den\u00ed ze spole\u010dnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jak vysv\u011btluje N\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v\u00a0<\/span>New Orleans<\/span><\/a>\u00a0: \u201e\u00a0<\/span>Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku obyvatelstvo t\u011bchto koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f obecn\u011b nebylo \u017eidovsk\u00e9, ale skl\u00e1dalo se z komunist\u016f, socialist\u016f, Rom\u016f a Sint\u016f, sv\u011bdk\u016f Jehovov\u00fdch, homosexu\u00e1l\u016f a marginalizovan\u00fdch lid\u00ed (alkoholik\u016f, zlo\u010dinc\u016f, ment\u00e1ln\u011b posti\u017een\u00fdch lid\u00ed, chud\u00fdch lid\u00ed)<\/span><\/em>\u00a0.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

Za zm\u00ednku stoj\u00ed, \u017ee podobn\u011b jako neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed imigranti ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech dnes, ani tyto skupiny v t\u00e9 dob\u011b u n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho obyvatelstva nevyvol\u00e1valy mnoho soucitu. \u017divotn\u00ed podm\u00ednky, kter\u00e9 sn\u00e1\u0161ely \u2013 nedostatek j\u00eddla a l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 p\u00e9\u010de, p\u0159epln\u011bnost a nehygienick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky \u2013 zp\u016fsobily, \u017ee a\u017e t\u0159etina\u00a0<\/span>t\u011bch,<\/span><\/a>\u00a0kte\u0159\u00ed jimi pro\u0161li, onemocn\u011bla a zabila.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stru\u010dn\u00e1 historie americk\u00fdch koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Sov\u011btsk\u00fd gulag nebyl prvn\u00edm koncentra\u010dn\u00edm t\u00e1borem na sv\u011bt\u011b, a\u010dkoli takov\u00e9 instituce jsou ve skute\u010dnosti relativn\u011b nov\u00fdm jevem. Lidsk\u00e9 bytosti se v\u017edy sna\u017eily izolovat skupiny, kter\u00e9 pova\u017eovaly za nep\u0159\u00e1tele, stejn\u011b jako to Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 n\u011bkdy d\u011blali s zotro\u010den\u00fdmi Afri\u010dany a domorod\u00fdmi obyvateli tohoto kontinentu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e byl n\u00e1rod \u010cerok\u00ed\u016f vyhn\u00e1n ze sv\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed podle z\u00e1kona o vyst\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed indi\u00e1n\u016f z roku 1830 a nucen putovat po \u201estezce slz\u201c, mnoho jeho \u010dlen\u016f bylo na \u010das zadr\u017eeno v \u201eemigra\u010dn\u00edch centrech\u201c v Alabam\u011b a Tennessee.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00fd Ameri\u010dan sly\u0161el o nacistick\u00fdch t\u00e1borech, ale historie modern\u00edch koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f skute\u010dn\u011b za\u010dala koncem 19. stolet\u00ed. Jak Andrea Pitzerov\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bla v\u00a0<\/span>ned\u00e1vn\u00e9m rozhovoru<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 se o existenci t\u011bchto t\u00e1bor\u016f dozv\u011bd\u011bli v 90. letech 19. stolet\u00ed, kdy \u0160pan\u011blsko zavedlo politiku p\u0159eskupen\u00ed vojsk, aby potla\u010dilo povst\u00e1n\u00ed na Kub\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stejn\u011b jako dnes v deten\u010dn\u00edch centrech ICE byli podvy\u017eiven\u00ed mu\u017ei, \u017eeny a d\u011bti nama\u010dk\u00e1ni pohromad\u011b, kde p\u0159epln\u011bnost a nehygienick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky vedly u mnoha lid\u00ed k nemocem a smrti. Zpr\u00e1vy o ot\u0159esn\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch na Kub\u011b p\u0159im\u011bly Ameri\u010dany k organizaci materi\u00e1ln\u00ed pomoci pro zadr\u017een\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty pot\u00e9 vyslaly bitevn\u00ed lo\u010f Maine, aby doprovodila z\u00e1chrann\u00e9 lod\u011b na Kubu. Kdy\u017e se Maine za pochybn\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed potopila v havansk\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstavu, americk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da na\u0161la perfektn\u00ed z\u00e1minku k zah\u00e1jen\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 kampan\u011b proti zbytk\u016fm \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed nadvl\u00e1dy v Americe a Tichomo\u0159\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tato relativn\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka skon\u010dila t\u00edm, \u017ee Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty obsadily v\u011bt\u0161inu zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch koloni\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b ostrova Portoriko a \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pozd\u011bji stalo Filip\u00ednami.