{"id":102760,"date":"2026-03-24T05:05:01","date_gmt":"2026-03-24T04:05:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=102760"},"modified":"2026-03-24T05:54:17","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T04:54:17","slug":"usa-se-zaviraji-cina-otevira-kam-se-posunula-obchodni-valka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/03\/24\/usa-se-zaviraji-cina-otevira-kam-se-posunula-obchodni-valka\/","title":{"rendered":"USA se zav\u00edraj\u00ed, \u010c\u00edna otev\u00edr\u00e1: Kam se posunula obchodn\u00ed v\u00e1lka?"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

Zat\u00edmco Washington se posouv\u00e1 k protekcionismu, Peking vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nov\u00fd preferen\u010dn\u00ed obchodn\u00ed re\u017eim pro africk\u00e9 n\u00e1rody.<\/h3>\n

\u010c\u00edna aktivn\u011b p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed svou obchodn\u00ed politiku v\u016f\u010di Africe. Zat\u00edmco USA zp\u0159\u00eds\u0148uj\u00ed sv\u016fj trh a zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed omezen\u00ed, \u010c\u00edna sv\u016fj trh otev\u00edr\u00e1: Minul\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc prezident Si \u0164in-pching\u00a0<\/span>potvrdil<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna zru\u0161\u00ed cla na dovoz z 53 africk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, co\u017e je rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd obchodn\u00ed krok, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 vstoupit v platnost 1. kv\u011btna.<\/span><\/p>\n

K tomuto posunu doch\u00e1z\u00ed na pozad\u00ed celn\u00edch omezen\u00ed zaveden\u00fdch americk\u00fdm prezidentem Donaldem Trumpem a prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch diskus\u00ed o budoucnosti z\u00e1kona o africk\u00e9m r\u016fstu a p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostech (AGOA) \u2013 americk\u00e9ho programu obchodn\u00edch preferenc\u00ed, kter\u00fd poskytuje africk\u00fdm zem\u00edm bezceln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed trh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna v podstat\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nov\u00fd preferen\u010dn\u00ed obchodn\u00ed re\u017eim, kter\u00fd kombinuje prvky jednostrann\u00e9 liberalizace cel, r\u00e1mcov\u00fdch dohod a postupn\u00e9ho roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed do dal\u0161\u00edch oblast\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nad r\u00e1mec tarif\u016f<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u010c\u00ednskou iniciativu lze tak\u00e9 vn\u00edmat jako snahu odstr\u010dit Afriku od naprost\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti na obchodn\u00ed politice hlavn\u00edch sv\u011btov\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed a p\u0159em\u011bnit ji v platformu pro testov\u00e1n\u00ed model\u016f glob\u00e1ln\u00edho veden\u00ed. V posledn\u00edch letech se postoj Ameriky st\u00e1le v\u00edce st\u00e1v\u00e1 synonymem pro celn\u00ed protekcionismus, p\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed p\u0159edchoz\u00edch re\u017eim\u016f p\u0159\u00edstupu na trh a pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed obchodu dom\u00e1c\u00ed politick\u00e9 agend\u011b. \u010c\u00edna se naopak sna\u017e\u00ed zaujmout mor\u00e1ln\u011b v\u00fdhodnou pozici a prezentuje se jako strana, kter\u00e1 otev\u00edr\u00e1 trhy, zejm\u00e9na pro rozvojov\u00e9 zem\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Za touto r\u00e9torikou se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed i pragmatick\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy: restrukturalizace obchodn\u00edch tok\u016f, zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed vlivu, standardizace pravidel pro p\u0159\u00edstup na trh a v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed hlubok\u00fdch ekonomick\u00fdch vazeb mezi africk\u00fdmi partnery a \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm trhem.<\/span><\/p>\n

