{"id":100465,"date":"2026-02-27T00:15:29","date_gmt":"2026-02-26T23:15:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=100465"},"modified":"2026-02-26T07:13:29","modified_gmt":"2026-02-26T06:13:29","slug":"navzdory-vsemu-neprizni-osudu-jak-lide-prezili-klimaticke-cykly-katastrofy-a-epidemie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/02\/27\/navzdory-vsemu-neprizni-osudu-jak-lide-prezili-klimaticke-cykly-katastrofy-a-epidemie\/","title":{"rendered":"Navzdory v\u0161emu nep\u0159\u00edzni osudu: Jak lid\u00e9 p\u0159e\u017eili klimatick\u00e9 cykly, katastrofy a epidemie"},"content":{"rendered":"
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V lidsk\u00e9 historii existovala obdob\u00ed, kdy se sv\u011btov\u00e1 populace dramaticky sni\u017eovala. To dokazuj\u00ed genetick\u00e9 studie. K tomu pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bly klimatick\u00e9 cykly, sope\u010dn\u00e9 erupce a epidemie. Jsme potomky t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed tyto prvotn\u00ed katastrofy p\u0159e\u017eili.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Asi p\u0159ed 70 000 lety \u017eilo na Zemi m\u00e9n\u011b lid\u00ed, ne\u017e by se dnes ve\u0161lo na st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00fd fotbalov\u00fd stadion. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd New York, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 Manila, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd Berl\u00edn \u2013 jen roztrou\u0161en\u00e9 skupiny lovc\u016f a sb\u011bra\u010d\u016f bojuj\u00edc\u00edch o p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed v nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee dnes existuje v\u00edce ne\u017e osm miliard lid\u00ed, nen\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkem evoluce. Je to v\u00fdsledek s\u00e9rie extr\u00e9mn\u011b nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f o p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed. A tyto p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy jsou dodnes ulo\u017eeny v na\u0161ich genech.<\/span><\/p>\n

Modern\u00ed genetick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee lidstvo se v minulosti opakovan\u011b ocitlo na pokraji vyhynut\u00ed. Ne jako dramatick\u00e1 apokalypsa b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika let, ale jako postupn\u00fd proces po generace, b\u011bhem kter\u00e9ho po\u010det na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f nebezpe\u010dn\u011b klesal. To, co dnes v\u00edme o t\u011bchto kritick\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00edch, je d\u00edky revolu\u010dn\u00edmu objevu v nen\u00e1padn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti na\u0161ich bun\u011bk: mitochondri\u00edch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stezka vede k \u017een\u011b v Africe.<\/span><\/h3>\n

V 80. letech 20. stolet\u00ed za\u010dali v\u011bdci pod veden\u00edm geneti\u010dky Rebeccy Cannov\u00e9 a jej\u00edho kolegy Allana Wilsona pou\u017e\u00edvat nov\u00fd n\u00e1stroj k rekonstrukci minulosti lidstva. Zkoumali mitochondri\u00e1ln\u00ed DNA \u2013 mal\u00fd genetick\u00fd syst\u00e9m mimo bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 j\u00e1dro, kter\u00fd se p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdhradn\u011b z matky na d\u00edt\u011b. Jejich zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bylo stejn\u011b p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 jako hlubok\u00e9:\u00a0<\/span>v\u0161ichni dnes \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed lid\u00e9 sd\u00edlej\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u0159edka z mat\u010diny strany.<\/span><\/a> Tato \u017eena \u017eila v Africe p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u0159ed 150 000 a\u017e 200 000 lety.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00e9dia ji pozd\u011bji nazvala \u201emitochondri\u00e1ln\u00ed Evou\u201c. N\u00e1zev je v\u0161ak zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed. Nebyla ani prvn\u00ed \u017eenou, ani jedinou \u017eenou sv\u00e9 doby. Sp\u00ed\u0161e byla jednou z mnoha. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl: dodnes p\u0159e\u017eila bez p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed pouze jej\u00ed mate\u0159sk\u00e1 linie. Linie v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch \u017een v ur\u010dit\u00e9m okam\u017eiku vym\u0159ely \u2013 proto\u017ee n\u011bkde v \u0159et\u011bzci se u\u017e \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 dcery nenarodily nebo jejich potomci vym\u0159eli. Toto vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed lini\u00ed je norm\u00e1ln\u00edm evolu\u010dn\u00edm procesem. Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee dnes zb\u00fdv\u00e1 pouze jedna mitochondri\u00e1ln\u00ed linie, v\u0161ak nazna\u010duje, \u017ee lidsk\u00e1 populace musela b\u00fdt po dlouhou dobu relativn\u011b mal\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Druh s p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b malou rozmanitost\u00ed<\/span><\/h3>\n