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nov\u00ed ameri\u010dt\u00ed koloniz\u00e1to\u0159i t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 okam\u017eit\u011b na Filip\u00edn\u00e1ch zopakovali typ\u00a0<\/span>koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, kter\u00e9 m\u011bli \u00fadajn\u011b vym\u00fdtit na Kub\u011b b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky. V dal\u0161\u00ed paralele s 20. stolet\u00edm, b\u011bhem okupace Filip\u00edn, americk\u00e9 s\u00edly vynalezly formu mu\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dnes \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me \u201ewaterboarding\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina Ameri\u010dan\u016f zn\u00e1 prezidentsk\u00fd dekret Franklina D. Roosevelta z roku 1942, kter\u00fdm bylo z\u0159\u00edzeno deset koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f pro\u00a0<\/span>zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed osob japonsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, z nich\u017e asi dv\u011b t\u0159etiny tvo\u0159ili ameri\u010dt\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na z\u00e1pad\u011b Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky bylo internov\u00e1no p\u0159es 120 000 mu\u017e\u016f, \u017een a d\u011bt\u00ed. Mnoz\u00ed z nich p\u0159i\u0161li o sv\u00e9 domovy, farmy, podniky a dal\u0161\u00ed majetek (\u010dasto zabaven\u00fd jejich sousedy nejaponsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu). Internov\u00e1n byl tak\u00e9 mnohem men\u0161\u00ed po\u010det italsk\u00fdch a n\u011bmeck\u00fdch st\u00e1tn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f, stejn\u011b jako tomu bylo v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b N\u011bmc\u016f b\u011bhem prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
Japon\u0161t\u00ed Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 stoj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ed plak\u00e1ty oznamuj\u00edc\u00edmi jejich internaci, 25. dubna 1942. (Dorothea Lange \/ Wikimedia Commons \/ Public Domain)
\nx<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Japonsk\u00e9 t\u00e1bory byly postaveny \u00da\u0159adem pro rozvoj staveb (WPA), stejnou feder\u00e1ln\u00ed agenturou, kter\u00e1 b\u011bhem Velk\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize poskytla pracovn\u00ed m\u00edsta milion\u016fm lid\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Rooseveltova programu New Deal. Jen m\u00e1lo Ameri\u010dan\u016f v\u00ed, \u017ee WPA krom\u011b v\u00fdstavby silnic, \u0161kol, p\u0159ehrad a n\u011bkdy i zoologick\u00fdch zahrad tak\u00e9 postavila kas\u00e1rna a instalovala ostnat\u00fd dr\u00e1t, kter\u00fd obklopoval internovan\u00e9 v\u011bzn\u011b z druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Agentura, kter\u00e1 p\u0159edch\u00e1zela ICE, Imigra\u010dn\u00ed a naturaliza\u010dn\u00ed slu\u017eba (INS), provozovala asi\u00a0<\/span>dvacet t\u011bchto t\u00e1bor\u016f<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, zejm\u00e9na k v\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed japonsk\u00fdch, n\u011bmeck\u00fdch a italsk\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f bez st\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u0159i z t\u011bchto t\u00e1bor\u016f byly postaveny v Texasu k zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed lid\u00ed z t\u011bchto zem\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed byli deportov\u00e1ni z Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky (v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich byli Japonci z Peru). Tyto t\u00e1bory\u00a0<\/span>st\u0159e\u017eila pohrani\u010dn\u00ed hl\u00eddka<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, nikoli vojensk\u00e1 policie. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, ICE a Celn\u00ed a hrani\u010dn\u00ed ochrana (CBP) maj\u00ed dlouhou historii provozov\u00e1n\u00ed americk\u00fdch koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f. Jsou na to zvykl\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Americk\u00fd gulag<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Nen\u00ed p\u0159ehnan\u00e9 \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee deten\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bory ICE se nyn\u00ed za Trumpovy administrativy hroz\u00ed st\u00e1t \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm n\u00e1strojem represe.\u00a0Od Trumpova n\u00e1vratu k moci v lednu 2025 v t\u011bchto t\u00e1borech zem\u0159elo nejm\u00e9n\u011b\u00a0<\/span>40 lid\u00ed. A to jsou pouze ve\u0159ejn\u011b uznan\u00e1 \u00famrt\u00ed.