V \u010dervnu 2025 \u010c\u00edna poprv\u00e9 ozn\u00e1mila zru\u0161en\u00ed dovozn\u00edch cel pro africk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty. B\u011bhem ministersk\u00e9 sch\u016fzky koordin\u00e1tor\u016f o implementaci navazuj\u00edc\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed F\u00f3ra pro \u010d\u00ednsko-africkou spolupr\u00e1ci v \u010cchang-\u0161a v provincii Chu-nan byla p\u0159ijata \u010d\u00ednsko-africk\u00e1 \u010cchang\u0161sk\u00e1 deklarace o podpo\u0159e solidarity a spolupr\u00e1ce glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu. V r\u00e1mci deklarace \u010c\u00edna uvedla, \u017ee je p\u0159ipravena roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it nulov\u00e9 celn\u00ed zach\u00e1zen\u00ed pro 100% celn\u00ed polo\u017eky na v\u0161ech 53 africk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed s \u010c\u00ednou diplomatick\u00e9 vztahy. Je pozoruhodn\u00e9, \u017ee tento seznam vylu\u010duje Eswatini \u2013 jedin\u00fd africk\u00fd st\u00e1t, kter\u00fd st\u00e1le udr\u017euje ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed diplomatick\u00e9 vztahy s Tchaj-wanem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pro nejm\u00e9n\u011b rozvinut\u00e9 zem\u011b (LDC) v Africe byla ozn\u00e1mena dodate\u010dn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed k usnadn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu na \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd trh, pokud jde o inspekce, karant\u00e9nu a celn\u00ed spr\u00e1vu. V praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna nab\u00edz\u00ed africk\u00fdm partner\u016fm nejen odstran\u011bn\u00ed cel, ale tak\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed neceln\u00edch bari\u00e9r, kter\u00e9 \u010dasto funguj\u00ed jako v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky srovnateln\u00e9 se samotn\u00fdmi cly.<\/span><\/p>\n

Peking t\u00edm zav\u00e1d\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed model obchodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce, kde preference nejsou definov\u00e1ny pouze celn\u00edmi \u00farovn\u011bmi, ale tak\u00e9 skute\u010dn\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami, za kter\u00fdch zbo\u017e\u00ed vstupuje na trh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nulov\u00e9 cla budou pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v r\u00e1mci R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 dohody o hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m partnerstv\u00ed pro sd\u00edlen\u00fd rozvoj mezi \u010c\u00ednou a Afrikou. Dohoda poskytuje komplexn\u00ed institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed r\u00e1mec pro spolupr\u00e1ci, kter\u00fd zahrnuje liberalizaci a usnadn\u011bn\u00ed obchodu se zbo\u017e\u00edm a slu\u017ebami, investi\u010dn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci, digit\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomiku, technickou pomoc a dal\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee r\u00e1mcov\u00e9 dohody neobsahuj\u00ed podrobn\u00e9 celn\u00ed z\u00e1vazky. Jejich \u00fa\u010delem nen\u00ed okam\u017eit\u00e9 vytvo\u0159en\u00ed z\u00f3ny voln\u00e9ho obchodu, ale nast\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed obecn\u00fdch z\u00e1sad, sm\u011br\u016f a mechanism\u016f spolupr\u00e1ce. O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed z\u00e1vazky budou formalizov\u00e1ny pozd\u011bji prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm samostatn\u00fdch protokol\u016f a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch dohod.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 flexibilita<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u010c\u00ednsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup je obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pozoruhodn\u00fd svou schopnost\u00ed p\u0159evz\u00edt a adaptovat \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 extern\u00ed form\u00e1ty, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm evropsk\u00e9. Jak n\u00e1zvem, tak strukturou jsou \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 r\u00e1mcov\u00e9 dohody podobn\u00e9 evropsk\u00fdm dohod\u00e1m o hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m partnerstv\u00ed (EPA): Stejn\u00fd zast\u0159e\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed form\u00e1t, kombinace obchodn\u00edch a rozvojov\u00fdch iniciativ, asymetrick\u00e9 z\u00e1vazky a postupn\u00fd rozvoj jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00ednsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup v\u0161ak nen\u00ed toto\u017en\u00fd s evropsk\u00fdm. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je m\u00e9n\u011b formalizovan\u00fd a v\u00edce se zam\u011b\u0159uje na flexibilitu a politickou man\u00e9vrovatelnost.<\/span><\/p>\n