Jedn\u00edm z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed modern\u00ed genetiky je, jak moc si v\u0161ichni lid\u00e9 jsou podobn\u00ed. A\u0165 u\u017e n\u011bkdo poch\u00e1z\u00ed z Norska, Namibie nebo Nov\u00e9 Guineje \u2013 geneticky vzato jsou v\u0161ichni lid\u00e9 prakticky identi\u010dt\u00ed. V pr\u016fm\u011bru se dva lid\u00e9 li\u0161\u00ed pouze v asi 0,1 procenta sv\u00e9 DNA. To nen\u00ed mnoho, ale sta\u010d\u00ed to k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed rozmanitosti n\u00e1rod\u016f a kultur, kterou nach\u00e1z\u00edme po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee \u0161impanzi, na\u0161i nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed, \u010dasto vykazuj\u00ed mezi sebou ve voln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed genetick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly ne\u017e lid\u00e9 na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci z\u00a0<\/span>Institutu Maxe Plancka pro evolu\u010dn\u00ed antropologii<\/span><\/em>\u00a0intenzivn\u011b studovali tuto genetickou uniformitu.\u00a0<\/span>V\u00fdsledek t\u011bchto studi\u00ed je jasn\u00fd<\/span><\/a>\u00a0: Modern\u00ed lidstvo muselo poch\u00e1zet z relativn\u011b mal\u00e9 zakladatelsk\u00e9 populace. Velk\u00e9, stabiln\u00ed populace v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu hromad\u00ed mnoho genetick\u00fdch variant. Mal\u00e9 populace naopak ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed rozmanitost \u2013 jednodu\u0161e n\u00e1hodou. Kdy\u017e p\u0159e\u017eije jen n\u011bkolik jedinc\u016f, jejich geny ur\u010duj\u00ed budoucnost v\u0161ech n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch generac\u00ed. Na\u0161e n\u00edzk\u00e1 genetick\u00e1 rozmanitost je proto zn\u00e1mkou minulosti pln\u00e9 \u00fazk\u00fdch hrdel.<\/span><\/p>\n

Supervulk\u00e1n, kter\u00fd zm\u011bnil sv\u011bt<\/span><\/h3>\n

Jedno z t\u011bchto \u00fazk\u00fdch m\u00edst mohlo b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobeno p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed katastrofou, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ed\u010dila cokoli, co lidstvo kdy za\u017eilo. Asi p\u0159ed 74 000 lety explodovala\u00a0<\/span>supervulk\u00e1n<\/span><\/a> na m\u00edst\u011b, kter\u00e9 je dnes jezerem Toba na indon\u00e9sk\u00e9m ostrov\u011b Sumatra. Exploze byla tak siln\u00e1, \u017ee vymr\u0161tila popel do stratosf\u00e9ry a zatemnila oblohu nad velk\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1stmi Zem\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u016fsledky byly citeln\u00e9 na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Slune\u010dn\u00ed sv\u011btlo se odr\u00e1\u017eelo, teploty prudce klesly a ekosyst\u00e9my se zhroutily. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdci to ozna\u010duj\u00ed jako \u201evulkanickou zimu\u201c, kter\u00e1 trvala roky nebo dokonce desetilet\u00ed. Pro lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed v t\u00e9 dob\u011b \u017eili, to musela b\u00fdt katastrofa. Potraviny se staly vz\u00e1cn\u00fdmi, mizely biotopy a populace se zmen\u0161ovaly.<\/span><\/p>\n