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco t\u00e1bor ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Montan\u011b je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm t\u00e1borem ICE v zemi, nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm je bezpochyby ten na Florid\u011b, kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v Everglades a p\u0159ezd\u00edv\u00e1 se mu \u201eAlcatraz alig\u00e1tor\u016f\u201c. Podle\u00a0<\/span>Amnesty International<\/span><\/a>\u00a0byl postaven narychlo za pouh\u00fd t\u00fdden a \u201eubytov\u00e1v\u00e1\u201c lidi v ot\u0159esn\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201e\u00a0<\/span>Uvnit\u0159 jsou lid\u00e9 nama\u010dk\u00e1ni v p\u0159epln\u011bn\u00fdch klec\u00edch kolem paland, sotva se kde h\u00fdbat. J\u00eddlo je zka\u017een\u00e9 a zamo\u0159en\u00e9 larvami. Kom\u00e1\u0159i se neust\u00e1le roj\u00ed, sprchy jsou vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 a extr\u00e9mn\u00ed horko a vlhkost \u010din\u00ed centrum nesnesiteln\u00fdm. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee pro zadr\u017een\u00e9 prakticky neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd spolehliv\u00fd nebo d\u016fv\u011brn\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak komunikovat se sv\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vn\u00edky nebo rodinami<\/span><\/em>\u00a0.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento popis se odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed ve v\u00fdpov\u011bd\u00edch lid\u00ed zadr\u017eovan\u00fdch v deten\u010dn\u00edch centrech ICE po cel\u00e9 zemi. \u00dapln\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va o \u017eivotn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch ve v\u0161ech t\u011bchto t\u00e1borech by zabrala stovky tis\u00edc slov.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je skute\u010dn\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 pln\u011b pochopit rozsah programu koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f ICE, proto\u017ee informace o po\u010dtu a velikosti t\u011bchto t\u00e1bor\u016f se rychle m\u011bn\u00ed s t\u00edm, jak jsou navrhov\u00e1ny nebo uv\u00e1d\u011bny do provozu nov\u00e9 t\u00e1bory.<\/span><\/p>\n

Organizace Freedom for Immigrants (Svoboda pro imigranty) udr\u017euje\u00a0<\/span>interaktivn\u00ed mapu center pro zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed imigrant\u016f<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, kter\u00e1 uv\u00e1d\u00ed nejm\u00e9n\u011b 200 r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edst, kde jsou zadr\u017eov\u00e1ni imigranti (a n\u011bkdy i ameri\u010dt\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9).<\/span><\/p>\n

A Trumpova administrativa se t\u00edm nehodl\u00e1 zastavit.\u00a0<\/span>Podle<\/span><\/a>\u00a0den\u00edku\u00a0<\/span>Guardian<\/span><\/em>\u00a0pl\u00e1nuje DHS utratit 3,8 miliardy dolar\u016f na \u201emodernizaci\u201c 24 st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch sklad\u016f, aby realizoval pl\u00e1n \u00fa\u0159aduj\u00edc\u00edho \u0159editele ICE Todda Lyonse zach\u00e1zet s imigranty jako s pouh\u00fdmi objekty.<\/span><\/p>\n

A to n\u00e1s vrac\u00ed k j\u00e1dru probl\u00e9mu. Koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bory existuj\u00ed proto, aby podporovaly a roz\u0161i\u0159ovaly moc autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho re\u017eimu. Vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ru strachu, kdy se v\u0161ichni ob\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee s nimi bude zach\u00e1zeno jako s jejich sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi c\u00edli.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stejn\u011b jako st\u00e1tem sponzorovan\u00e9 mu\u010d\u00edc\u00ed programy, i koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bory urychluj\u00ed dehumanizaci skupin lid\u00ed v kolektivn\u00ed p\u0159edstavivosti. Tento proces \u010dasto za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 ozna\u010den\u00edm c\u00edlov\u00e9 skupiny za nelidskou, za \u201e\u00a0<\/span>hav\u011b\u0165<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u201c nebo za \u201e\u00a0<\/span>\u0161pinavost<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u201c (jak to samoz\u0159ejm\u011b ud\u011blal Trump).<\/span><\/p>\n