Podle ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed byly k \u010dervenci 2025 podeps\u00e1ny r\u00e1mcov\u00e9 dohody s 31 africk\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi: Angolou, Beninem, Burundi, Gabonem, Gambi\u00ed, Ghanou, Guineou-Bissau, Demokratickou republikou Kongo, D\u017eibutskem, Egyptem, Zambi\u00ed, Zimbabwe, Ke\u0148ou, Komorami, Pob\u0159e\u017e\u00edm slonoviny, Lib\u00e9ri\u00ed, Liby\u00ed, Maurit\u00e1ni\u00ed, Madagaskarem, Republikou Kongo, Svat\u00fdm Tomem a Princov\u00fdm ostrovem, Seychelami, Senegalem, Som\u00e1lskem, Sierrou Leone, Ugandou, St\u0159edoafrickou republikou, \u010cadem, Rovn\u00edkovou Guineou, Etiopi\u00ed a Ji\u017en\u00edm S\u00fad\u00e1nem. V \u00fanoru 2026 byla podobn\u00e1 dohoda podeps\u00e1na s Jihoafrickou republikou.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuto strukturu lze nejl\u00e9pe popsat jako \u201emodulov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup\u201c. Nejprve se podep\u00ed\u0161e obecn\u00e1 r\u00e1mcov\u00e1 dohoda, po n\u00ed\u017e n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed specifick\u00e9 dokumenty v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch oblastech \u2013 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm t\u011bch, v nich\u017e lze sn\u00e1ze dos\u00e1hnout politick\u00fdch a ekonomick\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

V t\u00e9to souvislosti mohou celn\u00ed dohody fungovat jako \u201eprogram pro v\u010dasnou sklize\u0148\u201c \u2013 poskytuj\u00edc\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed, hmatateln\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky v \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm r\u00e1mci vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. To \u010c\u00edn\u011b umo\u017e\u0148uje vyhnout se okam\u017eit\u00e9mu pono\u0159en\u00ed se do slo\u017eit\u00fdch diskus\u00ed o \u00fapln\u00e9 a symetrick\u00e9 liberalizaci obchodu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Peking buduje v\u00edcevrstv\u00fd syst\u00e9m: p\u0159echod od politicko-pr\u00e1vn\u00edho r\u00e1mce k selektivn\u00edm odv\u011btvov\u00fdm nebo celn\u00edm \u00fastupk\u016fm a potenci\u00e1ln\u011b k hlub\u0161\u00edm form\u00e1m obchodn\u00ed a ekonomick\u00e9 regulace, pokud o to ob\u011b strany projev\u00ed z\u00e1jem.<\/span><\/p>\n

V listopadu 2025 byla s Kon\u017eskou republikou podeps\u00e1na prvn\u00ed dohoda o p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00e9 sklizni, kter\u00e1 umo\u017enila kon\u017esk\u00e9mu zbo\u017e\u00ed bezceln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup na \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd trh; Kongo se rovn\u011b\u017e zav\u00e1zalo k usnadn\u011bn\u00ed vstupu \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho zbo\u017e\u00ed na sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed trh. Podobn\u00e1 dohoda byla dosa\u017eena s Ke\u0148ou v lednu 2026.<\/span><\/p>\n