Genetick\u00e1 data nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee po\u010det reproduk\u010dn\u011b dosp\u011bl\u00fdch lid\u00ed v tomto obdob\u00ed drasticky poklesl. N\u011bkter\u00e9 odhady uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed pouze n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc jedinc\u016f na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Zda byla erupce sopky Toba skute\u010dn\u011b hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou tohoto nedostatku, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159edm\u011btem v\u011bdeck\u00e9 debaty. Vzhledem k dostupn\u00fdm \u00fadaj\u016fm se v\u0161ak pova\u017euje za pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee lidstvo v t\u00e9to dob\u011b za\u017eilo drastick\u00fd pokles populace.<\/span><\/p>\n

Klimatick\u00e9 cykly nejsou synchronizovan\u00e9 se Zem\u00ed<\/span><\/h3>\n

Krom\u011b t\u011bchto katastrof existuje je\u0161t\u011b jeden, pomalej\u0161\u00ed, ale stejn\u011b siln\u00fd faktor: klima. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed srbsk\u00fd matematik Milutin Milankovi\u0107 zjistil, \u017ee zemsk\u00e9 klima je \u0159\u00edzeno periodick\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy Zem\u011b. Tyto tzv. Milankovi\u0107ovy cykly m\u011bn\u00ed rozlo\u017een\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed na Zemi po des\u00edtky tis\u00edc let. V\u00fdsledkem jsou doby ledov\u00e9 a tepl\u00e1 obdob\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u011bhem dob ledov\u00fdch se ledovce roz\u0161i\u0159ovaly, hladiny mo\u0159\u00ed klesaly a mnoho oblast\u00ed se st\u00e1valo su\u0161\u0161\u00edmi. Zejm\u00e9na Afrika, kol\u00e9bka lidstva, opakovan\u011b za\u017e\u00edvala extr\u00e9mn\u00ed sucha. Jezera mizela, lesy se zmen\u0161ovaly a pou\u0161t\u011b se roz\u0161i\u0159ovaly. Pro mal\u00e9 populace lovc\u016f a sb\u011bra\u010d\u016f to p\u0159edstavovalo existen\u010dn\u00ed hrozbu. Biotopy se fragmentovaly a skupiny se od sebe izolovaly. Takov\u00e9 izolovan\u00e9 skupiny jsou obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zraniteln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di vyhynut\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed nebylo samoz\u0159ejmost\u00ed.<\/span><\/h3>\n

Z dne\u0161n\u00edho pohledu se p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed lidstva jev\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jako z\u00e1zrak. Mal\u00e9 populace jsou extr\u00e9mn\u011b zraniteln\u00e9. Mohou je vyhladit nemoci, extr\u00e9mn\u00ed zm\u011bny prost\u0159ed\u00ed nebo prost\u00e1 n\u00e1hoda. To, \u017ee na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 p\u0159e\u017eili, bylo pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zp\u016fsobeno kombinac\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsobivosti, inteligence a soci\u00e1ln\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lid\u00e9 byli schopni vyr\u00e1b\u011bt n\u00e1stroje, pou\u017e\u00edvat ohe\u0148 a spolupracovat ve skupin\u00e1ch. Tyto dovednosti jim poskytly kl\u00ed\u010dovou v\u00fdhodu, kter\u00e1 pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zajistila jejich p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed. Geneticky vzato st\u00e1le neseme stopy t\u00e9to dobrodru\u017en\u00e9 minulosti. Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd dnes \u017eije, je potomkem p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edch \u2013 lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eili sucha, masivn\u00ed sope\u010dn\u00e9 erupce, doby ledov\u00e9 a epidemie nemoc\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u0161echny tyto nep\u0159\u00edzn\u011b minulosti z n\u00e1s ud\u011blaly druh, jak\u00fdm jsme dnes. Druh s nespo\u010dtem etnik, n\u00e1rod\u016f a kultur, kter\u00e9 se po des\u00edtky tis\u00edc let roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily na v\u0161echny kontinenty. Tento 0,1procentn\u00ed rozd\u00edl \u2013 s p\u0159\u00edchodem neandrt\u00e1lc\u016f a denisovan\u016f mimo Afriku \u2013 sta\u010d\u00ed k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed rozmanit\u00e9ho etnick\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V lidsk\u00e9 historii existovala obdob\u00ed, kdy se sv\u011btov\u00e1 populace dramaticky sni\u017eovala. To dokazuj\u00ed genetick\u00e9 studie….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":100466,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[873,1503,940],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100465"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=100465"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100465\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/100466"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100465"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100465"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100465"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}