Paradoxn\u011b, pouh\u00e9 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed lid\u00ed do nelidsk\u00fdch podm\u00ednek m\u016f\u017ee zes\u00edlit jejich vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed. Koneckonc\u016f, akceptovali by lid\u00e9 takov\u00e9 zach\u00e1zen\u00ed? Choval by se n\u00e1\u0161 n\u00e1rod, tak hoden sv\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na, k lidem takto?<\/span><\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm aspektem toho v\u0161eho je obohacen\u00ed n\u011bkolika velk\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kontroverzn\u00ed z\u00e1kon prezidenta Trumpa, p\u0159ezd\u00edvan\u00fd \u201eVelk\u00fd kr\u00e1sn\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u201c, p\u0159id\u011blil ICE p\u0159es 45 miliard dolar\u016f na spr\u00e1vu t\u011bchto t\u00e1bor\u016f, co\u017e generovalo zna\u010dn\u00e9 zisky. Dnes v\u011bt\u0161inu t\u011bchto t\u00e1bor\u016f\u00a0<\/span>provozuj\u00ed dv\u011b soukrom\u00e9 v\u011bze\u0148sk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti<\/span><\/a>\u00a0: CoreCivic a GEO Group.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tent\u00fd\u017e z\u00e1kon rovn\u011b\u017e\u00a0<\/span>oprav\u0148uje<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Ministerstvo vnit\u0159n\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti k urychlen\u00ed t\u011bchto zisk\u016f vyu\u017eit\u00edm programu Velitelstv\u00ed z\u00e1sobovac\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f americk\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se obejde obvykl\u00fd proces nab\u00eddkov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na zak\u00e1zky feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1dy.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
Trump obklopen \u010dleny sv\u00e9ho kabinetu a dal\u0161\u00edmi hodnost\u00e1\u0159i po podpisu z\u00e1kona \u201eOne Big Beautiful Bill Act\u201c na ji\u017en\u00edm tr\u00e1vn\u00edku B\u00edl\u00e9ho domu 4. \u010dervence 2025. (B\u00edl\u00fd d\u016fm\/Daniel Torok)
\nx<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Dnes r\u00e1no jsem se zeptal sv\u00e9 partnerky, jestli si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee by Trumpova administrativa mohla p\u0159ej\u00edt od koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f, kde lid\u00e9 um\u00edraj\u00ed jako \u201evedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek\u201c internace, ke skute\u010dn\u00fdm vyhlazovac\u00edm t\u00e1bor\u016fm. \u201e\u00a0<\/span>Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee je to mo\u017en\u00e9<\/span><\/em>\u00a0,\u201c odpov\u011bd\u011bla \u2013 a bohu\u017eel si to mysl\u00edm taky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je to mo\u017en\u00e9, ale zat\u00edm ne nevyhnuteln\u00e9. Doposud byly m\u00edstn\u00ed akce nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, jak se br\u00e1nit vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed americk\u00e9ho gulagu, kter\u00fd buduje na\u0161e feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mezi tyto akce pat\u0159ilo organizov\u00e1n\u00ed se proti z\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e1bor\u016f v ur\u010dit\u00fdch komunit\u00e1ch, lobov\u00e1n\u00ed za m\u00edstn\u00ed \u00fazemn\u00ed pl\u00e1novac\u00ed p\u0159edpisy, kter\u00e9 by jim zabr\u00e1nily, a pokus o vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed politick\u00e9 opozice na \u00farovni st\u00e1tu. (Den\u00edk The\u00a0<\/span>Washington Post<\/span><\/em>\u00a0publikoval\u00a0<\/span>vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed zpr\u00e1vu<\/span><\/a>\u00a0o ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch snah\u00e1ch v jednom okrese Marylandu o zablokov\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00e9ho t\u00e1bora.)<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00edme, co je v s\u00e1zce. V\u00edme, \u017ee dok\u00e1\u017eeme zru\u0161it americk\u00fd gulag, proto\u017ee\u00a0<\/span>n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z n\u00e1s na tom u\u017e pracuj\u00ed<\/span><\/a>\u00a0. Je na\u010dase, abychom se do toho v\u0161ichni zapojili.<\/span><\/p>\n

od\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>Rebeccy Gordonov\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nen\u00ed p\u0159ehnan\u00e9 \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee deten\u010dn\u00ed centra ICE nyn\u00ed hroz\u00ed, \u017ee se za Trumpovy administrativy stanou…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":103319,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,7989,398,7148,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103318"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=103318"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103318\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/103319"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=103318"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=103318"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=103318"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}