Co je na modelu tak zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho?<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Zat\u00edmco \u010c\u00edna form\u00e1ln\u011b nab\u00edz\u00ed tyto preference jednostrann\u011b, v praxi dohody znamenaj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 recipro\u010dn\u00ed \u00fastupky od africk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, p\u0159ikl\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed se sp\u00ed\u0161e k asymetrick\u00e9 reciprocit\u011b ne\u017e k zcela nerecipro\u010dn\u00edmu preferen\u010dn\u00edmu re\u017eimu.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00edm se \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd model odli\u0161uje jak od klasick\u00e9ho jednostrann\u00e9ho preferen\u010dn\u00edho obchodn\u00edho modelu pro rozvojov\u00e9 zem\u011b, tak od standardn\u00edch dvoustrann\u00fdch z\u00f3n voln\u00e9ho obchodu. Peking zauj\u00edm\u00e1 mezilehlou pozici: podporuje glob\u00e1ln\u00ed Jih a rozvoj a z\u00e1rove\u0148 za\u010dle\u0148uje sv\u00e9 celn\u00ed nab\u00eddky do logiky vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na recipro\u010dn\u00ed \u00fastupky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Podle Centra pro africk\u00e1 studia na HSE University sleduje \u010c\u00edna svou politikou odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed cel na dovoz z Afriky n\u011bkolik ekonomick\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tato iniciativa v prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b podporuje dlouhodob\u00fd p\u0159esun africk\u00fdch exportn\u00edch tok\u016f sm\u011brem k \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9mu trhu. Kombinace liberalizace cel a zjednodu\u0161en\u00fdch postup\u016f pro p\u0159\u00edstup k trhu vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pob\u00eddky pro africk\u00e9 v\u00fdrobce k integraci do \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch popt\u00e1vkov\u00fdch a logistick\u00fdch \u0159et\u011bzc\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Za druh\u00e9, tato politika umo\u017e\u0148uje Pekingu pozici partnera, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 z\u00e1jem nejen o suroviny a infrastrukturn\u00ed projekty, ale tak\u00e9 o pos\u00edlen\u00ed exportn\u00edch kapacit africk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Na pozad\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00ed kritiky struktur\u00e1ln\u011b asymetrick\u00e9ho \u010d\u00ednsko-africk\u00e9ho obchodu m\u00e1 tato skute\u010dnost zna\u010dnou politickou v\u00e1hu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Za t\u0159et\u00ed, poskytnut\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu africk\u00e9ho zbo\u017e\u00ed na \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd trh lze vn\u00edmat jako n\u00e1stroj k udr\u017een\u00ed makroekonomick\u00e9 stability v jednotliv\u00fdch africk\u00fdch zem\u00edch. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed exportu do \u010c\u00edny by mohlo potenci\u00e1ln\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161it p\u0159\u00edjmy z ciz\u00ed m\u011bny, zm\u00edrnit tlak na platebn\u00ed bilanci a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b zm\u00edrnit nerovnov\u00e1hy v zahrani\u010dn\u00edm obchodu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Za \u010dtvrt\u00e9, tento model je v souladu s \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm c\u00edlem pos\u00edlen\u00ed geoekonomick\u00e9ho vlivu \u010c\u00edny, v\u010detn\u011b podpory j\u00fcanu a prohlouben\u00ed vazeb mezi africk\u00fdmi ekonomikami a \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdmi trhy, standardy a finan\u010dn\u00edmi syst\u00e9my.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 politika odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed cel na dovoz z Afriky je v\u00edce ne\u017e jen izolovan\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed nebo politick\u00e9 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed; je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed strategie institucionalizace \u010c\u00edny jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9ho ekonomick\u00e9ho partnera Afriky. Jej\u00ed v\u00fdznam nespo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 jen v rozsahu liberalizace cel, ale tak\u00e9 ve skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee Peking nab\u00edz\u00ed Africe komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed model p\u0159\u00edstupu na trh, kter\u00fd zahrnuje r\u00e1mcov\u00e9 dohody, postupn\u00e9 koncese a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd program jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vzhledem ke krizi kolem star\u00fdch preferen\u010dn\u00edch obchodn\u00edch re\u017eim\u016f je p\u0159\u00edstup \u010c\u00edny obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pozoruhodn\u00fd. V kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku nemluv\u00edme jen o obchodn\u00ed politice, ale o boji za pr\u00e1vo utv\u00e1\u0159et novou architekturu vztah\u016f mezi Afrikou a hlavn\u00edmi sv\u011btov\u00fdmi ekonomick\u00fdmi centry.<\/span><\/p>\n

Od\u00a0<\/span>Vsevoloda Sviridova<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, z\u00e1stupce \u0159editele, expert Centra pro africk\u00e1 studia, Vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly ekonomick\u00e9, Moskva<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\"Vsevolod<\/a><\/div>\n
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 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zat\u00edmco Washington se posouv\u00e1 k protekcionismu, Peking vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nov\u00fd preferen\u010dn\u00ed obchodn\u00ed re\u017eim pro africk\u00e9 n\u00e1rody….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":102761,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,30,59,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102760"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=102760"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102760\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/102761"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=102760"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=102760"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=102760"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}